Upward Curve Research Articles

Evaluation of the epidemiological behavior of mortality due to COVID-19 in Brazil: A time series study.

The World Health Organization declared, at the end of 2019, a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus that causes Coronavirus Disease—COVID-19. Currently, Brazil has become the epicenter of the disease, registering approximately 345 thousand deaths. Thus, the study has scientific relevance in health surveillance as it identifies, quantifies and monitors the main behavioral patterns of the mortality rate due to COVID-19, in Brazil and in their respective regions. In this context, the study aims to assess the epidemiological behavior of mortality due to COVID-19 in Brazil: a time series study, referring to the year 2020. This is an ecological time series study, constructed using secondary data. The research was carried out in Brazil, having COVID-19 deaths as the dependent variable that occurred between the 12th and 53rd Epidemiological Week of 2020. The independent variable will be the epidemiological weeks. The data on deaths by COVID-19 were extracted in February 2021, on the Civil Registry Transparency Portal. The cleaning of the database and the information were treated in the Microsoft Excel® Software and, for statistical analysis, the JoinPoint software, version 4.7.0.0 was used. It was observed that Brazil presents an upward curve between the 12th and 19th SE, when it reaches saturation at the peak of mortality, which remains until the 35th SE and, subsequently, a downward curve was identified until the 47th SE, period in the which curve turns back up.

Axial tunable plasmonic talbot effect based on monolayer graphene

In this paper, the axial plasmonic Talbot effect is investigated with a graphene monolayer sheet with different chemical potential distribution. The Talbot distance of axial self-imaging effect is discussed by controlling the chemical potential of graphene and the frequency. The Talbot distance is in inverse proportion to the frequency, and decreases when the chemical potential of graphene increases. Moreover, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of Talbot image is also studied by varying the frequency and the chemical potential of graphene. The result shows that the FWHM follows an upward curve with the increase of chemical potential and frequency. The proposed structure might find applications in the fields of deep sub-wavelength imaging and nano-lithography.

Propaganda of Sanitation by Japanese Police Organizations

日本の朝鮮統治が30年が過ぎた時点で、30年以上の間に衛生思想の普及のためにいくつかの施策を実施したにもかかわらず、伝染病にかかった患者数と死亡者数は大幅に減らなかった。朝鮮で衛生観念の普及のために帝國主義日本の警察は怖がらせてなだめる｢ニンジンと鞭｣施策を展開した。なだめる施策は、時間と空間を活用した宣伝活動である。特定の時間を設定して集中宣伝する方法は、｢衛生デー｣や｢防疫週間｣などの運営である。一定の空間に大衆を集め宣伝する方法は、各種｢展覧会｣の開催などである。京城で衛生展覧会が初めて開催された1921年末にも、5年前に比べて伝染病患者数は1.7倍程度増加した。患者数は約1500人程度増加した。5年後の1926年には、患者数と死亡者数の両方減少した。その間に1922年から京城と地方の衛生展覧会、1924年の蠅展覧会、そして各地の｢衛生デー｣の設定、運営があった。1926年の伝染病患者数の減少は、これらの活動の影響と言えるかもしれませんが、5年後の1931年までに再び増加傾向があります。1933年防疫展覧会と防疫週間の設定が同時に行われた後、統計を見ると、1936年にも1931年に比べて患者数と死亡者数の両方若干の増加を示す。患者数は約18%、死亡者数は31%増加した。上昇曲線の傾きは1920年代に比べて緩やかだったが、増加は依然として続いていた。コレラは減少効果があった1930年代後半には、衛生デーと防疫週間が設定され、運営されていましたが、1941年の伝染病患者数と死亡者数の両方が増加しました。5年前より各各35%,21%増加した。1942年には1年前より患者数,死亡者数,死亡率ともに若干減少を示した。減少傾向の逆転に最大の貢献をした伝染病は、天然痘だった。代わりに、1942年には発疹チフス患者数と死亡者数が大幅に増えたが、天然痘の統計数値がその増加を相殺した。結核患者関連の統計は着実に増加現象を見せた。入院患者·外来患者·治療延日数の三方1931年比で1939年の統計は、それぞれ3.5倍、4.5倍、2.87倍に激増した。1936年には結核予防週間と1938年の結核予防デー設定運営、1939年の結核予防展覧会はすべて、このような結核患者激増への対応だったとすることができる。しかし、1942年の健民運動週間にもまだ結核撲滅が主な目標であったことから分かるように、結核問題は依然として大きな問題であった。At the time of the Japanese colonial rule over 30 years, the number of patients and deaths from infectious diseases did not decrease significantly even though the Japanese police implemented various measures to spread hygiene ideas for 30 years. In order to spread hygiene ideas in Joseon, Japanese police have implemented a ‘carrot and whip’ policy that threatens and appeases. The soothing measure is propaganda activities that utilize time and space. The way to set up a specific time and promote it intensively is the operation of ‘Hygiene Day’ and ‘Anti-virus Week’. The way to bring the public together in a certain space and promote it is to hold various ‘exhibitions’. At the end of 1921, when the hygiene exhibition was held for the first time in Gyeongseong, the number of infectious disease patients increased by 1.7 times compared to five years ago. Five years later, in 1926, both the number of patients and the number of deaths decreased. In the meantime, there were hygiene exhibitions in Gyeongseong and local areas since 1922, a fly exhibition in 1924, and ‘Hygiene Day’ establishment and operation in various places. The decrease in the number of infectious disease patients in 1926 is the influence of these activities. But five years later, in 1931, it was on the rise again. After the 1933 anti-virus exhibition and the anti-virus week setting were simultaneously performed, statistics showed a slight increase in both the number of patients and the number of deaths compared to 1931 in 1936. The number of patients increased by about 18 percent and the death toll by 31 percent. The slope of the upward curve was gentler than in the 1920s, but the increase remained. However, only cholera had a reduction effect. In the late 1930s, also hygiene day and anti-virus week were established and operated. However, both the number of infectious disease patients and the number of deaths in 1941 did not decline; they increased by 35 percent and 21 percent, respectively, compared to five years ago. In 1942, both the number of patients, the number of deaths and the death rate decreased slightly compared to a year ago. The epidemic that contributed the most to the reversal of the decline was smallpox. Instead, in 1942, the number of typhus patients and deaths increased significantly, but the statistical figures of smallpox offset the increase. The statistics related to tuberculosis patients showed a steady increase. The number of inpatients, outpatients, and treatment days increased 3.5 times, 4.5 times, and 2.87 times, respectively, compared to 1931. In 1936, the Tuberculosis Prevention Week, the 1938 Tuberculosis Prevention Day, and the 1939 Tuberculosis Prevention Exhibition were all responses to the increase of tuberculosis patients. However, as we can see from the fact that tuberculosis eradication was still the main goal in the 1942 campaign week, the tuberculosis problem was still a big problem.

Bojack Horseman’s Existentialism and the Nuances of Representation of Mental Health

Contemporary pop culture and media, especially the ones targeted at young individuals, are beginning to get the rightful recognition, deservedly so. Psychologists, researchers are shifting the focus on the validity of media (Broadcast media in particular like Television, Podcasts, in shaping one’s perception of mental health and illness. OTT platforms such as Amazon Prime, Netflix, and Hotstar, among many others, and the content produced on those have exponentially influenced the lives of so many. As they exercise more freedom than traditional media, they explore uncharted territories in terms of their content, as is obvious because of the lack of censorship. OTT platforms have observed an upward curve in their popularity and usage, especially on account of the depiction of varied themes and subjects like mental illness, therapy, and millennial psychology. Consumption patterns have shifted tremendously, especially in unprecedented confinement. Millennials prefer to consume a lot of online content streamed on these platforms. Qualitative descriptive data in the form of the visual text comes from the Netflix original, Bojack Horseman, while simultaneously applying autoethnographic research technique to understand the depiction of mental health in the show; analyzing the show’s existentialist tools to relieve millennial angst brought on by the unbearableness of human existence.

The Economic Imperative: Cities Need Migrants

The policy responses to Covid-19 have triggered large-scale reverse migration from cities to rural areas in developing countries, exposing the vulnerability of migrants living precarious lives in cities, giving rise to debates asserting to migration as undesirable and favouring policy options to discourage the process. However, the very basis of spatial concentration and formation of cities is presence of agglomeration economies, benefits accruing to economic agents operating in cities. Presence of these agglomeration benefits in local labour markets manifests themselves in the form of an upward sloping wage curve in urban areas. We estimate the upward sloping wage curve for various size classes of cities in Indian economy and establish the presence of positive returns to occupation and industry concentration at urban locations. Controlling for worker-specific characteristics influencing wages, we establish that higher the share of an industry or an occupation in local employment as compared to national economy, the desirability of firms to pay higher wages increases. For casual labourers, occupational concentration results in higher wages. However, impact of industry concentration varies across sectors. Results supporting presence of upward sloping urban wage curve, therefore, endorse policies to correct the market failure in cities and promote migration as a desirable process. JEL Classification Codes: J2, R2

The Mortensen-Pissarides model and the empirical facts of housing markets

PurposeThis paper aims to explain the main empirical facts of housing markets, notably the trade-off between housing price and time-on-the-market, the positive correlation between housing price and the number of contracts traded during a given period (i.e. the trading volume) and the existence of price dispersion.Design/methodology/approachThis theoretical paper makes use of a search and matching model. Search and matching, indeed, are two fundamental characteristics of the trading process in the housing market, and, thus, the search-and-matching models have become the new economic approach to the analysis of real estate markets.FindingsThis paper shows that a slightly modified version of the baseline search and matching model à la Mortensen-Pissarides can explain the main empirical facts of housing markets. There are two key mechanisms that allow to achieve this notable goal: a simple formalisation of the (reasonable) assumption that buyers today are potential sellers tomorrow (and vice versa); and the direct relationship between market tightness and house price, derived by the standard matching model and underestimated by the related literature.Research limitations/implicationsThe developed theoretical model only studies the equilibrium conditions. Indeed, it would be interesting to also study the disequilibrium in housing markets.Practical implicationsThe explanation of the main empirical facts of housing markets is embodied in the same and relatively simple theoretical model.Originality/valueIn addition to the explanation of the main empirical facts of housing markets, the developed theoretical model can generate an upward sloping Beveridge curve in the housing market (the positive relation between home-seekers and vacant houses). Instead, according to a recent criticism in the related literature, a model à la Mortensen-Pissarides inherently generates a (empirically unrealistic) downward sloping Beveridge curve.

Theoretical Analysis of Mining Induced Overburden Subsidence Boundary with the Horizontal Coal Seam Mining

The overburden subsidence induced by underground mining has caused great damage to the ecological environmental and seriously threatens the safe use of underground structures. Focusing on the overburden subsidence, this paper uses theoretical analysis method to study the overburden subsidence boundary with a horizontal coal seam mining. In this paper, the viscoelastic theory and the random medium theory are used separately to deduce and analyze the subsidence boundary of bedrock and unconsolidated stratum, which are two media with different lithology. For bedrock, the results show that the subsidence boundary of bedrock is 1/4 of the wavelength of pressure wave from the mining boundary, strata subsidence boundary expands with the increase of vertical distance between calculated strata and coal seam, and the subsidence boundary in bedrock is an upward concave curve. For unconsolidated stratum, the results show that the larger the internal friction angle, the greater the angle between subsidence boundary and horizontal line. From the bottom to the surface of the unconsolidated stratum, the internal friction angle decreases gradually and the angle between subsidence boundary and horizontal line also decreases gradually, so the subsidence boundary curve in the unconsolidated stratum is convex. Combined with the bedrock and unconsolidated stratum, it is concluded that the subsidence boundary of the whole overburden is bowl-shaped. This study is helpful to reveal the black box of rock subsidence and can provide theoretical support for the establishment of overburden subsidence prediction model and transparent mine in the later stage.

Effect of Ionic Structure on Dissolution Behavior of Nickel in Aluminosilicate Slags

The effects of basicity and anionic species on the solubility of Ni in CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 slags were investigated based on the thermodynamic evaluation and structural analysis of the coordination number of Al ions via 27Al 500-MHz solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Depending on slag basicity, Ni dissolution followed two mechanisms, involving Ni2+ and NiO22− as ionic species. The solubility–basicity plot was found to be a concave upward curve with a minimum value. Structural investigation indicated that Ni solubility decreased with increasing Al2O3 content owing to the concomitant increase in the repulsion between AlO45− and NiO22− ions. The effects of Al2O3- and SiO2-derived anionic species on Ni solubility were also discussed based on the results of the structural analysis of slag and thermodynamic evaluation.

Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in South Korea from 1983 to 2017.

We aimed to describe the infectious disease (ID) mortality trends and evaluate age–period–cohort (APC) effects on ID mortality in Korea. Using cause-of-death and census population estimates data from 1983–2017, age-standardized ID mortality trends were investigated by joinpoint regression analysis. The APC effects on ID mortality were estimated using intrinsic estimator models. The age effect showed a J-shaped concave upward curve. Old age, especially ≥70 years, was a critical factor for ID deaths. Similar to the W-shaped period curve, ID mortality rapidly decreased due to economic development and the expansion of health coverage in the 1980s, decelerated with increasing inequality, surged due to the 1997 economic crisis, and has gradually increased since the mid-2000s. The cohort effect showed an inverted U-shape. The increasing cohort effect due to the deterioration of living standards led to a decreasing trend after the independence of Korea. Notwithstanding the slowdown during the 1950–1953 Korean War, educational expansion, economic growth, fertility reduction, and the improvement of ID-related policies might have led to a continued decline among the cohorts born since the 1960s. Diverse socioeconomic events may have influenced ID mortality trends in Korea via period and cohort effects. Policies to reduce the growing burden of ID deaths should be further improved.

The Real Explanation of Nominal Bond-Stock Puzzles

We present evidence that the mix of transitory and permanent shocks to consumption is changing over time. We study the implications of this finding for asset prices. The uncovered dynamics of consumption implies modestly upward sloping real bond and equity curves, upward sloping nominal yield curve, and sign-switching correlation between equities and bonds consistent with the stylized facts. This is achieved without relying on the nominal channel too much. That is, as in the data, the variation of inflation in the model is under 40% as a fraction of variation in nominal yields. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

The Real Channel for Nominal Bond-Stock Puzzles

We present evidence that the mix of transitory and permanent shocks to consumption is changing over time. We study the implications of this finding for asset prices. The uncovered dynamics of consumption implies modestly upward sloping real bond and equity curves, upward sloping nominal yield curve, and sign-switching correlation between equities and bonds consistent with the stylized facts. This is achieved without relying on the nominal channel too much. That is, as in the data, the variation of inflation in the model is under 40% as a fraction of variation in nominal yields.

The Inviolable Law of Demand

We extend upon Reeves (2020), who attempts to demonstrate that classical violations of the Law of Demand are in actuality the result of a violation of the ‘ceteris paribus’ assumption. For example, price changes in Giffen goods create a chain reaction from the Giffen good through a substitute and back to the Giffen good. Specifically, a price change in the Giffen good is so large wrt the consumer’s income that it creates an income effect on a substitute good, whose decrease in demand sends a shock to the Giffen good’s demand curve, shifting it out through a change in preferences and, hence, violating ceteris paribus. To understand how preferences change, consider the consumer equilibrium condition, MU(x) = λp. When price increases and income (i.e. λ) is held constant, marginal utility must increase. In order for x to increase with price, marginal utility must increase with consumption, violating the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility. Hence, the change in price must precipitate a change in preferences because for some values of x preferences comport with the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility whereas for other values of x preferences do not. In this paper, we respond to the non-technical aspects of Jensen and Nolan (2007) by suggesting that the price and demand changes that they are measuring are likely changes along the supply curve, not an upward sloping demand curve. One possible reason for the purported oversight is that the research explores Giffen effects in (good1 , good2 )-space, which cannot capture shifts in the demand curve, defined in (good1 , price1 )-space.

Heterogeneous labour market response to monetary policy: small versus large firms

We study the effects of monetary policy shocks on the growth rates of hiring, employment and earnings of new hires across firms of different sizes. We find that contractionary and expansionary monetary policy shocks have different effects on hiring and employment growth for small and large firms. Relative to large firms, small firms are less responsive to contractionary monetary policy shocks while they are more responsive to expansionary shocks. We also find that, as a consequence of monetary policy shocks, the earnings of new hires changes, and this wage effect depends on the sign of the shock and the size of the firms. We use a heterogeneous firm model with a working capital constraint, an upward sloping marginal cost curve and a financial accelerator effect, and augment it with the wage effect. We find that our empirical results are consistent with the model as long as the combined effect due to varying steepness of the marginal cost curve and the wage effect is stronger than the financial accelerator channel.

Analysis of Land Surface Energy Changes at Zhufeng Station in Qinghai Tibet Plateau in 2008

The surface radiation balance and partial meteorological elements in the Qomolangma region were analyzed by using the flux observation data of Qomolangma stations in 2008 in the High-Resolution Integrated Observation Dataset of Earth-Atmosphere Interaction Process of the National Tibetan Plateau Scientific Data Center. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The influence of weather conditions on the total solar radiation is more significant at high altitudes. For 2008, radiation on average each component change after comparative analysis, not only from atmospheric radiation, upward curve comparison verified the surface temperature in the plateau area affected by the solar total radiation that largest at the same time from the curve of the downward shortwave radiation found in contrast, although the Everest region influenced by latitude and longitude and altitude. However, the maximum value of short- wave downward solar radiation at noon appears in spring and April, and the maximum value of summer radiation at noon is even lower than that in autumn. 2) In the analysis of the typical weather conditions of continuous sunny days and continuous rainstorm, it is found that the net radiation and the Upward short-wave radiation are affected by the underlying surface change, and the amplitude of the net radiation and Upward short-wave radiation are close to the original atmosphere because the atmospheric environment in the Qomolangma region is close to the original atmosphere, so the net radiation and Upward short-wave radiation are affected by the underlying surface change under any weather conditions. 3) Surface water content has obvious influence on radiation and reflectivity by changing the properties of underlying surface, and the response energy changes the fastest when the upward shortwave radiation has higher humidity.

Türkiye de Covid-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Uygulamaya ve Göçmenlere Yönelik Koruyucu Sağlık Yaklaşımları

The pandemic will take its place in the books as the main element that reminds the 2020 year as it is the first priority of the world agenda. The start and spread of Covit-19 affected the world order and caused countries to take special measures. In the fight against the disease, all sectors have had to develop an approach, especially health. In the fight against pandemi, it is aimed to prevent the burden on healthcare services by decreasing the rate of increase in cases in the society.Within the scope of Covid-19 measures, our country exhibits a holistic approach that includes all sectors. The way the measures taken affect the result is the detail and social determination it contains. The pandemic is warning the whole world about the determination to fight, as it continues and turns numerical expressions into an upward curve for the fall of 2020. In reaction to the process, more measures and struggles are required. Prevention, filiation, treatment services for pandemic in our country It has been tried to be standardized with guidelines and algorithms prepared by the T.C.Ministry of Health. All necessary equipment for fighting in Turkey sustainability, cost-effectiveness, longer duration of the pandemic is even more important. A structure that will reach the entire society is one of the success targets of the public health approach. The most important element of health practices in the field is to ensure the continuation of the work of the personnel. Arrangements to support healthcare professionals have been examined. The spread of the health personnel to the field and the preference of the methods surrounding the communication have created the need to overcome the language and culture barrier to be experienced with foreign nationals in our country. The regulations implemented for foreign nationals were also examined.

An Innovative Method for Conventional Triaxial Tests of Concrete: Applications of PVC Pipes as a Mould and Sealing Membrane

In this paper, we propose an innovative method for conventional triaxial tests of concrete with a confining cell. The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe is used as a mould to cast concrete and also as a membrane to isolate the concrete specimen from oil under confinements. This method is termed as PMM (i.e., PVC pipe is used as a mould and membrane). However, a heat-shrink sleeve is used as a membrane in the traditional test method (TMM). Specimens were made from mortar without coarse aggregates in the present experiment. Under six confinements (0–70 MPa), the conventional triaxial compression tests were performed on ultrahigh-strength (150 MPa) and high-strength (82 MPa) mortar specimens by PMM and TMM. The results indicate the following: (i) there is a characteristic confinementp0; when the confinement is lower thanp0, the strength by PMM is higher than that by TMM; on the contrary, when the confinement is higher thanp0, the strengths by both methods are almost identical. In this work,p0is between 0 and 5 MPa. (ii) When the confinement is 5–70 MPa, the relationship between the peak stress of high-strength mortar and confinement is characterized by a monotonically rising straight line; however, a monotonically rising upward convex curve describes the peak stress of ultrahigh-strength mortar related to the confinement. (iii) The residual strength using PMM is significantly higher than that using TMM at zero confinement or lower confinements, but the residual strengths by these two methods are approximately identical at higher confinements. (iv) The transverse cracks appear in the mortar specimen inside the PVC pipe after enduring a triaxial loading using PMM. However, there is no such phenomenon when TMM is applied.

Effect of the lenticles on moisture migration in capillary zone of tailings dam

Small-particle interlayers (lenticles) show some characteristic hydraulic properties and can affect the movement of unsaturated water. In this study, we developed a novel online capillary-water-absorption monitoring device and conducted three groups of comparison tests to simulate lenticle positions and thicknesses with respect to the capillary rise. The results show that the characteristic wetting front exhibits a fast rise in the early stage, a slow rise in the middle stage, and stability in the later stage. The motion of the capillary water in the lenticle is mainly transversal, with the upward curve being “flat,” and the longer is “flat,” the longer is the time needed for the water to move. The interlayer can form a capillary stagnation zone with moisture content close to saturation. The high interlayer may form a discontinuous corrugated capillary zone. Thus, when the wetting front reaches the “coarse-grain (lower)-fine-grain (upper)” interface, the “anti-capillary barrier effect” results in more moisture in the upper layer. Thus, when the wetting front of the capillary water reaches the “fine-grain (upper)-coarse-grain (lower)” interface, the “capillary barrier effect” causes the moisture content of the upper tailings to decreases sharply because of the horizontal movement of the water in the fine medium. It is clear that the presence of lenticles can retard the rise of capillary water by storing water.

The Neoclassical Theory of Term Structure

This study presents a specification for the neoclassical user cost of capital that reflects dynamic processes for debt maturity structure and for pretax cash flows. Equivalencing levered and unlevered user costs reveals tradeoffs between equilibrium financing rates and underlying processes that satisfy a dynamic no-arbitrage equilibrium condition between debt, equity, and costless reversible real investment. The primary finding is that an increase in debt ratio or loan term associates with an increase in equilibrium financing rate – invariance of the neoclassical user cost to leverage implies an endogenous upward sloped yield curve.

Does monopsony exist in academic labor market?

This study aims to examine empirically the power of monopsony in the academic labor market, particularly in public universities. Upward sloping supply curve is indicative of monopsony and its power supply elasticity is suspected of demand for lecturers. The method used to estimate the supply equation for lecturer at four public universities in Indonesia is OLS model. A stratified sample is determined proportionally as much as 348 lecturers, by academic rank, gender and discipline. It is found that the supply elasticity is inelastic indicating that earnings lecturers are in non-competitive conditions. When employers face an inelastic supply curve, the marginal expenditure and average expenditure is very much different, which gave it the power to set wages, so it implies that the power of monopsony is big.

U-shaped relationship between pre-operative plasma fibrinogen levels and severe peri-operative bleeding in cardiac surgery.

An inverse linear relationship has been reported between pre-operative fibrinogen levels and postoperative blood loss in cardiac surgery. However, recently high pre-operative fibrinogen levels have also been reported to be associated with increased blood transfusion and re-operation. We tested the hypothesis that the relationship between pre-operative fibrinogen levels and severe peri-operative bleeding is not linear. A large-scale (n = 3883) single-centre retrospective study. A tertiary care teaching hospital. We analysed data from our institutional database which includes all patients above 18 years who underwent on-pump cardiac surgery through a sternotomy between September 2010 and May 2014. Peri-operative severe bleeding adapted from the Universal Definition of Peri-operative Bleeding, class 3 or 4. The relationship between pre-operative fibrinogen levels and peri-operative severe bleeding was analysed by binary logistic regression. A cubic B-spline transformation was used to estimate the relationship between pre-operative fibrinogen level associated with excessive peri-operative bleeding. Severe peri-operative bleeding was observed in 957 (24.6%) patients. An L-shaped relationship was observed between pre-operative fibrinogen levels and 24-h postoperative blood loss. The relationship between pre-operative fibrinogen levels and severe peri-operative bleeding (i.e. Universal Definition of Peri-operative Bleeding class 3 or 4) was U-shaped: the risk of severe peri-operative bleeding bottomed at 3.3 g l when the upward sloping curve started at 5.8 g l with a steeper increase above 8.2 g l. We reported a U-shaped relationship between severe peri-operative bleeding and pre-operative fibrinogen levels. While a low-level of fibrinogen appears to be associated with a high risk of bleeding, a high level does not necessarily protect the patient against such a risk and could even be a risk factor for peri-operative bleeding.