Uptake Of Prostate Cancer Screening Research Articles

The association between cancer literacy and cancer screening behaviours: a systematic review

Abstract Background This study aimed at investigating the association between cancer literacy (CL) and adherence to cancer screening programs. Methods PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched. Any study, published until March 2024, that investigated the associations between CL and cancer screening intention or uptake in any target population were eligible. For CL measurement, both validated and ad hoc tools were considered. For each outcome, articles were grouped according to the type of cancer investigated and results were narratively synthesized. Results A total of 3426 records were retrieved. After deduplication and screening process, six studies were included. Population enrolled was heterogeneous as well as the tool used to measure CL. Four studies explored the relationship between CL and screening uptake, one focused solely on screening intention and another investigated both intention and uptake. Significant association was found between CL and screening intention in the two studies included, with higher literacy levels correlating to increased intent for screening. A significant association between higher CL and skin cancer screening uptake was reported, while the uptake of prostate cancer screening was not significantly associated with CL levels. By contrast, mixed results were obtained investigating breast, cervix and colorectal screening uptake. Conclusions Higher levels of cancer literacy appeared to be associated with screening intention, while its association with screening uptake was found barely significant for any screening type, suggesting that other factors influence the actual screening uptake. However, the scarce number of studies, along with the absence of validated tools and the heterogeneity of target populations, limits the generalizability of the results. Further research, differentiating screening types and timelines and using multivariate models, is needed to clarify the role of CL in screening behaviours. Key messages • Higher levels of cancer literacy appear to be associated with screening intention, suggesting its importance in promoting motivation for early cancer detection. • Association between cancer literacy and screening uptake was found barely significant for any screening type, suggesting that other factors influence actual screening uptake, urging further research.

Differences in shared decision-making and prostate cancer screening by sexual orientation and race/ethnicity.

10525 Background: There are well-documented disparities among racial and sexual minorities in prostate cancer screening uptake and shared-decision making (SDM) conversations. However, it is unclear how racial/ethnic identity and sexual orientation interact to affect prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing uptake. Methods: Data came from the 2018-2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS). Outcomes were survey responses to questions about engagement in SDM and PSA testing uptake. The sample included 88,365 heterosexual (HS) men and 2,562 sexual minority (SM) men ages 55 to 69. Data were stratified by race/ethnicity and survey-weighted logistic regression models analyzed the association between sexual orientation and outcomes. Models controlled for age, relationship status, education, household income, insurance status, having a usual source of care, and region. Results: White SM men were more likely to have discussed disadvantages of PSA testing with their healthcare provider [odds ratio (OR)=1.407; p<0.001] and to have undergone PSA testing [OR=1.320; p<0.001] compared to White HS men. Asian SM men were more likely to have had discussions about PSA testing [OR=4.470; p<0.05]; to have discussed advantages [OR=4.596; p<0.05]; to have been recommended PSA testing [OR=4.836; p<0.05] and to have undergone PSA testing [OR=4.401; p<0.001] compared to Asian HS men. Black SM men were more likely to undergo screening because of an issue or a reason besides routine screening [OR=1.073, p<0.05] compared with Black HS men. Hispanic SM men were more likely to have undergone screening as part of a routine checkup [OR=4.2, p<0.001] compared with Hispanic HS men. There were no sexual orientation differences in PSA screening or SDM among American Indian or Native Alaskans. Conclusions: Differences in PSA testing uptake and SDM by sexual orientation vary by race/ethnicity. Further research is needed to study the factors affecting PSA testing uptake and SDM among sexual minority men of different racial/ethnic groups. [Table: see text]

Prostate Cancer Screening Uptake in Transgender Females.

Transgender females (TF) can experience aggressive forms of prostate cancer, but their uptake of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer is not well-known. Although national guidelines recommend PSA screening based on age, they do not specify recommendations based on gender identity. We evaluate and compare factors associated with recent PSA screening between cisgender men (CM) and TF using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey data. BRFSS 2018-2020 data was queried to identify CM and TF older than 40 who provided responses to BRFSS questions asking time since last PSA test and whether a provider discussed PSA advantages and disadvantages. Rates of recent screening, defined as receiving a PSA test in the last 2 years with no current or past history of prostate cancer, were calculated for CM and TF. Ages were grouped as younger than 55, 55-69, and 70 years and older based on national PSA screening guidelines, and a 1:4 age-matched cohort between CM and TF was created. Weighted multivariable logistic regressions to measure effects of gender identity, sociodemographic variables, and healthcare access on the odds of recent screening and were calculated and presented as odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals]. The age-matched cohort had 1,252 CM and 313 TF; TF had a lower overall screening rate than CM (24% vs. 42.3%). TF and CM had similar rates of primary care visits within the last year (85% vs. 86%), but TF were less likely to report that a PSA screen was recommended to them by a provider (33% vs. 49%, p<0.001). Even among all patients with this PSA screening recommendation, fewer TF were recently screened than CM (63% vs. 78%, p = 0.002). In a multivariable regression model, TF had lower odds of recent screening (OR = 0.5 [0.32-0.76], p<0.001) when compared to CM. Discussion of PSA advantages with a provider had higher odds (OR = 15 [10.6-21.5], p<0.001) while discussion of PSA disadvantages was not significantly associated with screening (OR = 0.84 [0.6-1.2], p = 0.3). A college education had higher odds of recent screening (OR = 2.66 [1.2-6.3], p = 0.02) than no high school education. In a multivariable regression model of TF patients, TF aged 70 years and older had higher odds of recent screening (OR = 2.8 [1.1-7.1], p = 0.002) than TF aged 55-69, with screening rates of 14%, 21% and 60% for the under 55, 55-69, and 70+ age groups, respectively. Similarly, to the overall cohort, provider-led discussion of PSA advantages had the strongest association with recent screening (OR = 15.4 [6.15-43.1], p < 0.001), followed by being college educated (OR = 5.7 [1.5-24.9], p = 0.01). TF patients were screened with PSA at a lower rate than CM. Discussing PSA screening benefits with a provider had the largest effect on recent screening among TF patients, highlighting the provider's role in screening uptake. Future studies should continue to evaluate the effects of provider perceptions and barriers to healthcare access on PSA screening in TF.

Predictors of Uptake of Prostate Cancer Screening in Kenya: The Demographic Factors Influence

Predictors of Uptake of Prostate Cancer Screening in Kenya: The Demographic Factors Influence

Prostate cancer screening uptake in Kenya: An analysis of the demographic and health survey

BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) screening is a cost-effective strategy to promote early detection and treatment. Understanding the determinants of PCa screening uptake would help policy makers to identify high-risk populations and ensure the cost-effectiveness of health promotion interventions. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of PCa screening uptake and assess its associated factors among Kenyan men. MethodsThe study relied on data from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. Firth logistic regression was employed using the “firthlogit” command in STATA. The adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were presented. ResultsOverall, the prevalence of PCa screening uptake was 4.4%. The odds of PCa screening uptake were high among men aged 50–54 [aOR= 2.08; CI= 1.23, 3.52], those who had health insurance coverage [aOR= 1.69; CI= 1.28, 2.23], those who read at least once in a week [aOR= 1.52; CI= 1.10, 2.10], and among those who watched TV at least once in a week [aOR= 1.73; CI= 1.18, 2.52]. Men who resided in the Eastern [aOR= 2.23; CI= 1.39, 3.60], Nyanza [aOR= 2.13; CI= 1.29, 3.53], and Nairobi [aOR= 1.97; CI= 1.01, 3.86] had a higher likelihood of getting screened for PCa. ConclusionIn conclusion, the uptake of PCa screening in Kenya is low. To ensure the cost-effectiveness of health-promoting interventions that aim to improve PCa screening uptake in Kenya, men without health insurance coverage should be targeted and prioritized. Increasing literacy rate, sensitization via television, and increasing the insurance coverage in the country would significantly contribute to a higher uptake of PCa screening. Policy summaryTo improve the uptake of PCa screening, there would be a need to implement a national advocacy campaign that will sensitize Kenyan men about the need to undergo PCa screening. This national advocacy campaign to increase the uptake of PCa screening in Kenya must leverage mass media platforms.

Knowledge and Attitude of Men towards Prostate Cancer Screening. A Case Study of Men Attending Services in Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu

Introduction: The aim of the study is to determine the knowledge and attitude of men towards screening for prostate cancer in Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu. The study assessed the level of awareness of men on the risk factors of prostate cancer. This was done so as to ascertain the extent to which prostate cancer screening methods as provided by the health workers are accepted. This helped to show the attitudes towards screening for prostate cancer. Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive study. A total sample of 120 men receiving screening services during the period of study were used. Questionnaire was used as the method for data collection. This was both administered and self-administered. Data were analyzed using frequency tables. Results: The findings revealed that majority of the men, 84 (70%) were aware of methods of prostate cancer screening while 36 (30%) were not aware. On the knowledge about preferred types of screening measures, majority of the respondents 108 (90%) identified PSA test while 12 (10%) had no preferred prostate cancer method. The respondents’ attitude towards uptake of prostate cancer screening methods, showed a positive attitude as majority of the respondents had a mean score of 44.6 with an average mean score of 2.8. However, the knowledge on risk factors of prostate cancer showed low knowledge with a mean score of 21.6. Conclusion: The fact that a good number of the respondents had low knowledge on the risk factors for prostate cancer, presupposes the need for healthcare workers to health educate men on the risk factors of prostate cancer as well as the benefits of regular prostate cancer screening so as to increase prostate cancer screening uptake thereby, reduce the prevalence of prostate cancer.

Awareness, knowledge, and factors that influenced the uptake of screening tests for prostate cancer among men aged 40 and older in Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Despite being the second most common and deadliest cancer in males, prostate cancer could go unnoticed in the early stages. Prevention programs have been set in place to help in the early detection and reduction of mortality rates in developed countries. The aim of this study was to determine awareness, knowledge, and the uptake of prostate cancer screening tests. Another objective was to identify the factors that determine the uptake of prostate cancer screening among men living in Ido-Ekiti. A cross-sectional study was conducted among males aged 40 and above living in Ido-Ekiti in Ido-Osi local government area, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The sample size of 380 respondents was obtained using Leslie Fisher's formula. The study revealed that the majority of the correspondents are aware of prostate cancer (57.9%). More than two-thirds of the respondents have poor knowledge of prostate cancer and the screening test (74.4%), with a median knowledge score of 30%. The uptake of prostate cancer screening tests was very low among the respondents (18.2%). Despite the high level of awareness of prostate cancer disease among the respondents, the majority have poor knowledge of the disease and the screening test. There was a low uptake of prostate cancer screening tests among the respondents.

Uptake of prostate cancer screening and associated factors among men aged 50 years and above in Lira city, Uganda: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundProstate cancer is the most common cancer among men globally, with over 1.2 million cases reported in 2018. About 90% of men with prostate cancer are diagnosed when the disease is in an advanced stage. We assessed the factors associated with the uptake of prostate cancer screening among men aged ≥ 50 years in Lira city.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving 400 men aged ≥ 50 years in Lira city who were sampled using multistage cluster sampling method. Uptake of prostate cancer screening was defined as the proportion of men who received prostate cancer screening in the past one year prior to the interview. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the factors associated with the uptake of prostate cancer screening. Data were analyzed using Stata version 14.0 statistical software.ResultsOf the 400 participants, only 18.5% (74/400) had ever been screened for prostate cancer. However, 70.7% (283/400) were willing to screen/rescreen if provided with the opportunity. Majority of the study participants, 70.5% (282/400) had ever heard about prostate cancer, mostly from a health worker (40.8% (115/282)). Less than half of the participants had high knowledge of prostate cancer. The factors that were significantly associated with prostate cancer screening were age ≥ 70 years, Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 3.29: 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.20-9.00) and having a family history of prostate cancer, AOR 2.48 (95%CI: 1.32–4.65).ConclusionThere was low uptake of prostate cancer screening among men in Lira City, but majority of men were willing to screen. We encourage policymakers in Uganda to ensure prostate cancer screening services are readily available and accessible by men so as to improve on early identification and treatment of the disease.

Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Cigarette smoking is a well-known cancer-causing behavior and a leading cause of death from cancer. However, according to previously published research and meta-analyses, cigarette smoking has a significant inverse association with prostate cancer incidence. Therefore, this study aims to investigate this association based on updated evidence by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. A search for relevant articles was performed in PubMed and Scopus databases to obtain the pooled relative risk (RR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of prostate cancer incidence among smokers compared to non-smokers. Our search was limited to prospective cohort studies. A total of 17 cohort studies were included in the systematic review. Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis and showed that cigarette smoking has an inverse association with prostate cancer incidence with a relative risk of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78-0.91). From all cohorts included in this systematic review, five studies examined the association between current smokers and the risk of death from prostate cancer. Therefore, a meta-analysis of these cohort studies was performed and showed that current smokers had a 42% higher risk of death from prostate cancer when compared to non-smokers with a relative risk of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.20-1.68). Data from observational studies suggest that cigarette smoking has an inverse association with prostate cancer incidence. However, smokers have an increased risk of death from prostate cancer. Important to realize that this lower risk for smokers might be attributed to low prostate cancer screening uptake among smokers, misclassification bias, or selection bias from the included original studies. In summary, our results indicate that the incidence of prostate cancer is lower among smokers. Nevertheless, smokers who develop the disease have a significantly worse prognosis.

Factors Influencing Uptake of Prostate Cancer Screening among Men Aged 40 Years and Above in Kazo Town Council, Kazo District, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Prostate cancer accounts for 20.3% of all cancers in men in sub-Saharan Africa. Early screening among at-risk groups is challenging in Uganda, with limited data on prostate cancer screening uptake in most districts, including newly established ones. The purpose of this study was to determine factors influencing the uptake of prostate cancer screening among men aged ≥ 40 in Kazo Town Council, Kazo District, a newly created district. We used a descriptive cross-sectional study design that employed both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Participants were recruited through simple random sampling between November 2020 and January 2021. Structured questionnaires were used for quantitative data (n = 300). Statistical analyses to determine associations were carried out using inferential and chi-square tests followed by logistic regression. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 key informants and analyzed thematically to explore a range of perceptions related to prostate cancer screening. Only 10 (3.33%; 95% CI: 0.018-0.60) respondents had ever screened for prostate cancer. Lack of privacy (p < 0.033), access to prostate cancer information (p < 0.014), and distance to health facilities (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with the uptake of prostate cancer screening. Marital status (OR = 7.93; 95% CI: 1.85-33.99; p = 0.005), positive health worker attitudes (OR = 0.002; 95% CI: 0.000-0.023, p < 0.001), and perceived affordability (OR = 0.001; 95% CI: 0.000-0.011, p < 0.001) were independently associated with uptake of prostate cancer screening. Key barriers included lack of information, access to screening centres, and fear of screening. The level of uptake of prostate cancer screening was considerably low among men aged 40 and above in the Kazo District. Targeted community interventions to improve access to prostate cancer information, screening, sensitization, and addressing perceived and actual barriers are needed in newly created districts to bolster the uptake of prostate cancer screening. This has implications for prioritizing research evaluating district resource allocation to support optimized and integrated evidence-based service delivery in primary healthcare centres, especially for specialized services in newly created districts.

Knowledge, Attitude and Screening Practices of Prostate Cancer among Men in an Urban Community in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Prevalence rates of prostate cancer within Africa show Nigeria is ranked among countries with the highest prevalence. Improvement in the knowledge and attitude towards screening practices prevents millions of deaths yearly with a potential to prevent much more. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and screening practices for prostate cancer among men in an urban community in Lagos, Nigeria.&#x0D; Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study among 270 men selected by multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using pretested intervieweradministered questionnaire and analyzed using Epi info 7.2 statistical software. Chisquare and Fisher’s exact tests were used to determine statistical associations. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of the respondents was 49.4±8.0 years. Sixty-seven (24.8%) had no knowledge of risk factors for prostate cancer. Overall, 33 (15.2%) of the respondents had good knowledge while 28 (58.4%) had positive attitude. Only 24 (11.0%) had ever been screened. The major reason for lack of prostate cancer screening was lack of knowledge about the disease. Good knowledge (p&lt;0.001) and positive attitudes (p=0.003) were significantly associated with good screening practices.&#x0D; Conclusion: Although knowledge of prostate cancer was poor, attitude to prostate cancer screening was majorly positive. Sadly, this did not translate into good screening practices. There should be increased public awareness on prostate cancer and screening modalities available by relevant stakeholders to enhance uptake of prostate cancer screening to ameliorate the burden of the disease in Nigeria.

Effectiveness of a Community Health Worker-Led Intervention on Knowledge, Perception, and Prostate Cancer Screening among Men in Rural Kenya.

Background Globally, an increase in mortality from prostate cancer (PC) remains a big challenge with disparities existing with a slight preponderance among men in low and middle-income countries. Prostate cancer is a leading cause of mortality among men in sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, despite the majority of men presenting with advanced prostate cancer for treatment, knowledge and screening for prostate cancer is low. The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a community health worker-led education intervention on knowledge, perception, and PC screening. Methods This was a quasiexperimental study among Kenyan men aged 40–69 years. The intervention site was Gatundu North subcounty and the control site was Kiambu subcounty in Kiambu County. Stratified random sampling was applied to select 288 respondents per arm of the study. We used a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data at baseline and 6 months postintervention. Pearson's chi-square test was used for data analysis. Results Awareness of prostate cancer significantly increased postintervention (P < 0.05). The proportion of respondents who had good knowledge of prostate cancer increased significantly from 49% to 76.4%(P < 0.05) in the intervention arm. The proportion of respondents with a high perception of self-vulnerability increased significantly from 26% to 42.1% (P < 0.05). The proportion of men who had undergone PC screening significantly increased from 4.5% to 20.4% (P < 0.05) in the intervention arm. In postintervention, there was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of men screened for prostate cancer in the intervention and control arm (P < 0.05). Conclusion Health education by community health workers during household visits increased awareness and knowledge, perception, and uptake of PC screening. Utilization of community health worker delivered education is an effective strategy that requires to be adopted to enhance screening.

Direct mail from primary care and targeted recruitment strategies achieved a representative uptake of prostate cancer screening

Background and ObjectivesProstate cancer screening studies has previously not been able to reflect a diverse group of participants. We evaluated a range of recruitment strategies and their ability to recruit from the Black population and areas of deprivation. MethodsIP1-PROSTAGRAM was a prospective, population-based, paired screening study of 408 participants conducted at seven UK primary care practices and two imaging centres. All participants underwent screening with a prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and transrectal ultrasound. A number of recruitment strategies were embedded including direct mail, media campaigns, and a targeted recruitment strategy to increase participation among harder-to-reach groups. ResultsA total of 1,316 expressions of interest were received (20th September 2018 to 15th May 2019). The direct mail strategy generated 317 expressions of interest from 1707 invitation letters. Overall 387 expressions of interest were received following the targeted strategy and 612 from media campaigns. The recruitment target was met 19 months ahead of the schedule. Of the 411 participants, ethnicity was White (38.0%), Black (32.4%), Asian (23.0%), and Other/Mixed (4.4%) ethnic groups. This higher recruitment of Black men was driven by the targeted recruitment strategy. A comparison of recruitment methods showed marked differences between ethnicities recruited (P < 0.001). The proportion of Black participants recruited by direct mail (8%) was similar to the prevalence of Black local population (9%) whereas, targeted recruitment was 88% (115) and media recruitment 1.7% (1). The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) distribution was similar to the local population with marginal higher recruitment from more deprived areas; proportion increasing from 26% to 40% from least to most deprived IMD quintiles (Quintiles 4/5 vs. 1/2). Direct mail recruited a close-to-normal distribution for deprivation with targeted recruitment trending towards recruiting from most deprived areas. ConclusionDirect mail and targeted strategies designed to engage a diverse population can achieve a representative uptake from Black participants and those from a lower socioeconomic group.

Determinants of prostate cancer screening uptake among men aged 40 years and above in Ruiru sub county, Kenya

Background: The Kenya demographic and health survey in the year 2014 indicated that only two-thirds of Kenyan men age 15-49 have heard of prostate cancer. In addition, only three percent of males aged 40 years and above have ever had a prostate cancer screening. This signifies that prostate cancer screening is still uncommon among Kenyan men despite prostate cancer being ranked third among commonly diagnosed cancers globally. Methods: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. Quantitative data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Collected data was analysed using Statistical package for data analysis (SPSS). Thereafter, descriptive statistics were presented by the use of mean, percentages and proportions while inferential statistics that is standard deviation and Chi square values were used to determine the statistical significance (p≤0.05).Results: This study shows that most men (87%) were aware of prostate cancer. Marital status p=0.007, occupation p=0.019, fear p=0.005, shyness/embarrassment p=0.034 and the level of education p=0.005 significantly influenced the uptake of cervical cancer screening among males aged 40 years and above. Noteworthy, education about prostate cancer screening did not significantly influence the males under this age brackets decision to get the prostate cancer screening.Conclusions: More efforts are needed to encourage adult male who are highly at risk of prostate cancer to go for voluntary screening as early detection have been shown to improve the disease outcome. In addition, a dire need for increased awareness of prostate cancer screening to demystify fear by the stakeholders that is, the healthcare system, Ministry of Health, faith-based organizations, family as well as friends.

Effect of Perceived Self-Vulnerability on Prostate Cancer Screening Uptake and Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study of Public Health Facilities in Western Kenya.

Background:Perceived self-vulnerability to prostate cancer is known to influence screening uptake among men in the general population. However, knowledge gap persists on the influence of perceived self-vulnerability to prostate cancer on uptake of screening among male health workers; a demographic that has health insurance and is assumed to have knowledge of screening services for prostate cancer.Objective:This study aimed to assess the effect of perceived self-vulnerability to prostate cancer on screening uptake among male health workers in Kisumu County, western Kenya.Methods:This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study with a descriptive and analytical design. A modified self-administered questionnaire on self-vulnerability was issued to 197 male health workers who were randomly sampled from a study population of 336 eligible participants. The study was conducted at purposively selected public health facilities.Findings:Level of self-reported screening uptake was 27%. Rural residence (AOR = 0.71: 95% CI, 0.32–1.57, p = 0.019), education level (AOR = 5.01; 95% CI, 1.2–20.86, p = 0.027), participant’s lack of knowledge about screening services covered by health insurance schemes of which they are members (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI, 0.08–0.5, p = 0.001), good perception of health status (AOR = 4; 95% CI: 1.52–10.53, p = 005) were determinants of screening uptake for prostate cancer. Perceived self-vulnerability to prostate cancer didn’t influence screening uptake of participants (p < 0.05). Participants from rural set-up had a higher likelihood of perceiving themselves to be at risk of prostate cancer (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI, 1.17–4.72, p < 0.05) compared to those form urban settings. Old age of 60 years and above (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI: 0.3–40.98, p < 0.002) was predictive of perceived self-vulnerability.Conclusion:Findings from this study showed low uptake of screening and low perceived self-vulnerability to prostate cancer. Perceived self-vulnerability did not influence screening uptake for prostate cancer. Screening knowledge of prostate cancer as covered by health insurance, good perception of health status and level of education should be integrated in screening programs that are individualized on the basis of personal preferences and informed decision making regarding the uncertainty of benefit and the associated harms of screening.

Comparison of health access, lifestyle, prostate cancer knowledge and screening among black men residing in West Africa and the USA.

BackgroundIn Blacks, late presentation, lack of knowledge, health infrastructural deficiencies and socio-demographic characteristics, which result in poor outcomes, are the bane of cancers. This study evaluated health access and lifestyle association with prostate cancer (PCa) knowledge and screening among black men.MethodologyThis study used data from the Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium familial cohort study. Data were gathered from a cross-sectional survey of 500 community-dwelling black men in Nigeria, Cameroon, and the USA. Information on socio-demographics, health care access, PCa knowledge score and screening behaviour was obtained, and the association between these variables was evaluated.ResultsThe majority (81.6%) were Nigerian. The age ranges were 35–49 (55.2%) and ≥65 (8.4%). The income distribution of the respondents showed that 23.3% earned <$1,000 and 30.7% (>$2,000) monthly. Only 43% had health insurance coverage, and 12% had accessed a doctor in 12 months. Respondents relied on orthodox medicine (50.8%), neighbourhood pharmacy (10.6%), self-medication (5%) and neighbourhood nurse (24.6%). The participants had either poor (45.2%) or very poor (23.2%) dietary patterns. Most (66.67%) do not engage in physical activity and about 33.33% engage in some exercises. Moreover, 87.8% and 78.3% have never had a digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in their lifetime, respectively, while 6.8% and 1.6% had DRE last 1 year and 2 years, respectively. Furthermore, 65.2%, 19.8% and 15% of the respondents had poor, fair and good knowledge of PCa, respectively. Health care coverage (p < 0.001), medical care habit (p = 0.001), routine checkup (p = 0.013) were significantly associated with respondents’ PCa knowledge. Routine checkup (p < 0.001) and country (p < 0.001) were significantly related to PSA screening.ConclusionThe study showed that PCa screening uptake was poor among the respondents and country of residence was associated with PCa screening behaviours. Healthcare coverage was significantly associated with PCa knowledge.

Barriers and Facilitators to Uptake of Prostate Cancer Screening in a Kenyan Rural Community

Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is curable with early detection, yet it remains a major public health problem globally and a leading cause of mortality among men. The objective of the study was to explore the barriers and facilitators to the uptake of prostate cancer screening among men aged 40–69 years in a rural community in Kenya.&#x0D; Methods: We utilized an explorative qualitative design and purposive sampling to select participants. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) and seven in-depth interviews were conducted among 59 men aged 40–69 years and key informants in Kiambu County, Kenya. Data was collected using a semi-structured guide and content analysis was done.&#x0D; Results: The facilitators of screening included experience of symptoms, proximity and prominence of cancer, accessibility, and advocacy. The barriers to screening included lack of knowledge, fatalistic beliefs, low risk perception, stigma, and male dominance factors.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study provides vital information for the development of interventions to enhance shared decision-making in regard to PC screening. Capacity building of clinicians, task shifting and provision of well-coordinated affordable culturally sensitive screening services should be explored. The concerted effort among policy makers and all health care workers to overcome the stated barriers to screening is highly recommended.&#x0D;

The association between the knowledge on prostate cancer screening with the beliefs and behaviors of Saudi men attending King Khalid University Hospital.

Background:The evidence showed that prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common malignancy in men globally. Unfortunately, it rarely produces symptoms, and the diagnosis is delayed until the tumor is advanced.Objectives:To determine the participants’ uptake of prostate cancer screening (PCS). Also, to assess their perceptions regarding PCS. Furthermore, to evaluate the association between patients’ knowledge of PC and their beliefs and behaviors towards PCS.Methods:This cross-sectional study recruited men aged older than 40attending the King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) between October 2020 and March 2021. SMS messages were sent to a random sample of 228 participants, inviting them to participate in an online self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 1- demography and history of PCS; 2- the knowledge questionnaire about PC; 3-the Champion's Health Belief Model (HBM).Results:Out of the 228 participants, 45.2% were men aged 60 years and above, 54.4% with college degrees and postgraduate studies, and 92.5% were married. The median knowledge score was 5, and the range was 12. Most men (72.4%) had a low knowledge score, and 79.4% of them did not have a previous PCS. Men aged 60 + were more likely to undergo the screening than their counterparts, with P values of 0.005. Higher knowledge scores were associated with the perceived benefits of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination (DRE), and health motivation, P values of 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.02, respectively. PSA and DRE›s perceived barriers were associated with low knowledge scores, P values of 0.0001 and 0.003, respectively. A higher probability of PCS participation was associated with the older age group, a P value of 0.001. Low participation was associated with perceived barriers of DRE, a P value of 0.031.Conclusion:The majority of the participants had poor knowledge regarding PC and PCS. Only a fifth of the men did PCS. High knowledge was associated with PSA and DRE perceived benefits and health motivation.

Assessment of Knowledge and Practices of Prostate Cancer Screening Among Men in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality in the Eastern Region of Ghana

Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men 40 years and above globally. Incidence and mortality rates are higher in African men as they grow older. Prostate cancer is amenable to early detection by screening which can prevent and reduce cancer deaths. Unfortunately, it is often detected late in the Ghanaian population due to lack of voluntary screening. This study assessed the knowledge and practices of prostate cancer screening uptake among men in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality (LMKM) in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The study employed a cross-sectional design that used quantitative methods (structured questionnaire) to collect data from 363 respondents using a multistage sampling technique. Chi-square test statistics were used to estimate the association between the knowledge, practices and perception (dependent variables) and socio-demographic characteristics (independent variable) of respondents. Multiple binary logistic regression model was used to measure the strength of association between the variables at a 95% Confidence Interval. The majority (79.3%) of respondents were of the Ga-Adangme ethnic group, were in the 40-49 years age bracket (44.4%) and married (70.8%). Except for age group, marital status, ethnicity and number of biological children, all socio-demographic characteristics were significantly associated with prostate cancer screening uptake (p 0.05). Only religious affiliation and family history of prostate cancer were significantly associated with perceptions on prostate cancer. The study showed that most men in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality were aware of prostate cancer. This, however, did not translate into practice. Public health interventions should have Ministry of Health liaise with the National Health Insurance Scheme to roll out a free prostate cancer screening and prevention program in the District hospitals to ensure early screening.

Factors Influencing Uptake of Prostate Cancer Screening among Adult Males in Iseyin LGA, Oyo State

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. This study assessed factors influencing uptake of PCa screening at a popular town in Iseyin, Oyo State.Methods: Relevant information was obtained from 376 participants using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires. Respondents were selected through multistage sampling technique Statistical tests such as Chisquare, Fisher's exact test and Student's T-test were performed to duly analyse data obtained.Results: Participants' mean age was 50.2 + 8.0 years with a larger (58. 5 %) proportion of men aged 50 and below. Overall summarized scores on poor knowledge and negative attitude were 42.8 % and 44.7 % respectively. Specific knowledge regarding location of prostate, risk factors and symptoms was as low as 21.0%, 26.3% and 37.2%, respectively. Barely 27.9 %, 19.9 % and 16.2 % knew prostate specific antigen test, digital rectal examination and ultrasound as PC screening techniques respectively. Previous uptake of screening was very low being 16.0 %. Individuals with poor knowledge and those who are non-professionals are 3 times (Odds Ratio – 0.295) and 2 times (Odds Ratio – 0.524) respectively less likely to do PCa screening compared with their other counterpartsConclusion: The study showed considerable awareness of prostate cancer. However, comprehensive knowledge of its symptoms and the screening methods was greatly lacking. The need is therefore indicated for an aggressive health promotion intervention designed to increase awareness on PCa screening at the community level.&#x0D; Keywords: prostate cancer, uptake, screening methods