Mineral Absorption Research Articles

Net Assimilation Rate and Mean Relative Growth Rate of Horticulture Plants on Swamp Land under Control of Organic Compounds

This research involved two experiments and was conducted in the experiment station of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of Riau, Indonesia. This experiment was arranged with a randomly simple design with two factors. First, the effects of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) compost and rice husk ash on Brassica juncea, and secondly the effects of water hyacinth compost and Rhizobium inoculant on soybean (Glycine max) were investigated. The data analysis was performed with Duncan’s multiple range test with significant differences at p <0.05. The net assimilation rate and mean relative growth rate were used as indicators for the dry weight accumulation of plants. The combination of water hyacinth compost and rice husk ash had an interacting effect on soybean and Brassica juncea. An increase of net assimilation rate was followed by an increase in mean relative growth and a significant increase in dry matter weight was also observed. A combination of water hyacinth compost and rice husk ash had a significant positive effect on plant growth in swamp land. Rice husk ash can potentially balance excess iron and aluminum levels in soil impedes the absorption of essential minerals in swamp land. Rice husk ash can potentially balance excess iron and aluminum levels in soil that impedes the absorption of essential minerals in swamp land. The combination of water hyacinth compost and rice husk ash in swamp land increased the production of seed dry weight of soybean and crop dry weight of Brassica juncea.

Adverse effects of antinutrients on human health: a systematic review

Antinutrients are naturally occurring compounds found in various foods that can interfere with the absorption or utilization of nutrients in the body. There are many studies about various antinutrients and or on some particular antinutrients. The aim of our systematic review is to provide wholesome information about most of the antinutrients. Many plants and vegetables contain a variety of harmful compounds (cyanide, nitrate, phenols, etc.) and anti-nutrients (phytate, oxalate, etc.). The detrimental effects on the absorption of minerals and micronutrients in diet are caused by anti-nutrients. Chemicals known as "anti-nutrients" lower the body's ability to use certain nutrients, including proteins, vitamins, and minerals. This prevents the nutrients in food from being used to their full potential and lowers the meal's nutritional value. A systematic search was done using various search engines like Google Scholar, PubMed, science direct. Database was collected between the years of 2010 to 2023 for the English literature using different keywords like antinutrients, lectins, phytates. A total number of 80 articles selected during search out of them 15 studies were taken after screening in the review with experimental and non-experimental study design. Our study suggests that we can reduce the antinutrient content in food by different methods like soaking, fermentation, boiling, and washing.

Genetic susceptibility and potential therapeutic targets of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: A genome-wide study based on Mendelian randomization.

At present, although some studies have offered certain insights into the genetic factors related to unruptured intracranial aneurysms (uIAs), the potential genetic targets associated with uIAs remain largely unknown. Thus, this research adopted Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to study two genome-wide association studies on uIAs, aiming to determine the reliable genetic susceptibility and potential therapeutic targets for uIAs. This study summarizes the data of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) as exposure data. The outcome data of uIAs were derived from the study by Bakker et al. and the FinnGen Biobank (version R10). The reliable genetic susceptibility and potential therapeutic targets of uIAs were identified by means of Mendelian randomization (MR) methods, with the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method as the primary analytical approach. Simultaneously, sensitivity and pleiotropy analyses were carried out, and the results were visualized. Subsequently, drug predictions and molecular docking were conducted for the potential gene targets to verify their reliability. The MR analysis of the training cohort identified 100 targets related to uIAs. Then, these 100 gene targets and eQTL data were verified by MR Analysis again with the testing cohort. Finally, 7 gene targets were selected, namely MTMR3, SERINC1, CITED2, NKX3-1, ATOX1, MYADM and SLC20A1-DT.GO/KEGG enrichment analysis confirmed that the 7 gene targets mainly participate in the process Biological functions and pathways such as art development, cellular response to hypoxia, male Gonad development, RNA polymerase II specific DNA binding transcription factor binding, DNA binding transcription factor binding, Mineral absorption, Inositol phase metabolism, Photoshatidylinositol signaling system, etc.The protein-protein interaction（PPI） network describes the interactions between seven gene targets and related proteins.The molecular docking diagram shows good binding between candidate drugs and proteins related to gene targets. The study identified 7 reliable gene susceptibility and potential therapeutic targets associated with uIAs, offering new insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment of uIAs, and suggesting novel research directions for understanding the etiology and molecular mechanisms of uIAs.

A comprehensive analysis to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of natural killer cell in thyroid carcinoma based on single-cell RNA sequencing data

BackgroundThyroid carcinoma (THCA) is the most common cancer of the endocrine system. Natural killer (NK) cell play an important role in tumor immune surveillance. The aim of this study was to explore the possible molecular mechanisms involved in NK cell in THCA to help the management and treatment of the disease.MethodsAll data were downloaded from public databases. Candidate hub genes associated with NK cell in THCA were identified by limma, WGCNA and singleR packages. Functional enrichment analysis was performed on the candidate hub genes. Hub genes associated with NK cell were identified by Pearson correlation analysis. The mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA and transcription factors (TF) networks were constructed and the drug was predicted.ResultsThe infiltration level of NK cell in THCA tissues was higher than that in paracancerous tissues. KEGG functional enrichment analysis only obtained two signaling pathways, thyroid hormone synthesis and mineral absorption. CTSC, FN1, SLC34A2 and TMSB4X identified by Pearson correlation analysis were considered as the hub genes. Receiver operating characteristic analysis suggested that hub genes may be potential diagnostic biomarkers. In mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA network, FN1 had the highest correlation with IQCH-AS1, and IQCH-AS1 was also correlated with hsa-miR-543. In addition, FN1 and RUNX1 were also found to have the highest correlation in TF network. Finally, NK cell-related drugs belinostat and vorinostat were identified based on ASGARD.ConclusionThe identification of important signaling pathways, molecules and drugs provides potential research directions for further research in THCA and contributes to the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disease.

Lower Cadmium Bioavailability and Toxicity in Japonica Rice than in Indica Rice: Mechanisms and Health Implications.

Cadmium (Cd) is efficiently transferred from soil to food crops, notably rice. Research indicates that indica rice grains may accumulate more Cd than japonica cultivars; however, differences in Cd bioavailability (the fraction of ingested rice Cd absorbed into the systemic circulation) and toxicity remain unexplored, thus hindering a comprehensive understanding of exposure and health risks. To address this, a mouse bioassay was conducted to evaluate the relative bioavailability (RBA) of Cd in 35 samples each of japonica and indica rice, determining which type exhibits lower Cd bioavailability. The results revealed a significantly lower mean Cd-RBA in japonica rice (49.6 ± 7.8%) compared to indica rice (65.6 ± 12.2%). This disparity is attributed primarily to the 1.25- and 1.37-fold higher concentrations of calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in japonica rice, which enhanced Ca and Fe absorption from the intestine and reduced duodenal expression of Ca and Fe transporters by 1.8-5.9 times in mice consuming japonica rice, thereby decreasing Cd transcellular transport. Additionally, japonica rice consumption promoted beneficial gut probiotics (Bifidobacterium pseudolongum and Lactobacillus reuteri) and metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids and peptides, potentially increasing mineral absorption and reducing Cd uptake. Moreover, mice fed japonica rice exhibited 1.35-1.47 times higher gene expression of intestinal tight junctions, enhancing intestinal barrier function and reducing extracellular Cd transport. Consequently, consuming Cd-containing japonica rice was associated with lower oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer risks in mice compared to indica rice consumption. This study significantly enhances our understanding on the health risks associated with Cd in different rice subspecies.

Integrated Microbiome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Correlations Between Gut Microbiota Components and Metabolic Profiles in Mice With Mitoxantrone-Induced Cardiotoxicity.

Mitoxantrone (MTX) is largely restricted in clinical usage due to its significant cardiotoxicity. Multiple studies have shown that an imbalance in the gut-heart axis plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aim to explore the possible correlations between gut microbiota (GM) compositions and cardiometabolic (CM) disorder in MTX-triggered cardiotoxicity mice. MTX cumulative dose of 6 mg/kg was administered to healthy Kunming male mice to trigger cardiotoxicity, with 1 mg/kg twice weekly for a duration of 3weeks. Plasma CK-MB and LDH levels were determined, and the heart tissue histopathology was assessed, followed by utilizing an integrated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based heart metabolomics study alongside the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing method to assess MTX impact on GM and CM profiles in mice, establishing associations between GM and CM profiles through the Pearson correlation coefficient calculation. MTX caused CK-MB and LDH level elevations and cardiotoxicity in our mouse model. MTX primarily affected the processes of protein digestion and absorption, mineral absorption, membrane transport, production of aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA), metabolism of nucleotides, lipids, and amino acids, as well as autophagy. Additionally, MTX increased Romboutsia, Enterococcus, and Turicibacter abundances and lowered norank_f__Muribaculaceae, Alistipes, Odoribacter, norank_f__Lachnospiraceae, norank_f__Ruminococcaceae, norank_f__Oscillospiraceae, unclassified_f__Ruminococcaceae, NK4A214_group, Colidextribacter, norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_vadinBB60_group, Rikenella, and Anaerotruncus abundances. The correlation analyses showcased variations in the abundance of diverse flora, such as Romboutsia, Enterococcus, Turicibacter, and norank_f__Muribaculaceae, which were related to MTX-induced cardiac injury. Our study supports the claim that MTX provokes cardiotoxicity by modifying CM and GM profiles. Our results offer new possibilities for controlling MTX-triggered cardiotoxicity.

Comparative toxicity of copper and zinc contaminated wastewater irrigation on growth, physiology, and mineral absorption of wheat.

A comparative pot study was performed to assess the toxic effects of copper (Cu) and/or zinc (Zn) contaminated wastewater (WW) irrigation on the growth, physiology, and element concentration of wheat grown for two months. The treatments included irrigation with uncontaminated wastewater (WW) as control, Cu-contaminated WW (CuWW), Zn-contaminated WW (ZnWW), and Cu + Zn contaminated WW (CuZnWW) in a completely randomized design. Compared to ZnWW, irrigation with CuWW or CuZnWW had severe effects on growth, physiology, and mineral absorption by wheat. Irrigation with CuWW or CuZnWW reduced shoot length, root length, root and shoot dry weights by 44-45%, 54-56%, 5-6%, and 33-34%, respectively, against WW control. Similarly, these treatments diminished chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and SPAD by 33-34%, 59-60%, 49-51%, and 26-27%, respectively. Conversely, contaminated irrigation improved the total polyphenols, polyphenolic acids, total flavonoids, and antiradical activity, however, a maximum increase in these parameters up to 65% was observed when irrigated with ZnWW. Pearson correlation showed that the decline in growth and physiology of wheat was negatively correlated with shoot metal concentration and uptake. Dehydrogenase activity is severely hampered by CuWW or CuZnWW and to a lesser extent by ZnWW as well. These results suggest that irrigation with contaminated WW adversely affects wheat growth and physiology, however, ZnWW is found to be less toxic to wheat crops than Cu. Thereby, this data highlights the need for a tailored approach to prioritize the metal (Zn) with lower toxicity during the use of WW in irrigation practice. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Cu-contaminated wastewater (20 ppm Cu) substantially reduced the growth and physiology of wheat. Zn (80 ppm) contaminated wastewater was found lesser toxic compared to Cu. Wheat irrigation with contaminated wastewater increased biologically active compounds in wheat shoot. Contaminated wastewater affected minerals concentration in the root and shoot part of wheat. Dehydrogenase activity in soil is less affected by Zn-contaminated wastewater. Irrigation with wastewater and leftover crop residues resulted in the accumulation of organic matter in soil.

Impact of Lysine to Methionine Ratios on Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function in the Rumen of Tibetan Sheep: An RNA-Seq Analysis.

With global protein prices on the rise, lowering protein levels in animal feed, together with balancing diet composition and reducing nitrogen emissions, can both reduce the environmental impact of agriculture and save on feed costs. However, the formulation of an ideal amino acid (AA) composition is crucial for better protein utilization by livestock. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different lysine to methionine ratios on the antioxidant capacity and immune function of the rumen in Tibetan sheep. Ninety male Tibetan sheep, weaned at 2 months of age, were randomly divided into three groups (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 lysine ratios) and subjected to a 100-day feeding trial. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was utilized to analyse the impact of different AA ratios on gene expression in rumen tissue, whereas the levels of antioxidant enzymes (total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px] and catalase [CAT]) and immunoglobulins (immunoglobulin A [IgA], immunoglobulin G [IgG] and immunoglobulin M [IgM]) were evaluated. The results indicated that the 1:1 group significantly upregulated the expression of PTGS2, PLA2G12A and PLA2G4 genes, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing free radical production and modulating systemic immune responses. COL16A1 and KCNK5 were highly expressed in the protein digestion and absorption pathway, maintaining the structural integrity and function of the rumen epithelium. BMP4 and TGFBR2 were significantly enriched in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and positively correlated with CAT and T-AOC. ITGA8 was upregulated in the 1:1 group, participating in the regulation of various cellular signalling pathways. ATP2B1 was enriched in the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)- protein kinase G (PKG) signalling and mineral absorption pathways, primarily influencing oxidative stress and immune responses by regulating intracellular calcium ion concentration. This study demonstrates that a 1:1 lysine to methionine ratio is most beneficial for enhancing the antioxidant capacity and immune function of the rumen in Tibetan sheep.

Modification-specific Proteomic Analysis Reveals Cysteine S-Palmitoylation Involved in Esophageal Cancer Cell Radiation.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of radiation (RT) on protein and protein S-palmitoylation levels in esophageal cancer (EC) cell lines. EC cells (N = 6) were randomly divided into RT and negative control. The results revealed that 592 proteins were identified in the RT group, including 326 upregulation proteins and 266 downregulation proteins. These differentially expressed proteins were involved in cellular biological processes. S-palmitoylation sequencing analysis revealed that 830 and 899 S-palmitoylation cysteine sites were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Differential S-palmitoylation proteins were primarily found in cellular processes, anatomical entities, and binding activities. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway and protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that differential S-palmitoylation proteins are involved in proteoglycans in cancer, shigellosis, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and mineral absorption. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that RT significantly affects protein expression and S-palmitoylation levels in EC cell lines, which has implications for cancer biology-related cellular processes and pathways. These findings enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of EC cells to RT treatment.

Silicon Promotes Na+ Compartmentalization and Mineral Uptake in Zucchini Seedlings to Maintain Physiological Homeostasis and Alleviate Salt Stress

Silicon Promotes Na+ Compartmentalization and Mineral Uptake in Zucchini Seedlings to Maintain Physiological Homeostasis and Alleviate Salt Stress

Identification of a pyroptosis-related prognostic model for colorectal cancer and validation of the core gene SPTBN5

BackgroundPyroptosis, an emerging type of programmed cell death. The mechanisms of pyroptosis mainly include inflammasome-activated pyroptosis and non-inflammasome-activated pyroptosis. Multiple prognostic scoring systems that utilize pyroptosis-related gene expression have been validated as effective predictors of patient outcomes. But the relationship between pyroptosis and colorectal cancer remains unclear. This study has established a gene signature associated with pyroptosis to forecast the prognosis of CRC patients. MethodsAn analysis of 52 pyroptosis genes was conducted in both CRC and normal colorectal tissues, leading to the discovery of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Core pyroptosis-related genes were identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression to establish a prognostic risk score (PRS) for predicting CRC patient outcomes. The TCGA cohort was split into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the PRS, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses. Additionally, differences in the enrichment scores of 16 immune cell types and the activity of 13 immune-related pathways were compared. The role of SPTBN5, a core pyroptosis-related gene, was validated through functional experiments on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (SW480).Results40 differentially expressed genes were identified from 52 pyroptosis genes. A risk model was subsequently developed using 25 core pyroptosis-related genes identified through LASSO Cox regression analysis, and this model was validated in GEO cohorts. GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed that the DEGs are predominantly associated with mineral absorption, thyroid hormone synthesis, and pancreatic secretion. Functional experiments demonstrated that down-regulation of SPTBN5 expression through transfection led to significant decreases in the proliferation, migration, and clonogenicity of SW480 cells.ConclusionThe PRS can identify high-risk CRC patient groups and predict patient prognosis. SPTBN5 may present a potential therapeutic target for CRC.

Heat Stress in Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica): Benefits of Phytase Supplementation.

In tropical and subtropical climate regions, heat stress is one of the main causes of production losses in laying quails, aggravated by the antinutritional effects of the phytate in diet ingredients, which negatively affect the bioavailability of minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus. This situation results in a reduction in production and the quality of eggs from commercial laying quails. Several nutritional strategies are utilized to reduce the adverse effects of high temperatures and antinutritional factors such as phytate. Among these strategies, the use of exogenous enzymes, such as phytase, stands out as a viable alternative. Phytase breaks down phytate molecules, optimizing the absorption of essential minerals and improving productive performance and egg quality under unfavorable conditions. Specifically, it is recommended to use 1500 FTU of phytase, as it not only reduces the effects of thermal stress but also enhances eggshell thickness and calcium absorption. In this context, this bibliographic review sought to produce a document demonstrating the beneficial effects of the phytase enzyme on the hydrolysis of the phytate molecule, the availability of calcium for Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica), and its implications in thermal stress due to heat.

Vitamin D and other micronutrient deficiency prevention: the role of data in informing national, regional, and global policy.

The World Health Organisation describes micronutrient deficiencies, or hidden hunger, as a form of malnutrition that occurs due to low intake and/or absorption of minerals and vitamins, putting human development and health at risk. In many cases, emphasis, effort, and even policy, revolves around the prevention of deficiency of one particular micronutrient in isolation. This is understandable as that micronutrient may be among a group of nutrients of public health concern. Vitamin D is a good exemplar. This review will highlight how the actions taken to tackle low vitamin D status have been highly dependent on the generation of new data and/or new approaches to analysis of existing data, to help develop the evidence-base, inform advice/guidelines, and in some cases, translate into policy. Beyond focus on individual micronutrients, there has also been increasing international attention around hidden hunger, or deficiencies of a range of micronutrients, which can exist unaccompanied by obvious clinical signs but can adversely affect human development and health. A widely quoted estimate of the global prevalence of hidden hunger is a staggering two billion people, but this is now over 30 years old. This review will outline how strategic data sharing and generation is seeking to address this key knowledge gap in relation to the true prevalence of hidden hunger in Europe, a key starting point towards defining sustainable and cost-effective, food-based strategies for its prevention. The availability of data on prevalence and food-based strategies can help inform public policy to eradicate micronutrient deficiency in Europe.

Effects of short-term exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2 on yield, nutritional profile, genetic regulatory pathways, and rhizosphere microbial community of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Abstract Aim Legumes are vital to agroecosystems and human nutrition, yet climate change is compromising their nutritional value. This study aims to assess how a one-month exposure to elevated CO2 (eCO2) impacts biomass yield, mineral profile, gene expression, and the soil microbiome of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Methods Phaseolus vulgaris L. was grown in field conditions under ambient CO2 (control, aCO2, 400 ppm) or eCO2 (600 pm) from the start of pod filling until plant maturity and analyzed for several morphophysiological and nutritional parameters. Results Compared with aCO2, eCO2 exposure significantly increased plant and grain biomass, with fluctuations in mineral accumulation. Notably, it decreased grain iron and zinc concentrations, two essential microelements related to food security, by 59% and 49%, respectively. Additionally, grain phenolic content decreased by up to 41%. Genes involved in mineral uptake (such as FER1, ZIP1, and ZIP16), plant response to stress (TCR1, TCR2, and HLH54) and symbiosis with soil microorganisms (NRMAP7 and RAM2) seemed to regulate effects. Microbiome analysis supported these findings, with an increase in the relative abundance of Pseudomonadota by 10%, suggesting eCO2-induced alterations in microbial community structure. Conclusions This research demonstrates how eCO2 impacts the nutritional quality of common beans regarding micronutrients and phenolic content, while also affecting soil microbiome composition. Highlighting the value of shorter term eCO2 treatments, the findings provide early insights into immediate plant responses. This underscores the need for crop improvement strategies to address nutrient deficiencies that may arise under future eCO2 conditions.

Soil Symphony: A Comprehensive Overview of Plant–Microbe Interactions in Agricultural Systems

The rhizosphere, a narrow region of soil surrounding plant roots, is an environment rich in microbial diversity that profoundly influences plants’ health, growth, and agricultural productivity. This microbial community, known as the rhizosphere microbiome, consists of a complex array of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and other microorganisms that engage in complex interactions with plant roots. These microorganisms contribute to nutrient cycling, mineral uptake facilitation, and protection against soil-borne pathogens, thereby promoting plant growth and resilience towards biotic and abiotic stresses. Additionally, microbial signaling molecules, including phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinin, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, play a pivotal role in regulating these interactions by modulating plants’ responses to environmental stressors. Recent advancements in microbiomics have enabled a deeper understanding of the rhizosphere’s diversity, composition, and functions, paving the way for more sustainable agricultural practices. By harnessing the potential of the rhizosphere microbiome, innovative strategies can be developed to reduce dependency on synthetic agrochemicals, enhance soil fertility, and increase crop yields. This review discusses the diversity and mechanisms of plant–microbe interactions, focusing on the role of microbial signaling molecules, and explores their applications in promoting agricultural sustainability. The insights gained from microbiomics studies can revolutionize farming practices by reducing dependency on chemical inputs, enhancing crop productivity, and nurturing soil health and environmental sustainability.

High Dietary Zinc Promotes its Optimal Absorption Through Modulation of Key Transporter Genes, SOD1, and HSP70 Expression in Heat-stressed Rats.

Global warming causes heat stress (HS) in animals, impacting nutrient absorption and metabolism. Antioxidant nutrients are crucial for combating HS. This study assessed the impact of increased dietary Zn on nutrient utilization, mineral absorption, and expression of Zn homeostasis regulators, superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), and heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) genes in rats under HS. Seventy-two four-week-old Wistar rats were assigned to six groups in a 3×2 factorial design, with three dietary Zn levels (14.6, 32.7, and 48.9 ppm) and two environments, thermo-neutral (TN) and HS, for 42 days, including 14 days of HS exposure. Results showed that HS reduced nutrient intake across Zn levels, though ether extract digestibility increased at 32.7 and 48.9 ppm Zn. Intake, excretion, and apparent daily absorption of Ca, P, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe were lower in HS than in TN groups. Hepatic metallothionein-1 (MT1) mRNA expression was downregulated in rats fed 14.6 and 32.7 ppm Zn compared to 48.9 ppm Zn under both environmental conditions. Duodenal Zinc transporter-1 (ZnT1) and Zrt- and Irt-like protein-1 (ZIP1) mRNA expression increased with dietary Zn under TN and HS conditions, respectively. Hepatic SOD1 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in HS groups, while hepatic HSP70 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated at 48.9 ppm Zn under HS. Present study suggests that, under HS conditions in rats, a higher dietary Zn level of 48.9 ppm may be optimal for improving Zn absorption, enhancing ZIP1, MT1, and HSP70 gene expression, and alleviating the negative effects of HS.

Chronic constipation: focus on microbiome-targeted therapies with prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics

Chronic constipation is a global medical, social, and economic problem due to its negative impact on patients’ quality of life and increased risk of colorectal cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of constipation through its interplay with the immune system, enteral and central nervous system, representing a promising therapeutic target. Gut dysbiosis in patients with constipation is characterized by reduced relative numbers of bacteria producing lactate (Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae) and butyrate (Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae), as well as with increased numbers of those producing hydrogen sulfide (Desulfovibrionaceae) and methanogenic archaea (Methanobacteriaceae). The leading pathogenetic mechanism related to intestinal dysbiosis in chronic constipation, can be microbial metabolic abnormalities (metabolic dysbiosis) characterized by altered production of short-chain fatty acid, methane, hydrogen sulfide, tryptophan metabolites and by abnormal bile acid biotransformation. It has been proven that dysbiotic abnormalities of the intestinal microbiome play a role in the pathophysiology of constipation, which allows for the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics for effective microbiome-modulating therapy in patients with chronic constipation. The proven role of dysbiotic abnormalities of the intestinal microbiome in the pathophysiology of chronic constipation determines the effectiveness of microbiome-modulating therapy (prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics) in patients with this syndrome. Inulin is the most studied preboitic; it is a soluble food fiber that markedly contributes to the regulation of intestinal microbiota, stimulates the growth of beneficial bacteria, and production of anti-inflammatory metabolites. Inulin normalized the intestinal function in patients with chronic constipation increasing the stool frequency, softening the stool, and reducing the intestinal transit time. In addition, inulin modulates the immune response and impacts the absorption of minerals, appetite, and satiety. Treatment with probiotics is also associated with reduced intestinal transit time, compared to controls. According to a systematic review and meta-analysis of 30 randomized controlled trials, only Bifidobacterium lactis strains (but not other probiotics) significantly increase stool frequencies in chronic constipation in adults. Clinical studies have shown that the targeted probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 can significantly increase the stool frequencies in patients with low (≤ 3 per week) stool frequency up to 4.7–5.0 per week, reduce the intestinal transit time and the rate of functional gastroenterological symptoms in adults with constipation. Beyond its clinical effects, Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 leads to beneficial changes in intestinal microbiota, significantly increasing the bifidobacteria and decreasing the enterobacteria numbers. The results of trials confirm the importance of synbiotic correction of dysbiotic microbiota in all patients with constipation to increase stool frequencies and improve fecal consistency, as well as to prevent the chronic disorders associated with constipation. Synbiotics, such as a combination of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 and inulin, with the properties of both complementary and synergic synbiotic, may have the greatest microbiome-modulating and functional potential to significantly improve clinical outcomes in patients with chronic constipation compared to probiotics or prebiotics used alone.

Effect of solid-state fermentation on mineral binding efficiency of chickpea protein: Characterization and in-vitro mineral uptake

Iron deficiency is a prevalent global health concern, especially in populations lacking diverse nutrient sources. Chickpeas, rich in both protein and iron, face limitations in iron bioavailability due to anti-nutritional factors and low iron complex solubility. In this regard, solid-state fermentation offers promise in enhancing plant-based food nutrition. Therefore, this study examined the impact of fermentation on chickpea protein's mineral binding, focusing on iron complexation. Comparing native chickpea protein-iron complex (NCP-Fe) and fermented chickpea protein-iron complex using Aspergillus awamori (FCP90-Fe), significant improvements were noted after 90 h of fermentation. Protein content and solubility in FCP90-Fe increased by 14.77 % and 22.70 %, respectively. Structural alterations induced by A. awamorai were evident through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Functional attributes such as protein solubility (18.91 %), oil (23.60 %), and water holding capacity (19.17 %) also improved in FCP90-Fe, indicating enhanced food application potential. Additionally, FCP90-Fe exhibited a 31.74 % increase in iron content and significantly higher mineral bioavailability, with enhancements of 21.99 % and 59.90 % compared to NCP-Fe. In vitro studies demonstrated increased iron transportation, retention, and uptake by 11.07 %, 10.42 %, and 7.09 %, respectively, underscoring improved iron bioavailability from fermented chickpea protein. Moreover, FCP90-Fe notably elevated ferritin synthesis levels, suggesting enhanced iron storage capacity within cells, with a 62.66 % increase in ferritin content per mg cell protein and a 39.59 % increase per gram sample compared to NCP-Fe. This study emphasizes the considerable impact of fermentation on the chickpea protein iron complex. It increases its mineral bioavailability, iron uptake, digestibility, and mineral bioavailability.

Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of FTO knockout and wild-type porcine iliac artery endothelial cells

The fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene, previously identified as a pivotal genetic locus associated with adiposity, has recently been linked to various cancers. In this study, we established an FTO knockout (KO) cell line in porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (PIECs) utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 technology to systematically investigate the gene’s function and effect through transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. Our results revealed significant gene expression and metabolic profiles differences between the FTO KO and wild-type (WT) cells. Furthermore, enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of differentially expressed genes in metabolic processes, cellular components, and molecular functions, as well as in complement and coagulation cascades, mineral absorption, glutathione metabolism, insulin signaling, fluid shear stress, and atherosclerosis pathways. The metabolomic profiling revealed clear distinctions between the FTO KO and WT cells, indicating profound modifications in cellular metabolism. Correlation analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data revealed a significant association between six metabolites and twenty genes, with melatonin showing specific correlations with the expression of several genes, indicating a complex regulatory network between gene expression and metabolic changes. This study provides a foundation for further research on the FTO gene’s role in cellular processes and molecular mechanisms underlying physiological and pathological conditions.

Selenium mitigates vanadium toxicity through enhanced nutrition, photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings

In the current industrial scenario, vanadium (V) as a metal is of great importance but poses a major threat to the ecosystem. In the present study, the effect of a toxic concentration of V, i.e., 10 µM in the soil on growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidants machinery (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants), ions uptake, proline metabolism, and V uptake in different parts of the plant was investigated with and without the exogenous application of selenium (Se) i.e., 5 µM in V-stressed rice (Oryza sativa L.). Our results depicted that V addition to the soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, gas exchange attributes, and minerals uptake by O. sativa as compared to the plants grown without the addition of V. However, V toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the indication of oxidative stress in O. sativa and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents to the membrane-bounded organelles. Although activities of various antioxidative enzymes like superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and their gene expression Fe-SOD, POD, CAT, and APX and also non-enzymatic antioxidants like phenolic, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid, anthocyanin contents and also the proline metabolism i.e., proline, pyrroline5-carboxylate, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase were increased due to V stress. Although results also illustrated that the application of Se also decreased V toxicity in O. sativa seedlings by increasing antioxidant capacity and, thus, improved the plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, and decreased oxidative stress in the O. sativa seedlings, compared to those plants which were not artificially supplied by Se. Research findings, therefore, suggested that the Se application can ameliorate V toxicity in O. sativa seedlings and result in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress as depicted by balanced exudation of nutrient effluxes. This study provides novel insights into the role of selenium in mitigating vanadium-induced oxidative stress in rice, thereby offering a promising approach to enhancing crop resilience in metal-contaminated soils and advancing sustainable agricultural practices.