Upstream Citarum Research Articles

Sediment metals content in upstream Citarum river, West Java Province, Indonesia

Study of metal content in sediments is important for monitoring condition of Citarum river. This study aims to determine several metal namely Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in upstream Citarum river sediments. Research was conducted in the Cirasea sub-watershed, namely Gunung Wayang, Babakan Village, Cikitu Village, Wangi Sagara, Puncak Cae, Koyod, Andir, and Nanjung. Sediment samples were taken once a month from September to November 2022. Several physico-chemical parameter were carried insitu and laboratory. Sediment metal analysis was carried out using the ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry) technique. Metal concentrations were compared with standards and the relationship between metal parameters and physico-chemical parameters was analyzed by PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Metals that were not found in all stations were Hg and Cd. The metal found with the largest concentration was Fe, otherwise metal found with the smallest concentration was As. Based on PCA, there are three groups based on metals and physico-chemical parameters. Advanced metal analysis needs to be carried out in the Citarum river from upstream to downstream to determine water quality of Citarum river.

Water quality assessment of river based on phytoplankton biological integrity index in rural areas of the upstream Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Pratiwi D, Oktavia D, Sumiarsa D, Sunardi S. 2024. Water quality assessment of river based on phytoplankton biological integrity index in rural areas of the upstream Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 881-889. The deterioration of water quality in the upstream Citarum River is one of the consequences of agricultural practices characterized by fertilizer and pesticide runoff that disrupts the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems. The research area was on agricultural land use in the Cihawuk segment, Kertasari, Bandung District. The present study attempts to community structure and assess the water quality using the biological indexes of rural areas in upstream Citarum River through phytoplankton studies. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data on physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton community structure from stations selected on the basis of agricultural land use. Furthermore, biological indexes such as pollution levels based on the Shannon Wienner diversity index (H'), Palmer algae index, and Diatomeae index are examined using the data community structure of phytoplankton. The findings show that the abundance of phytoplankton in rural areas is 4,105 cells/L. The community structure of phytoplankton was dominated by Coelastrum sp. and Trachellomonas sp. The Palmer algae index ranges from 23-26, indicating that the water was a highly organic pollutant. The pollution level of upstream Citarum River based on the diversity index shows moderately polluted water. Meanwhile, the diatomeae index showed less than 0.2, which sites water bodies were mesotrophic. Phytoplankton and their indexes serve as valuable tools for evaluating the quality of the water environment.

Effect of land use type on macrobenthos assemblages, distribution, and functional guild in Upstream Citarum River

Aquatic community biodiversity is gradually impacted by the expansion and intensification of agricultural and urbanization land use. However, data on macrobenthos responses to land use in tropical streams are relatively limited. This study aims to investigate the responses of macrobenthos diversity, functional guild, and physicochemical parameters in Upstream Citarum River land use type, agricultural and urbanization area. A total of 317 species from 21 families, 11 orders and three phyla were identified, with agricultural land use having the highest abundance of macroinvertebrates (222 individuals), followed by urbanization land use (95 individuals). Ecological indices, including diversity, evenness, dominance, and margalef displayed similar patterns across different land use types. Contribution of macrobenthos species in the upstream Citarum River based on Similarity Percentage (SIMPER) analysis are Hydropychidae and Palaemonidae. Filter collectors (FC) had the highest density (78.829%) in agricultural land use, while scrapers (SC) had the highest density (87.37%) in urbanization land use. Nepidae and Palaemonidae showed positive correlations with temperature, total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic matter (TOM). The study concludes that the river of macrobenthos communities and functional guilds were influenced by the land use type and water quality. This study of the effect of land use type on macrobenthos will provide river management for further help the sustainability of tropical stream and implication of land use policy for future studies.

Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the upstream Citarum River using Allium cepa assay

Citarum River is the longest and largest river in West Java, and its existence greatly influences the lives of surrounding communities. Many industries are built around the area. It is important to assess the quality of the water, because certain heavy metal might leak to the body of water. This research aimed to investigate the mitotic index (MI), root length, frequency and types of chromosomal aberration which determined the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity by using Allium cepa L. as biomarker. The Completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications were used. Observation was done 96 hours after onion bulb soaked in water. Data was analysed using Analysis of Variance and continued with Duncan post-hoc. Results showed that root length was not affected. Water samples were affecting the MI, frequency, and types of chromosomal aberration. The highest number of chromosome aberrations was recorded on Dayeuh Kolot stations and the most common type of aberration was stickiness. The chromosome aberrations observed were; stickiness, chromosome loss, chromosome bridge, chromosome break, binucleated cells, multipolar, micronuclei, and c-mitosis. Based on the results, Allium assay is beneficial to evaluate the level of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in the upstream Citarum River.

Water Quality Analysis Using QUAL2Kw Model During The Rainy Season and Dry Season in Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

The Increasing population in the upstream Citarum watershed area can trigger increased water pollution caused by anthropogenic pollution such as from domestic waste, agriculture, landfills, and settlements. The equilibrium of ecosystems is disrupted when there is an increase in excess pollutants such as suspended materials and nutrients that will cause eutrophication. The purpose of this study was to analyze river water quality from temperature, pH, DO, BOD, Total phosphate (PO4), and Nitrate (NO3) parameters from upstream Citarum watershed waters using a water quality model, namely Qual2Kw. This model is based on the Streeter-Phelps theory, which includes the natural purification process of river water. The Qual2Kw model can be used for decision-making to limit river water pollution. The locations reviewed in the upstream Citarum watershed area were five sampling points (SP), namely at Cisanti Outlets (1), Wangisagara (2), Koyod (3), after the Cisirung WWTP (4), and Nanjung (5). Site selection is based on sources of pollutants from anthropogenic activities that can pollute river water. The QUAL2kw model is used to simulate water quality and is used as a basis for calculating the carrying capacity of pollutant loads against the desired target water quality. The simulation results of a valid water quality model with the observation results are BOD, TSS, and NO3. and parameters such as temperature, pH, DO, and PO4 are invalid because they have errors below 25%. These three parameters (BOD, TSS, and NO)3 have exceeded the Indonesian government’s water quality standard values both in the dry and rainy season. These three parameters indicate that the high pollution in the upper reaches of the Citarum River is caused by pollutant sources from settlements, agriculture, and animal husbandry.

The role of the social forestry programs in increasing farmers' income and conserving forests in the Upstream Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

This paper examines the implementation of Social Forestry programs in the Upstream Citarum – West Java, Indonesia. The paper utilizes the data set of the Farm Household Survey undertaken in the Bandung and West Bandung districts. A critical review was carried out on farmers who participated or did not participate in the forest management program by examining variables such as: access to land, ratio of farm incomes, conservation practices, and perceptions toward the program. Data were collected from individual interviews of 499 farm-households within two districts. Using descriptive statistical analysis, the results show that social forestry programs have provided economic, social, and environmental benefits for farmers in the area. The programs have improved community and farmers's access to forestry land and increased household's incomes from the farm sector. Strengthening and empowering farmers, supported by government and other stakeholders are key for sustainability of the program.

The development of the Raster-based Probability Flood Inundation Model (RProFIM) approach for flood modelling in the upstream Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

The development of the Raster-based Probability Flood Inundation Model (RProFIM) approach for flood modelling in the upstream Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

Analysis of land use and spatial planning in the Upstream Citarum watershed of West Java based on remote sensing data

<p>The Upstream Citarum watershed has a critical essential role in maintaining the quality and quantity of its water resources, which are a source of drinking water, agriculture, fisheries, irrigation, and electricity generation. The upstream watershed acts as a water catchment area that contributes as a place to accommodate the availability of water, especially during the dry season, and also as a protector of the entire area, both downstream and middle, so that the carrying capacity of the ecological balance can be protected. The increasing total population was inversely related to the condition of land use which is decreasing in quality, so to fulfill these needs, there was a land conversion that caused changes in land use. The Landsat-8 satellite imagery, SPOT 7, and spatial planning maps were used to analyze the suitability and incompatibility of land use with spatial pattern plans, evaluation, and directions for controlling the use of space. The result of the most extensive existing land use in the Upstream Citarum watershed in 2021 used for fields is 30% of the total area of 66,831.66 ha. Meanwhile, the spatial pattern plan was classified into protected and cultivated areas. The built-up area has the largest area, 35% or 75,223.96 ha. The results of the suitability of land use classes obtained that the level of suitability between the existing land use and the spatial pattern plan from the Maps of Regional Spatial Planning with the appropriate class was 52.50% or 96,205.43 ha, and the unsuitable class was 47.50% or 87,028.75 ha.</p>

The assessment of water quality and human health risk from pollution of chosen heavy metals in the Upstream Citarum River, Indonesia

This study explains water quality in terms of seven heavy metals in the Upstream Citarum River and analyses human health risk (non-carcinogenic risk) for adults and children. Water samples were collected from five sampling locations along the Upstream Citarum River, i.e. from Majalaya Sub-District to Dayeuhkolot Sub-District. The contents of heavy metals were analysed by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) variant 240 FS. The results of the analysis showed that the pollution index value, which was categorised as slightly polluted from the highest to the lowest value, was as follows: location 4 (4.220) > location 1 (3.764) > location 2 (3.219) > location 5 (2.967) > location 3 (2.800). Values of the hazard index ( HI) for adults and children were as follows: Pb > Cr > Cd > Zn > Ni > Co > Cu. Pb and Cr have HI values greater than 1. This indicates that these metals can have a negative impact on public health. The HI in the ingestion pathway was greater than that of the dermal pathway, and the HI value for children was greater than that for adults. Further research is needed regarding the health risks from groundwater around the area which is used directly by the community because river water and groundwater systems are interconnected through streambeds.

Behaviour of 137Cs and 210Pb inventory at three candidate reference sites for erosion study in the upstream Citarum watershed area, West Java, Indonesia

ABSTRACT The fallout radionuclide (FRN) analysis needs a reference site (RS) inventory to determine erosion and sedimentation in the study area. The investigated area is in the upstream Citarum watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Twenty-seven corings and 22 scrap samples have been prepared well and measured using HPGe gamma spectroscopy. The data below the minimum detectable activity (MDA) was found for 137Cs in RS6 cor 4 and 7 (<0.16 ± 0.08 Bq kg–1). MDA quantification implies that the inventory below MDA eroded greater than its maximum value (76.02 tons ha–1 a–1). The comparison 137Cs inventory in this study is lower than the three estimation models; however, the inventory of Mt. Papandayan is closer to the model. This study found the depth percentage of 20–30 cm using the proportion of 0–20 cm/0–30 cm ratio and predicted the portion of the existence of 137Cs and 210Pbex in the 20–30 cm in the bulk sample. The highest H0 (142.04 kg m–2), the relaxation length λ, and proportion of 20% of 137Cs in 20–30 cm depth imply that 137Cs inventory activity is possibly deeper than 30 cm. This study recommends that Mt. Papandayan could be the alternative RS for the upstream Citarum watershed.

Analyzing lead time for flood early warning system in the upstream Citarum River

The Citarum River is a staple water source for the people of West Java, irrigating rice fields in West Java, generating electricity in Java and Bali, supplying water to Jakarta, and operating hydroelectric dams. West Java is prone to flooding because of the concave topography of the Upper Citarum. Floods in Majalaya and Sapan are typically of short duration, with water levels increasing rapidly. Therefore, implementing a predictive early warning system is essential for effective flood control. This study examines lead times utilizing Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) data, water levels, and discharge information to provide Majalaya and Sapan communities with early flood warnings and enable timely evacuations. The analysis reveals that Majalaya’s lead time is often less than an hour (with 76% incidence and 24% risk), while Sapan's lead time is commonly less than four hours (with 86% occurrence and 14% risk). Utilizing effective lead times enhances the preparation before a flood in the study area. Given the importance of pre-flood evacuation lead times, this research can inform the development of early warning systems in Indonesia, particularly in Majalaya and Sapan.

Strategy development of Citarum watershed area through corporate coffee farmers in Bandung Regency, West Java

As an effort to conserve the upstream Citarum watershed area in Bandung Regency, as well as to increase people’s income, the Government develop coffee plantations. The main approach through the development of coffee plantation areas as a corporate identity. In addition, a Corporate of Coffee Farmers should be involvement in its member’s coffee farming largely. This study aims to: (1) identify the potential and opportunities for the development of a corporate of coffee farmers in watershed area and (2) develop recommendations for structuring the commodity supply chain based on the direction of business development. Data was collected through Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) on coffee farmers group at the Bukit Amanah Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH), and coffee farmers group of the Margamulya Coffee Producer Cooperative in Bandung Regency, West Java. The research was conducted during August – October 2020. The results show that the development of farmer corporation institutions must begin with efforts to optimize production and post-harvest by implementing upstream-downstream innovations, developing and strengthening farming financing institutions as well as processing and marketing institutions. The supply chain structuring strategy is directed at optimizing supply chain performance which is manifested in increasing efficiency, flexibility, quality, and responsiveness to changing consumer preferences.

Water quality index assessment methods for surface water: A case study of the Citarum River in Indonesia

Water quality index (WQI) can express overall water quality status in a single term. As such, the application of daily WQI assessment should help the general public be more aware of the condition of the surface water around them. As the longest and biggest river in the West Java Province, the Citarum River plays an important role in the life of the community and ecosystem around it. Therefore, this research evaluated which WQI assessment method was best suited for determining the Citarum River's water quality. We utilized West Java Province monitoring data collected from four monitoring stations along the Upstream Citarum. The WQI was calculated using the National Sanitation Foundation WQI (NSF WQI), Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment WQI (CCME WQI), and Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) assessment methods. Nine years of monitoring data were grouped and analyzed according to wet vs. dry months, wet vs. dry years, monitoring station, and year. Using the NSF WQI assessment method, the Citarum River obtained a ‘Fair’ and ‘Bad’ water quality grade with WQI ranging between 38.212 and 60.903 during dry months, 49.089 and 62.348 during wet months, 42.935 and 65.696 during dry years, and 39.002 and 58.898 during wet years. The data ranged from 41.458 and 61.206 from each monitoring station, and between 35.920 and 58.713 for the data from each monitoring year. The CCME WQI assessment method showed that the Citarum River had ‘Fair’, ‘Marginal’, and ‘Bad’ water quality with WQI ranging between 12.683 and 31.503 during dry months, 21.231 and 33.127 during wet months, 12.683 and 31.503 during dry years, 12.134 and 28.748 during wet years, 13.621 and 30.569 for the data from each monitoring station, and 13.219 and 68.808 for the data from each monitoring year. The OWQI assessment method gave the Citarum River a ‘Very Bad’ water quality rating with WQI ranging between 11.528 and 18.827 during dry months, 13.898 and 24.563 during wet months, 11.528 and 25.782 during dry years, 11.528 and 15.997 during wet years, 11.528 and 18.842 for each monitoring station, and 11.523 and 16.528 for the data from each monitoring year. Based on these results and the collated advantages and disadvantages of each method, the NSF WQI assessment method was deemed to be the best for determining the Citarum River's water quality.

EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN TANAMAN SERBA GUNA ATAU MULTI PURPOUSE TREE SPECIES (MPTS) DI DESA MANDALAWANGI KECAMATAN NAGREG KABUPATEN BANDUNG

Nagreg District, Bandung Regency is part of the upstream Citarum Watershed (DAS) which is the main watershed in West Java. Mandalawangi Village is one of the upstream watershed areas is identical to the steep topography so that the risk of surface runoff is higher, so must planted with annual plants that can be used by the community on land like this, MPTS plants. The object of research is to analyze the land suitability of MPTS plant species in the research location. This study uses data on biophysical characteristics, namely land height, soil type and rainfall. Based on these parameters, the research location is divided into 4 land unit maps. Field observations found 6 types of multipurpose plants, namely Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica), Mangga (Mangifera indica), Nangka (Artocarpus heterophylus), Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum) and Petai (Parkia speciosa). The results of the analysis of land suitability evaluation at LMU 1 plants that match the characteristics of the land include Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Mangga (Mangifera indica) and Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica). In LMU 2 there are four suitable species, namely Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Mangga (Mangifera indica), Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum) and Petai (Parkia speciosa). Whereas at LMU 3 and 4 only one species is suitable respectively, Sukun (Artocarpus altilis) and Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica).

Spatial and temporal distribution of estimated surface runoff caused by land use/land cover changes in the upstream Citarum watershed, West Java, Indonesia

In Indonesia, flooding is one of the natural hazards that often occurs during the rainy season. Surface runoff coefficient values are an essential indicator of the supply of regional water resources. The smaller the surface runoff value, the greater the water storage in the ground, and the smaller surface was running water. This study analyses the spatial and temporal distribution of the estimated surface runoff caused by land use/land cover changes in the upstream Citarum watershed. The study area is located in the upstream Citarum watershed, West Java, Indonesia. The site has a long history of flooding and various complex environmental problems. The geographic Information System method was used as a tool in analyzing the spatially and temporally. The research result shows that there has been a change in land cover in several periods of the year in the Citarum upstream watershed. The occurrence of the LULC phenomenon positively affects the surface runoff coefficient. The increasing area of Built land and plantation in the Citarum upstream watershed will further increase the surface runoff coefficient and, in the end, will potentially increase the surface runoff and contribute to flooding in the Bandung basin. This study results can be used to provide input in determining the direction and policies for watershed management, taking into account the varying characteristics of each subwatershed.

The political economy of soil erosion in Cirasea sub basin, upstream Citarum basin

The current problems of the Upstream Citarum basin, particularly in the Cirasea Sub-Basin, are near related to economic factors and the low political position of the community. One of the reasons is the biophysical aspect, which influenced the erfpacht rights for Dutch and British plantation companies in the Agrarische Wet policy at the end of the 17th century. When Indonesia became independent, the Government had worked on environmental rehabilitation as well as dealing with land conflicts, but rehabilitation activities often failed to meet the primary needs of the community. Therefore, rehabilitation efforts in various programs often fail. The objective of this this study is to figure out the preferences of interests and motives from the government and other access authorities which ultimately affect the lives of other communities through the formulation of an environmental rehabilitation program. The approach is Bernstein Political Economy Analysis. The results show that political economy is be able to reveals the problem of erosion, which is always imposed on groups with a low political position compared to other groups who are more vital in reaching access. Even though the community has limitations in implementing environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Moreover, the political economy can reveal the government’s interests behind the land rehabilitation program which often sided with big investors and even tended to repeat the pattern of conflicts in the colonial era. Therefore, erosion can be an important element in describing the conditions of poverty that occur in rural areas.

The Influence of Water Physical Chemical Quality on the Zooplankton Community Structure in the Upstream Citarum River of West Java Province

The Citarum River is the longest river in West Java Province which is used for various human activities to produce a load of waste input into water bodies which cause changes in the physical and chemical parameters of the waters that will affect the life of aquatic organisms that live in it, one of which is zooplankton. Zooplankton can be used as a water bioindicator because it has a high level of sensitivity to pollution, especially in freshwater. The purpose of this research is to determine the physical-chemical quality of the water in the Citarum River and its influence on the structure of the zooplankton community in this environment. The research was carried out from August 2020 until October 2020 with a purposive sampling method. Sampling was carried out at 5 stations with 6 repetitions every 1 week. The parameters observed were physical and chemical parameters of the waters, an abundance of zooplankton, diversity index, and dominance index. The results showed that the composition of zooplankton in the Upstream Citarum River was 15 genus consisting of 2 phyla. The abundance of zooplankton obtained ranged from 21 - 51 individuals/L. The Simpson diversity index (D) obtained a range between 0.59 - 0.73 for the high category. The dominance index obtained ranges from 0.27 to 0.41 for the low category. Dissolved oxygen and pH are the parameters that most influence the presence of most of the identified zooplankton orders.

Identifikasi Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan dan Karakteristik Hidrologi DAS Citarum Hulu

The Citarum watershed is one of the priority watersheds due to problems of critical land, flooding, erosion, and sedimentation which continue to increase every year. As the main catchment area that contributes to maintaining the availability of water resources, the upstream Citarum watershed continues to experience a reduction in forest and an increase in built-up land. A research aimed to analyze land use changes to the hydrological characteristics was carried out at the Watershed. The methods used include interpretation of SPOT image data, analysis of land use changes, and determining the values of KRA and KAT. The results of the analysis of land use change conditions in 2009-2018 saw a reduction in forest area (-5.5%), rice fields (-17.4%), and shrubs (-60.8%). Land use increased in built up land (39.7%), dry land agriculture (13%), plantations (6.4%), and open land (95.5%). The highest discharge occurred in 2010 at 606,3 m3/second and the lowest discharge in 2012 was 4,3 m3/second. The KRA and KAT values of the Upper Citarum watershed were moderate and very high. The multiple linear regression model of the relationship between land use changes that affect river flow fluctuations is Y = 2380.5 + 0.9 rainfall -206.5 forest + 6.1 build-up area -31.8 dryland agriculture + e. Other factors that influence the increase in river discharge are the slope of land slopes, rainfall patterns, and inadequate land use methods.&#x0D; Keywords: hydrological characteristics, landuse change, Upper Citarum watershed

The Relation of Nitrate and Phosphate to Phytoplankton Abundance in the Upstream Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia

Citarum River is the longest river in West Java Province, it is utilized for various anthropogenic activities that will affect the water quality, ecological state, and parameters of nitrates and phosphates in the waters of Citarum River. Nitrate and phosphate content can affect Phytoplankton abundance. Phytoplankton is a bioindicator to determine water quality. The purpose of this study is to determine the association of nitrates and phosphates with the abundance of phytoplankton and determine the quality of water in the Citarum River. The study began in August 2020 until September 2020. The research uses a survey method with a purposive sampling technique. Sampling was carried out at 5 stations with 5 times repetitions every 7 days. The water parameter analyzed are transparency, temperature, current, pH, DO, BOD, PO42-,NO3-, Phytoplankton abundance, diversity index, and dominance index. Results showed that phytoplankton in the citarum river there were 24 genera divided into 4 phylum. Diversity index during the study reached between 0,91 – 0,99 and dominance index was in the range 0,01 – 0,2. Phytoplankton abundance ranges from 11 to 1292 ind/L. The highest genera phytoplankton composition at each station was found is Synedra as much as 1087 ind/ L. Nitrate content ranges from 0.13 - 0.33 mg/l and phosphate content range from 0.13 - 0.29 mg/l. The acquisition of R square value based on the simultaneous analysis of the relationship between nitrate and phosphate and the abundance of phytoplankton was 43,9% and 56,1% was influenced by other several factor namely temperature, water transparency, nutrient, and water flow.

Upstream Citarum river water status based on periphyton saprobic index

The research aims to determine the status of the waters in the Citarum River section upstream by using the periphyton saprobic index as bio-indicators of water. This research was conducted from 13 August 2020 - 25 November 2020. The method of research using the method of survey and collection of samples is done by purposive sampling, a method of retrieval of data tailored to the needs of research. This research was conducted at 4 stations with 6 replications every 7 days. The results showed that during the research in the Citarum River there were 24 genera of periphyton communities divided into 4 classes, namely Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Euglenophyceae. The periphyton saprobic index values ranged from 0,69 to 1,00. It indicates that the status of the Citarum River part of the upstream experience level of contamination mild by category β - Mesosaprobic and the range of indices by 0,5-1,0.