Upper Zone Research Articles

In-Situ Stress Measurements at the Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) Site

A scientific injection campaign was conducted at the Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) site in 2017 and 2019. The testing included pump-in/shut-in, pump-in/flowback, and step rate tests. Various methods have been employed to interpret the in-situ stress from the test dataset. This study focuses on methods to interpret the minimum in-situ stress from step rate, pump-in/extended shut-in tests data obtained during the stimulation of two zones in Well 58-32. This well was drilled in low-permeability granitoid. A temperature of 199 °C was recorded at the well’s total depth of 2297 m relative to the rotary Kelly bushing (RKB). The lower zone (Zone 1) consisted of 46 m of the openhole at the toe of the well. Fractures in the upper zone (Zone 2) were stimulated between 2123–2126 m measured depths (MD) behind the casing. The closure stress gradient variation depended on the depth and the injection chronology. The closure stress was found to increase with the pumping rate/volume. This stress variation could indicate that poroelastic effects (“back stress”) and the presence of adjacent natural fractures may play an important role in the interpretation of fracture closure stress. Further, progressively increasing local total stresses may, consequently, have practical applications when moderate volumes of fluid are injected in a naturally fractured or high-temperature reservoir. The alternative techniques that use pump-in/flowback tests and temperature signatures provide a valuable perspective view of the in-situ stress measurements.

CFD-DEM modelling of the migration of fines in suspension flow through a solid packed bed

In this work, based on the unresolved CFD-DEM framework, a smoothed volume distribution model (SVDM) is developed to simulate the migration of fines in suspension flow through a solid packed bed. In this model, the porosity of coarse solids is calculated by a smoothed particle volume distribution. The model is validated using two solid-liquid systems. Compared with divided particle volume method (DPVM) with a low-resolution mesh, the SVDM method allows a high-resolution mesh and can achieve a high efficiency and applicability. Moreover, the effects of inlet fine concentration and solid/fine size ratio on fines migration behaviour are studied. The results indicate that more holdup of fine powders especially in the upper zone can be captured, when a higher concentration fine phase or a larger size ratio is used. Based on the local holdup information, four powder migration mechanisms are proposed, i.e., size exclusion, powder bridging, powder deposition and powder locking.

Early Miocene (Burdigalian) marine rocky shores in the French Jura Massif: a palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental analysis

Fossil bioerosion traces at a new site of Les Bez (Jura Department) and those already known from Verrieres-de-Joux (Doubs Department) in the central French Jura record an ancient Miocene cliffed shoreline cut into Lower Cretaceous limestones. Both localities are at about 900 m above the present sea level. Caulostrepsis, Gastrochaenolites and Circolites are the ichnogenera identified at Les Bez, whereas only Gastrochaenolites is present at Verrieres-de-Joux. This ichnoassociation identifies the Entobia ichnofacies, which corresponds to the upper infralittoral marine environment, biologically associated with the biocenosis of photophilic algae. By means of digital analysis of high-resolution field images, the percentage of the surface affected by the erosive activity of polychaete worms, bivalves and echinoids has been calculated. This information permits a better evaluation of their biological activity, thus complementing the data on the number of specimens per surface area. The cliff preserved at Les Bez was more affected, showing Gastrochaenolites with diameters smaller than those at Verrieres. The Circolites–Caulostrepsis association is well developed at Les Bez, where polychaete borings are located within echinoid bowl-shaped pits with particular patterns, suggesting an ecological relationship between involved organisms. Moreover, the distribution of the borings along this outcrop is not uniform and digital analysis at three sections (A, B and C) suggests a lower and an upper zone developed on the outcrop under slightly different environmental conditions within the upper infralittoral. The exceptional preservation of the Les Bez fossil cliff-site demands protection in order to ensure its future existence and accessibility.

Identifying redox transition zones in the subsurface of a site with historical contamination

Reactive iron mineral coatings found throughout reduction-oxidation (redox) transition zones play an important role in contaminant transformation processes. This research focuses on demonstrating a process for effectively delineating redox transition zones at a site with historical contamination. An 18.3 meter core was collected, subsampled, and preserved under anoxic conditions to maintain its original redox status. To ensure a high vertical resolution, sampling increments of 5.08 cm in length were analyzed for elemental concentrations with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), sediment pH, sediment oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), total volatile organic carbon (TVOC) concentration in the sample headspace, and abundant bacteria (16S rRNA sequencing). Over the core's length, gradients observed ranged from 3.74 to 8.03 for sediment pH, −141.4 mV to +651.0 mV for sediment ORP, and from below detection to a maximum of 9.6 ppm TVOC concentration (as chlorobenzene) in the headspace. The Fe and S gradients correlated with the presence of Fe and S reducing bacteria. S concentrations peaked in the Upper Zone and Zone 1 where Desulfosporosinus was abundant, suggesting precipitation of iron sulfide minerals. In Zone 2, Fe concentrations decreased where Geobacter was abundant, potentially resulting in Fe reduction, dissolution, and precipitation of minerals with increased solubility compared to the Fe(III) minerals. Using complementary geochemical and microbial data, five redox transition zones were delineated in the core collected. This research demonstrates a systematic approach to characterizing redox transition zones in a contaminated environment.

Parking Under the Sun: Solar Heating As a Strategy for Passively Disinfecting COVID-19 in Passenger Vehicles During Warm-Hot Weather

Shared passenger vehicles (taxis, Uber, other drivers-for-hire services) are common in daily transportation. The confined, enclosed space as well as commonly touched surfaces in those sub-environments pose elevated risks of COVID-19 transmission via respiratory, contact, and airborne routes. Current regulatory guidelines rely on voluntary acts from passengers on wearing face coverings while require cleaning and disinfecting by drivers, with gaps left between drivers’ shifts and transmission from non-symptomatic individuals. A labor-intensive procedure, repetitive manual cleaning and disinfecting may present a nuisance for some drivers and can be ineffective in areas that are difficult to access. There is an urgent need to evaluate other strategies to mitigate the risks of COVID-19 infection in passenger vehicles. Since the persistence of the novel coronavirus is sensitive to ambient temperatures, and that inactivation could be achieved within minutes to half an hour at 50–60 °C, solar heating – by parking vehicles under direct sunlight with doors and windows closed – presents a viable strategy for passively disinfecting COVID-19 in vehicle interiors during warm-to-hot weather. To demonstrate this approach, we measured the temperatures in a white compact-size sedan left in a parking lot under direct sunlight. Air temperatures increased rapidly in the cabin during the first 30–40 min, followed by steady increases in the next hour, then plateaued after reaching 52–57 °C at 90 min. Spatial variations (5 ± 1 °C) were found at four diagonal points in the front and back seat at the breathing and knee heights of an average seated adult, with higher temperatures registered in the front and the upper zone. The results supported our hypothesis that hot air generated by solar heating in enclosed objects provides a viable means of thermal inactivation for COVID-19, in a passive manner that does not involve chemical use, laborious work, or waste discharge to surrounding environments.

DIFFERENT PRESENTATION OF TUBERCULOUS ORCHITIS: CASE SERIES

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Chest Infections Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) still presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Genitourinary TB constitutes about 20% of the extrapulmonary cases in regions where TB is endemic. Where TB is found in unexpected sites, its positive diagnosis remains important. Tuberculous infection of epididymis and testis is difficult to differentiate clinically from pyogenic infection, tumour or infarction. The clinical presentation of genitourinary tuberculosis (TB) may be variable and a high index of suspicion is required for a timely diagnosis, especially in endemic areas. Scrotal ulcers associated with epididymo-orchitis should alert the clinician of a possible diagnosis of TB. Isolated tuberculous epididymo-orchitis may closely mimic testicular tumour particularly in patients with no history of systemic TB thereby presenting a diagnostic and treatment challenges. CASE PRESENTATION: Case1: 49 years old immunocompetent male smoker came with swelling and pus discharging ulcer in right testis for 3 months. Genital examination showed ulcer over posterior aspect and sinus over anterior aspect of the enlarged scrotum. His chest x ray was normal. USG scrotum echogenic collection with specks of calcification in TV sac. Sinus tract was excised and CBNAAT shows rifa sensitive MTB. Case2: 55 years old immunocompetent male, never smoker came with dry cough, right sided scrotal pain with pus discharging ulcer of 20 days duration. He denied prior ATT, and had no contact with tuberculosis. USG scrotum showed anechoeic collection in right TV sac. CXR showed air space opacity on right upper zone. Sputum: AFB 1+ , CBNAAT: rifa sensitive, MTB detected low. Discharge from ulcer in CBNAAT showed rifa sensitive MTB. Case3: 28 years old immunocompetent male had scrotal swelling of 6 months duration. No constitutional symptoms. Had prior ATT taken only 3 months for HPE proved TB right cervical adenitis. Genital examination showed sinus tract in posterior aspect of right scrotum. USG scrotum shows scrotal wall abscess suggestive of tuberculosis. Sinus tract excision has epitheloid granuloma without caseous necrosis and CBNAAT had rifa sensitive MTB. All 3 cases showed free from symptoms and partial resolution of ulcer after 2 months of ATT. DISCUSSION: Tuberculous epididymitis may be the presenting symptom of genitourinary TB. It usually presents as a painful, inflamed scrotal swelling but occasionally can present as a draining sinus on the posterior surface of the scrotum. TB orchitis without epididymal involvement is very rare. It is most common in young (20-40 years), sexually active males but here in middle age group also involved. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical presentation of genitourinary tuberculosis (TB) may be variable and a high index of suspicion is required for a timely diagnosis, especially in endemic areas. Sebaceous cyst is the commonest swelling that occurs in the scrotal skin. Reference #1: AlZayyani, N. R., Wani, A. M., Al Miamini, W. & Al Harbi, Z. S. Chronic epididymo-orchitis and scrotal ulcers. BMJ Case Rep. (2011) doi:10.1136/bcr.03.2010.2825. Reference #2: Shenoy, V. P., Viswanath, S., D’Souza, A., Bairy, I. & Thomas, J. Isolated tuberculous epididymo-orchitis: An unusual presentation of tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. (2012) doi:10.3855/jidc.2145. Reference #3: Khan, A., Singaraddi, R., Shetty, D. & Rodrigues, G. Primary cutaneous ‘ulcerative’ tuberculosis of the scrotum: A rare occurrence. BMJ Case Rep. (2018) doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-227177. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by UMAPATHI SIVASUBRAMANIAM, source=Web Response

THE EVANESCENT LUNG

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Obstructive Lung Disease Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Vanishing lung syndrome (VLS), also known as giant bullous emphysema, is a chronic progressive condition predominantly seen in upper lobes of lungs, occupying at least one-third of the hemithorax and can compress normal lung parenchyma. It is commonly seen in young males with a history of chronic smoking. Other risk factors include α-1-antitrypsin deficiency and marijuana (1). Complications include tension pneumothorax. Bullectomy is usually the treatment of choice. Herein, we describe a rare case where an elderly male with symptoms of pneumonia was found to have an incidental finding of VLS on computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA). CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old African American male with a medical history of prostate cancer status post-radiotherapy and hypertension came in with a 2-day history of sudden onset shortness of breath, cough with yellowish-brownish sputum and subjective fevers. He had a 60 pack-year smoking history. Vitals were remarkable for a body mass index of 15, heart rate of 125/min, respiratory rate of 22/min, and fever of 100.8 but there was no hypoxia. On comprehensive physical examination, he had stage 3 nail clubbing. Pulmonary examination revealed hyper resonant percussion in the right upper zone and decreased air entry. Laboratory investigation was unremarkable except for leukocytosis of 15.8 X 103 /mm3. A chest radiograph demonstrated acute infiltrates in the right lung inferior to the right hilum. There was a large bleb within the right hemithorax occupying most of the right hemithorax. Left hemithorax exhibited chronic emphysematous changes with peripheral blebs. Since the patient had a history of malignancy and was tachycardic on admission. CTPA was done which revealed very large right pulmonary bleb and air space opacities suggestive of acute bronchopneumonia or bronchitis. Ceftriaxone and azithromycin were started after which the patient clinically improved in one day. Investigating the imaging findings, α-1 antitrypsin levels were normal. HIV testing was negative. Cardiothoracic surgery was consulted and a decision was taken to do bullectomy but the patient refused the procedure as he was asymptomatic. DISCUSSION: VLS is a rare condition usually seen in young males with chronic smoking history or marijuana abuse. A common presentation is tension pneumothorax as a result of the rupture of the bulla. What makes this case unique is that our patient was an asymptomatic elderly male without any prior diagnosis of the same. He presented with clinical features of pneumonia and was incidentally found to have VLS at this age(2). CONCLUSIONS: VLS becomes evident as it progresses and can lead to tension pneumothorax. Patients should be referred for pulmonary function tests for diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiothoracic surgery for bullectomy which is the treatment of choice and improves the function of the lung significantly (3). Reference #1: 1. Barry Ladizinski, M.D., and Christopher Sankey, M.D.; Vanishing Lung Syndrome N Engl J Med 2014; 370:e14, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1305898 Reference #2: 2. Amarjit Singh Vij, Robert James, Akashdeep Singh, Amrinder Singh Dhaliwal, Ajay Chhabra, Kamaljeet Kaur Vij; A Rare Case of Vanishing Lung Syndrome; J Assoc Physicians India. 2014 Dec;62(12):51-3. PMID: 26259424 Reference #3: 3. Nidhi Sood, Nikhil Sood; A Rare Case of Vanishing Lung Syndrome; Case Rep Pulmonol. 2011; 2011: 957463. doi: 10.1155/2011/957463. PMID: 22937434 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Ankit Agrawal, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Sanya Chandna, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Monarch Shah, source=Web Response

Determination of the place of attachment afterwards by palpation of the abdomen.

Ridgway Barker. Placental localization by abdominal palpation (N. Y.Med. Journ. Iune 18, 1892).
 Determination of the place of attachment afterwards by palpation of the abdomen.The views of various authors on the possibility of determining the place of attachment of the placenta by means of palpation differ diametrically. While Spencer considers it completely possible and in 7 cases, manual intrauterine examination confirmed his diagnosis, based on palpation of the abdomen, other, not less experienced and conscientious gynecologists, cannot boast of that. So. Duncan completely denies this possibility, and on the other hand Galabin not only fully agrees with Spencer, but elevates even such a possibility to the rule. Barnes agrees with Spencer, apparently only for those cases, when it is attached to the upper girdle of the uterus and on the anterior wall ("when the placenta is located in the upper zones and in front of the uterus"), in such cases, he says , the uterine stump is thickened and protrudes above the level of its common smooth surface.

Lobar Pneumonia in a Farmer Responded to Anti-melioidosis Antibiotics

A 46-year-old male, farmer, with no prior medical illness presented with a one-month history of intermittent right-sided pleuritic chest pain and productive cough. He complained of fever and breathlessness 3 days before current presentation to the district hospital. He denied any haemoptysis, night sweats, or contact with pulmonary tuberculosis. On examination, the vital signs were normal and lung auscultation revealed bronchial breath sounds and crepitation over the right upper zone. Chest radiograph demonstrated a right upper lobe consolidation with presence of air bronchogram and abdominal ultrasonography was normal. He was admitted for intravenous antibiotic therapy for a presumptive diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. He was initially treated with intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1.2 g every 8 hours. Differential diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was also considered but later ruled out as the sputum for direct smear microscopy, GenXpert and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative. The melioidosis IgM (ELISA), multiple blood and sputum cultures were also negative. A PCR-based confirmatory test for melioidosis was however not available at our setting. In the ward, he continued to have persistent fever and repeated chest radiograph after 1 week of antibiotic showed worsening of right upper lobe consolidation. At this point in time, melioidosis was suspected due to the risk factor of farming. Antibiotic was then changed to intravenous ceftazidime 2 g every 6 hours. The patient responded positively as evidenced by the resolution of fever and respiratory symptoms, and repeated chest radiograph showed improving consolidation at 2 weeks. He was discharged after completing a 2-week course of intravenous ceftazidime, and simultaneously started on oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as eradication therapy. Upon review in the outpatient clinic 6 weeks later, chest radiograph showed marked improvement with minimal residual right upper lobe consolidation. He was clinically well and did not show any symptoms of relapse. He was planned for eradication therapy of 20 weeks’ duration.

Seasonal variation in basal resources supporting fish biomass in longitudinal zones of the Usumacinta River Basin, southern Mexico

Aquatic food webs in tropical rivers are affected by spatial and temporal variations in basal resources and the composition of consumer assemblages. We used stable isotope analysis to estimate seasonal variation in basal resources supporting fish biomass in zones along the longitudinal gradient of the Usumacinta River Basin, the largest of Mesoamerica. A Bayesian isotope mixing model was used to estimate the proportional contributions of six basal resources: seston, filamentous algae, periphyton, aquatic macrophytes, riparian C3 plants and C4 plants. Models estimated that fish in the upper zone were largely supported by periphyton and riparian C3 plants during the dry season and by filamentous algae during the wet season. In the dry season, fishes in the middle and lower zones assimilated material derived from seston and, to a lesser extent, periphyton, whereas aquatic macrophytes were more important during the wet season. Chlorophyll-a measurements from the middle and lower zones suggested that seston contained large fractions of suspended algae. These patterns are consistent with the river wave concept, which predicts flow-associated changes in contributions of basal resources to the aquatic food web. The findings of this study reinforce the major role of flow regime in the ecological dynamics of rivers and how these dynamics vary depending on location and local conditions within fluvial networks.

Variety of gastropods biodiversity associated with natural and anthropogenic factors in Mangrove Forests located at border of Iran and Pakistan

This research was conducted to evaluate the gastropods diversity in mangrove forests located in Iranian part of the Govater Gulf in southern border of Iran and Pakistan. Three transects were selected at the water interface vertically to the end of forest stand. In each transect, samples of sediments containing gastropods were taken at the beginning (lower zones), the middle, and the end (upper zone) points during four continued seasons. Biodiversity (Shannon–Wiener index), dominance (Simpson’s dominance index), species evenness (Smith and Wilson evenness index), richness (number of species), and density (number in m3) were calculated for each season in sampling points. Data analysis results showed that biodiversity and richness indices changed significantly among different transects. Shannon–Wiener diversity index in transect one (1.90 ± 0.69) was significantly higher than transect two (1.26 ± 0.67) and three (1.19 ± 0.68). Similarly, richness index was the highest in transect one (7.58 ± 1.53) rather than transect two (4.42 ± 1.15) and three (3.92 ± 0.94). Density index changed differently between lower zone (2318.02 ± 987.76), middle zone (2318.01 ± 605.75) and upper zone (13,420.71 ± 176.50). Species evenness showed significant differences between lower (0.65 ± 0.15) to middle (0.46 ± 0.20) and upper (0.30 ± 0.32) zones. Different seasons had no significant effect on richness, density, diversity, and evenness of gastropod species. Consequently, among the natural factors, it is the intertidal zones which increases the environmental stresses such as salinity and humidity was considered, and surprisingly, weak anthropogenic factors, for example, the effect of the transect was positive due to providing nutrient.

Comparison of chest radiographic findings among HIV positive and negative adults with smear positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Dar-es-salaam

Background: Chest X-ray radiography is a widely available and cheap imaging modality used for identification of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in suspected patients. Knowledge of discriminatory features of PTB among HIV infected patient is of utmost importance to improve tuberculosis case detection and consequently reduce morbidity and mortality associated with TB among HIV infected individuals. We aimed to describe chest radiographic findings among PTB patients and their association with HIV co-infection and CD4 levels among HIV positive patients.Methodology: A total of 170 newly diagnosed consented smear positive PTB patients underwent postero-anterior Chest radiographs (PA - CXR) and HIV testing. Determination of CD4 count was performed among HIV positive patients. The radiographs were interpreted using glossary of terms for thoracic radiology by two independent radiologists who were blinded to HIV diagnosis.Results: Study participants included 100 (58.9%) males and 70 (41.1%) females. Among these 54 (31.8%) had HIV/PTB co-infection. The pattern of radiographic findings among patients with PTB/HIV compared to PTB only were: pulmonary cavities 44.4% vs 61.2%, (p=0.04), alveolar consolidation 64.9% vs 81.7%, (p=0.04), upper zone consolidation 40.7% vs 57.8%, (p=0.039), middle zone consolidation 25.9% vs 44.8%, (p=0.019) and typical PTB 40.7% vs 57.8%, (p=0.039), respectively. Therefore, lesions were less likely to be observed among PTB/HIV compared to PTB only and the differences were statistically significant. When compared to PTB patients only HIV/PTB co-infected patients had more nodules on the left lung field 85.2% vs 60.9% (p=0.023); on each left lung zone upper 59.3% vs 34.4% (p=0.028); mid 77.8% vs 54.7% (p-value=0.039); lower 66.7% vs 34.4% (p=0.005) and miliary nodules 44.4% vs 15.6% (p=0.003), respectively. HIV/PTB co-infected patients with CD4 > 200 cells/μL had more mid zone consolidation (42.9% vs 15.2%, p=0.024).Conclusion: The commonest chest radiographic findings in HIV/PTB co-infected patients were pulmonary cavities and alveolar consolidation are associated with HIV negative status. HIV/PTB co-infected patients with severe immunosuppression had mid zone consolidation. Patients with severe immunosuppression showed less chest radiographic findings. HIV/PTB co-infection was highly associated with mid and lower zone pulmonary nodules and miliary nodules.
 Key words: PTB, HIV, CXR

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE SITIOS DE ANIDACIÓN DE TORTUGAS MARINAS EN PLAYA LAGARTO, PEDASÍ, PROVINCIA DE LOS SANTOS, PANAMÁ

Las tortugas marinas son reptiles de gran antigüedad, habitan la tierra desde más de 110 millones de años, estas especies se encuentran amenazadas por el incremento de las actividades antropogénicas. El propósito fue corroborar la importancia de playa Lagarto como sitio de anidación de tortugas marinas y determinar los principales factores antropogénicos que las afectan. La toma de datos comprendió agosto 2016 a febrero 2017, se midieron humedad, granulometría y contenido orgánico, y censos de hembras, rastros y nidos. Se obtuvo un mayor contenido orgánico (15.5 %) y humedad (9.0 %) en la zona alta donde ocurrió la mayor anidación, con predominancia de arena fina (0.125 mm) con 52.5 % y mediana (0.250 mm) con 39 % del total. Se identificó la tortuga lora (Lepidochelys olivacea) con 11 nidos y 1 013 huevos y la tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas) con cuatro nidos y 398 huevos. La tortuga lora obtuvo un promedio de 66.2 LCC, 66.9 ACC, 75.6 HE y 43.4 HI, mientas que la tortuga verde con 95.6 LCC, 88.4 ACC, 94.0 HE y 47.9 HI. Se determinó que las principales actividades antropogénicas fueron la extracción ilegal de huevos, la urbanización costera y la contaminación sólida.

Assessment of nutritional status of students of medical institute according to the blood biochemical parameters

The biochemical blood parameters characterizing the students ’nutritional status were evaluated: protein, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism, a number of minerals. The mean values, errors of the mean, median (Me), boundary (Q) and the range of 25–75 percentiles were determined. In 9.1 % of students and 28.6 % of students, the total protein was increased. Creatinine in men was in the upper normal range, in women — at the upper limit of normal, of which 46.2 % was higher than normal. The interval Q25–75 of uric acid in students is determined in the lower normal zone. In 40.0 % of men, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Q25–75 corresponded to 1.15–1.79), in women — below normal, Q25–75 5 was 1.3–1.5, decreased in 73.3 %. Me and Q25–75 iron were in the lower normal range; 14.1 % of men and 13.2 % of women are below normal. Me sodium and potassium at the level of the lower boundary of the norm, Q25–75 in the lower zone of the norm: in 16.0 % and 15.4 % of students the levels are reduced. Calcium is slightly above the lower limit of the norm, Q25–75–2.1–2.24, indicating an insufficient intake in the whole group; 25.0 % are below normal. The border of the 25th percentile of magnesium is at the level of the lower border of the norm, in 19.2 % it is reduced. 7.2 % lack of chlorine. Phosphorus is normal, but Q25–75 is in the upper zone; 17.9 % increased. Biochemical markers can identify individuals with metabolic disorders of nutrients. Statistical indicators — the median, the boundaries of 25–75 quartiles and their scope characterize the metabolism of macronutrients and minerals in the group and subgroups of students. Laboratory and mathematical methods can provide a basis for identifying the specific causes of these changes. For this, you can use the questionnaire method of studying the nutrition of students, possibly using the developed questionnaires for a specific situation.

STUDI TINGKAT BAHAYA BANJIR DAS BATANG KURANJI KECAMATAN PAUH KOTA PADANG

High rainfall with human factor make happen change characteristic especially at upper zone cause batang Kuranji stream. This research was conducted with the aim of 1) determine the characteristics of land Batang Kuranji Pauh sub district 2) determine the level of flood hazard Batang Kuranji Pauh sub district 3) analyze the spatial distribution of flood hazard Watershed (DAS) Batang Kuranji Pauh sub district. The results showed that: 1) there are differences in the characteristics of the land (land form, slope of land, damming of river, river meanders, the average slope of the watershed, land use, rainfall, soil texture and soil permeability) of each area of research that could potentially trigger flooding, 2) High level of flood hazards present in the study area with the Land Force (a) F1.Qal.I.pm.Al, (b) F1.Qal.I.Sw.Al, (c) F1.Qal.III.Kc.Lat, (d) F2.Qf.I.Kc.Lat, (e) F2.Qf.I.Pm.Al, (f) F2.Qf.I.Pm.Lat, (g) F2.Qf.I.SwAl, (h) F2.Qf.III.Ht.And, (i) V1.QTau.III.Pm.Lat, (j) V1.QTauIII.Pm.Lat, The study area has a moderate flood level of hazard present in the study area with land units (a) V1.QTau.III.Ht.Lat, (b) V1.QTau.III.Pm.Al, (c) V1.QTau.III.H.And. 3) The area of research that has a high level with a broad floods 486.58 Ha. And a research area with moderate flood hazard level has an area of ​​998.391 Ha.

Magmatic structure and petrology of the Vermelho Complex, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: Evidence for magmatic processes at the lower portion of a mafic-ultramafic intrusion

Magmatic structure and petrology of the Vermelho Complex, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: Evidence for magmatic processes at the lower portion of a mafic-ultramafic intrusion

Surgical Consideration Based on Lymph Nodes Spread Patterns in Patients with Peripheral Right Middle Non-small Cell Lung Cancer 3cm or Less.

The optimal extent of lung resection and lymph nodes dissection for peripheral early-stage right middle non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still remains controversial. In this study, we analyzed the patterns of lymph nodes metastasis (LNM) of patients with peripheral right middle NSCLC ≤ 3cm, aiming to provide evidences for surgical choice for early-stage peripheral right middle lobe NSCLC. We retrospectively investigated the clinical and pathological data of patients diagnosed with peripheral right middle lobe NSCLC ≤ 3cm between January 2015 and December 2019. The LNM patterns were analyzed by tumor size. A total of 60 patients were included for analysis. The tumor size was preoperatively divided as follows: ≤ 1cm (13 patients); > 1cm but ≤ 2cm (36 patients); > 2cm but ≤ 3cm (11 patients). Fifty-four patients were categorized as N0 group, 1 patient as N1 group, and 5 patients as N2 group. In the upper zone, 3 patients were found to have LNM. In the subcarinal zone, another 3 patients had LNM. But the lymph nodes of all these patients were negative in the lower zone. In station 10, 1 patient (1.67%) was found to have LNM, while in station 11-13, 2 patients (3.33%) were found to have LNM. For the right middle lobe peripheral NSCLC ≤ 1cm, sublobar resection with lymph node sampling may be a feasible treatment. For cancers > 1cm but ≤ 2cm, lobectomy with lobe-specific lymph node dissection (especially station 2R and 4R) may be a preferred choice. For tumors > 2cm but ≤ 3cm, lobectomy with systematic lymph node dissection may still be the standard of care.

Flow characteristics of the Rushton and pitched blade turbines in turbulent and laminar mixing

AbstractThe velocity field and concentration distribution of three radial and axial impellers were studied in miscible liquid blending in a stirred tank reactor. To obtain a better insight into the applicability of each impeller system, the influence of velocity profiles on the generated concentration profiles was studied in detail for each impeller. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) methods were used as the measurement techniques. In the turbulent regime, the Rushton turbine provided a homogeneous concentration field throughout the reactor by generating high radial and axial velocities in the bottom and upper zones of the tank. Operation comparisons of the up and down-pumping pitched blade turbines illustrated that the up-pumping turbine had a better performance in overall because of producing high turbulence in the upper half of the reactor. In this region, the radial concentration profile approached the final homogenized value in a shorter time. In the laminar regime, all three impellers acted in a similar way and produced a radial flow throughout the reactor.

Altitudinal-modulated sediment inputs rather than the land-uses determine the distribution of lead in the riparian soils of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Lead (Pb) as a toxic metal has potential ecological hazards for aquatic quality. However, the variation in the distribution patterns of Pb and its fractions in flooding soils with frequent and anti-seasonal water-level fluctuation and various human disturbances remains unclear. In this study, the distribution of Pb and its fractions in the riparian soils of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) were delineated based on the differences in altitude and land-uses including farmland, orchard, forest and residential area. Then, we assessed the contamination and eco-risk of Pb in the soils and deciphered the key factors determining the distribution of Pb and its fractions. The results showed that the concentrations of Pb and its fractions in the soils decreased significantly with altitude, while the significant difference was not observed among the land-uses. The contamination of Pb in the soils reached a moderate level, and its eco-risk was very low by the potential eco-risk index and mobile Pb fraction. The source of soil Pb at the upper zone (> 160m) was mainly from natural inputs, while the source at the lower zone (≤ 160m) was attributed to anthropogenic contributions including ores mining, fossil fuel combustion, vehicle emissions and atmospheric deposition indicated by Pb isotopic ratios. With the limited effect of land-uses, the sediment inputs regulated by frequent water-level fluctuation determined the altitudinal distribution of Pb and its fractions in the flooding soils. The soil particle size dominated the migration and transformation of Pb over other soil properties such as pH and organic matters. The results of this study indicate that the anthropogenic Pb mainly exists in the soils of lower riparian zone in the TGR, and the frequent and anti-seasonal dry and rewetting alternation aggravates the potential for the Pb migration downstream due to the determinant of soil particles.

Community Acquired Pneumonia; Chest X-Ray Findings in Three Different Times

Introduction: community acquired pneumonia is common health problem with concerns regarding chest-X-ray findings in different occasions during the disease course. The aim of this study is to compare chest-X-ray findings at presentation, 3 days and 6 weeks after presentation.Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted. The consecutive cases of single center were collected from January 2016 to January 2017. The diagnosis was made whenever there was new infiltrate in the CXR with compatible clinical features. All patients with nosocomial infection were excluded from the study. The included data were demographic characters, history, clinical examination, and CXR findings. Results: The study included 60 patients, 44(73.3%) were male while 16(26.7%) were female. The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 87 years with a mean age of 57.81 years. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most concomitant respiratory disease (11, 18.3%), followed by asthma (9, 15%), and pulmonary fibrosis (9, 15%), other 6 cases (10%) had history of bronchogenic carcinoma, while pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was found in 3 cases (5%). Cough was the most common presenting symptom which was found in all the cases (60, 100%). Smoking did not correlated with the CXR findings significantly at presentation, 3 days and 6 weeks post complaint (P-value 0.189,0.185 , 0.265 respectively). The most common side of affection was right upper zone which was found in 20 (33.3%) cases. Severity of the CAP significantly related to the pattern of pulmonary involvement which was evident in the CXR (P-value 0.000). Conclusion: community acquired pneumonia is usually diagnosed by compatible clinical presentation and radiological characteristics. Timing of CXR influences its role in both diagnosis and follow up.