Upper Part Of Gastrointestinal Tract Research Articles

Neonatal Gastrointestinal Emergencies

Background: Neonatal gastrointestinal emergencies refer to a set of life-threatening conditions affecting the digestive system of a newborn within the first 28 days of life and often associated with high morbidity and mortality. As such, these conditions require immediate and accurate diagnosis as well as proper treatment to optimize the outcomes of these patients. This condition has the potential to obstruct the flow of gastric content leading to vomiting, failure to thrive, and electrolyte imbalances. Discussion: Gastrointestinal obstruction is one of the most common conditions causing emergency condition in neonates. This condition may occur anywhere between the upper part of gastrointestinal tract to the lower gastrointestinal tract. In most cases of neonatal gastrointestinal emergencies, patients almost always present with vomiting that may be bilious or non-bilious. Furthermore, persistent vomiting may also lead to a more severe consequences such as hypovolemic shock and electrolyte imbalances. Therefore, clinicians are expected to address this problem early while also working to find the underlying etiologies of neonatal vomiting. On the other hand, gastrointestinal bleeding is often an alarming sign that indicates a possible emergency condition in neonates. However, some non-emergency condition such as swallowed maternal blood and cow's milk allergy can also result in gastrointestinal bleeding in neonates. Conclusion: Given the critical time window and the vulnerability of the neonate population, the proper identification and prompt treatment of neonatal gastrointestinal emergencies is crucial to minimize morbidity and mortality. Multidisciplinary management with neonatologists, pediatric surgeons, radiologists, and nursing staff working closely together can provide the best possible outcomes.

Investigating the Impact of Co-processed Excipients on the Formulation of Bromhexine Hydrochloride Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODTs)

PurposeOrodispersible tablets (orally disintegrating tablets, ODTs) have been used in pharmacotherapy for over 20 years since they overcome the problems with swallowing solid dosage forms. The successful formula manufactured by direct compression shall ensure acceptable mechanical strength and short disintegration time. Our research aimed to develop ODTs containing bromhexine hydrochloride suitable for registration in accordance with EMA requirements.MethodsWe examined the performance of five multifunctional co-processed excipients, i.e., F-Melt® C, F-Melt® M, Ludiflash®, Pharmaburst® 500 and Prosolv® ODT G2 as well as self-prepared physical blend of directly compressible excipients. We tested powder flow, true density, compaction characteristics and tableting speed sensitivity.ResultsThe manufacturability studies confirmed that all the co-processed excipients are very effective as the ODT formula constituents. We noticed superior properties of both F-Melt’s®, expressed by good mechanical strength of tablets and short disintegration time. Ludiflash® showed excellent performance due to low works of plastic deformation, elastic recovery and ejection. However, the tablets released less than 30% of the drug. Also, the self-prepared blend of excipients was found sufficient for ODT application and successfully transferred to production scale. Outcome of the scale-up trial revealed that the tablets complied with compendial requirements for orodispersible tablets.ConclusionsWe proved that the active ingredient cannot be absorbed in oral cavity and its dissolution profiles in media representing upper part of gastrointestinal tract are similar to marketed immediate release drug product. In our opinion, the developed formula is suitable for registration within the well-established use procedure without necessity of bioequivalence testing.

The Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Intensive Care Units

Abstract The bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract represent a significant medical but also socio-economic problem.A special group of patients et increased risk consists of critically ill patients in intensive care units. Particularly significant cause of bleeding in intensive care unit patients is bleeding resulting from the stress ulcers caused by damage of themucosa of the stomach and duodenum. The purpose of this review is to present current experience in prevention of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding using proton pump inhibitors in intensive care units. Combination of endoscopic hemostatic methods and proton pump inhibitors represents golden standard in most cases. Despite some adverse effects treatment with proton pump blockers is essential when upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding appears in critically ill patients in intensive care units. Proton pump inhibitors are more effective in acid suppression, as well as in the prevention of recurrent bleeding after endoscopic hemostasis than histamine 2 receptor blockers. The efficacy of proton pump blockers is higher in the case of a continuous intravenous infusion than in the intermittent mode of administration of the drug. The need for highly elaborate strategy for the prophylaxis of bleeding from the upper parts of gastrointestinal tract in intensive care units is essential, because when it occurs in intensive care units, mortality is high, and therapeutic options become narrow.

Flaxseed Mucilage Hydrogel based Floating Drug Delivery System: Design and Evaluation

Natural polymer-based plant polysaccharides and proteins have been most widely explored as an adjuvant in the dosage form formulation. Here we design a novel gastro-retentive floating tablet, based on a polysaccharide material from Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) for Domperidone. After oral administration; Domperidone showed good solubility in acidic pH but significantly reduced solubility in alkaline medium. So that to increase the absorption and bioavailability of Domperidone, it is necessary to increase the retention time in the upper part of the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by developing a floating sustained drug delivery system. The directly compressible floating tablets of domperidone were formulated using varying amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K 100 M (HPMC K100 M), Carbopol 934 and Flaxseed mucilage. Hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, disintegration time of tablet formulations were within acceptable limits. The overall results explained that the optimized formulation F5 prepared by the exact ratio of Flaxseed mucilage, HPMC K100 M, Carbopol, could be more efficient on floating and sustained release of Domperidone in the upper part of GIT as compared to the tablets prepared by using HPMC K100 M and Carbopol 934 only. These findings indicated that Flaxseed can be used to develop novel gastro-retentive sustained release drug delivery system with the double advantage of sustained drug release at the upper part of GIT.

FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF NSAIDS TO INCREASE GASTRIC RETENTION TIME IN UPPER PART OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

The purpose of the present work is to prolong the gastric residence time of Lornoxicam by developing gastric floating drug delivery system. Lornoxicam is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Its short half life 2 to 3 hrs and maximal absorption of upper part of gastrointestinal tract. The residence time of the dosage form in the stomach depends upon various factors like pH, size of the dosage form, food intake, and biological factors which include age, body weight gender, posture, and diseased states Floating tablet prepared by melt granulation techniques, using bees wax as a binder and the other polymers include HPMC 50cPs,15cPs,5cPs and Sodium Alginate. The Prepared granules were then evaluated for Precompression Properties. The best batches were then tabulated, and Evaluation was carried out for the following parameters with in vitro release, buoyancy, Floating Lag timed. Batch F12 and F13 Showed best Floating time of 12hrs and Floating Lag time of 60 second.

Biogenic amines in the colon

Summary The gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains the highest concentration of biogenic amines in the human body. Neurons located in the GI tract, modulated by biogenic amines and various peptide and non-peptide transmitters, are called Enteric Nervous System (ENS). That explains why many medications used in neurology and psychiatry present side effects from the gut. Serotonin (5-hyroxytrypatamine, 5-HT), 95% of which is synthesized in the gut, is the most important amine (beside epinephrine and norepinephrine) colon functionality but another substances such as histamine, dopamine and melatonin are also potent in modulating intestine’s actions. Over 30 receptors for 5-HT were described in the human body, and 5-HT3, 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 are known to have the highest influence on motility and are a potent target for the drugs for treatment GI disorders, such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Histamine is a key biogenic amine for pathogenesis of allergy also in the colon. Alteration in histaminergic system is found in patients with diarrhea and allergic enteropathy. Dopamine affects functions of the large intestine but its modulating actions are more presented in the upper part of GI tract. Melatonin is best known for regulating circadian circle, but may also be a potent anti-inflammatory agent within the gut. Despite many years of research, it seems that more studies are needed to fully understand human colon neurochemistry.

Bacterial overgrowth syndrome of upper parts of gastrointestinal tract in acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Aim: to study the changes in the microflora of the upper part of digestive tract during acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
 Material and methods. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in 42 white rats; changes in the mucous microflora of the upper part of digestive tract were studied. Bacteriological examination of the contents of the proximal small intestine was performed in 42 patients with acute necrotic pancreatitis during gastrofibroscopy.
 Results and discussion. Induction of acute necrotic pancreatitis was accompanied by impaired colonization resistance of the intestinal mucosa due to the elimination of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli: the frequency of their growth from the mucosa decreased threefold (p<0.01), and the population level, respectively, by 25% (p<0.05) and by 36% (p<0.02). The mucosa was actively colonized by gram-negative pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria at high population level (3.07‒5.39 lg CFU/g), which allowed this microflora to overcome the damaged intestinal barrier and translocate. Pathogenic Escherichia spp. and Proteus spp. were cultivated from the mesenteric lymph nodes in 24 hours; Enterobacteria spp. and Staphylococci spp. were isolated from portal blood, pancreatic tissue, and peritoneal cavity 48 hours after induction of acute pancreatitis. Eight strains of gram-negative microorganisms were identified in small intestine in 69% of patients before surgery. Similar microflora was cultivated from pathological foci in 57.4% of patients after surgery.
 Conclusion. Severe deficiency of autochthonous anaerobic microflora occurred in the upper parts of the digestive tract in acute necrotizing pancreatitis, causing excessive colonization by pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and promoting bacterial translocation.

Chronic gastroduodenal pathology in children with atopic dermatitis complicated by mycotic infection

Objective: To identify the features of chronic gastroduodenal pathology in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) complicated by secondary mycotic infection.Methods: The examination of mucous membrane micro-biocenosis of stomach and duodenum was performed in 64 children aged 3–16 years with diseases of gastrointestinal tract and AD complicated by fungal infection. 45 out of 64 patients, having been under medical supervision, had a combined damage of skin and gastrointestinal tract with Candida fungi. In-depth clinical and mycological study was performed represented by esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy of intestine mucous membrane. The detection of circulating candida antigens in blood serum was conducted with method of amperometric enzyme biosensor. Helicobacter pylori were detected using urease test.Results: Children with AD combined with secondary mycotic infection had a damage of the upper parts of gastrointestinal tract and skin with Candida fungi in 70.3% of cases. Gastroduodenitis accounted for 66.7%; peptic ulcer disease was 33.3% in the structure of gastrodudenal pathology. Candida albicans fungi were plated in 80 % of cases; all children had a candida antigen in the blood serum.Conclusions: Children with AD, complicated by mycotic infection, and chronic gastrodudenal pathology should be examined for candidiasis of upper parts of gastrointestinal tract. If there is a candidiasis they should be prescribed with systemic antimycotics and dietary adjustment.

Design and In-vitro evaluation of gastro retentive drug delivery systems of metoprolol succinate

Gastro retentive drug delivery is a special approach that remains in the stomach for a prolonged period which helps to increase gastric residence time along with site specific drug delivery especially in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. Metoprolol succinate is a beta1-selective adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat hypertension, angina and arrhythmia. It has a t1/2 of 3-7hrs and is mainly absorbed from the upper parts of GIT with good stability in the acidic environment. The main objective of the present study was to design a floating formulation having Metoprolol succinate as a model drug by using the polymers like HPMC K100M, HPMC K15M, HPMC K4M, Kollidon SR to increase the bioavailability of drug and reduce the dosing frequency. FTIR studies proved that there was no incompatability in the optimized formulations. All the formulations remained buoyant without any disintegration. The formulations F4, F8, F12 and F15 showed similar drug release to that of marketed formulation for a period of 12 hours. To ascertain the mechanism of drug release, in-vitro data was fitted into various release kinetic models like zero order, first order, Higuchi and Peppas. The values indicated, the non fickian diffusion with slow erosion of polymer matrix followed by drug diffusion and resulted in linear drug release profile over a prolonged period of time.

Microflora of upper parts of gastrointestinal tract during acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Analysis of results of treatment of 153 patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis has been performed. Small intestinal content at admission, fluid and necrotic collections were gathered for microbiological investigation. At 57,4% of patients 8 strains of gramm negative microorgamisms were identified from small intestine before operation. Similar microflore were cultivated from pathological foci at 57,4% of patients after operation. Minimal inhibitory concentration of rifaximin from < 0,25 till 8 µg/ml and ciprofloxacin from 0,25 till 1 µg/ml suppressed growth of 100% of isolated microorganisms in vitro.

Gastroretentive Floating-Bioadhesive Drug Delivery System for Rebamipide: Design, In vitro and In vivo Evaluation

Rebamipide is an amino acid analog of 2-(1H)-quinolinone used in the treatment of peptic ulcer. Here we sought to formulate and evaluate gastroretentive floating-bioadhesive tablets of rebamipide to increase the gastric residence time and further compare their pharmacokinetics with conventional immediate release tablets. Floating-bioadhesive tablets of rebamipide were prepared with combination of Polyox WSR 303 and CP 971P/HPMC K4M and Sodium CMC by direct compression method. The prepared formulations were evaluated for hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, drug content, in vitro buoyancy and drug release. The optimized formulation (RBF12) floated with a lag time of 28.3 ± 3.2 sec, duration of floating 12 h and released about 99.91 ± 1.84% of drug in 12 h, and then followed non-Fickian diffusion release mechanism with n value of 0.635. The RBF12 tablets with BaSO4 remained in stomach for 5.13 ± 0.64 h (n=3) in radiological studies. The formulation, RBF12 exhibited maximum bioadhesive strength (1.346 ± 0.110 N) than other formulations. The bioavailability studies were carried out for the optimized formulation (RBF12) and compared with that of reference IR tablets “Rebagen” in nine healthy human volunteers. Based on in vivo performance significant difference was observed between Cmax, tmax, t1/2, AUC0–∞, and MRT of RBF12 and IR tablets. The increase in relative bioavailability of RBF12 was 1.7-fold when compared to reference IR tablets. The increased relative oral bioavailability may be due to the floating-bioadhesive mechanism of dosage form, which is desirable for drugs absorbed from the upper part of gastrointestinal tract.

An Overview on Gastro Retentive Floating Microspheres

Once important aspect for successful controlled oral drug delivery is it’s complete absorption through gastrointestinal tract (GIT) mainly by passive diffusion. Oral controlled dosage form are not suitable for many drug having narrow therapeutic window in upper part of GIT (stomach and small intestine) due to less transit time in these anatomical portion thus drug is release in short time in non-absorbing distal segment of GIT, which ultimately lead to poor bioavailability of drugs. In recent years scientific and technological advancements have been made in the research and development of controlled release oral drug delivery systems by overcoming physiological adversities like short gastric residence time and unpredictable gastric emptying time. Floating Drug delivery system (FDDS) are designed to prolong the gastric residence time after oral administration, at particular site and controlling the release of drug especially useful for achieving controlled plasma level as well as improving bioavailability. This review also summarizes various sophisticated and modern evaluation parameter for floating microspheres. Thus floating drug delivery systems seems to be the promising delivery systems for control release of drugs.

Formulation and Evaluation of Propranolol HCl Floating Tablets-A Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery

The objective of present study was to develop a gastroretentive drug delivery system of propranolol hydrochloride. The biggest problem in oral drug delivery is low and erratic drug bioavailability. This study” shown the formulation of floating tablets of Propranolol HCl by employing carbopol and HPMC as polymers. One of the disadvantages in using propranolol is extensive first pass metabolism of drug and only 25% reaches systemic circulation. The bioavailability of propranolol increases in presence of food. Also, the absorption of various drugs such as propranolol through P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter is low and erratic. The density of P-gp increases toward the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Therefore, it was decided to formulate floating tablet of propranolol so that it remains in the upper part of GIT for longer time. The prepared tablets were evaluated among all the formulations (P1-P5). Formulations were evaluated for floating lag time, duration of floating, dimensional stability, drug content and in vitro drug release profile. It was observed that formulation”-5 has shown better buoyancy and dissolution profile.

Improvement of reparative regeneration in surgery

Aim. To improve the reparative tissue regeneration, applying oxymethyluracil in surgical patients.
 Materials and methods. The impact of 5-oxymethyluracil-2,4-dioxo-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropirimidine (5-OMU) on the processes of regeneration stimulation in the tissues was studied in 4 groups, including different organs and systems of the body. The analysis of the results of using 5-OMU for torpid wounds in general surgery included 145 patients, erosive-ulcerous lesion of the upper parts of gastrointestinal tract – 126, reparative surgeries on GIT – 105 and revasculizing interventions on the heart – 63. To develop experimental models, mature rats, aged 11–12 months, with the body mass 2.9 ± 1.7 kg were used. Two sets of experiments with cut and burn wounds were implemented.
 Results. The experimental studies, aimed at investigation of histological and histochemical preparations, demonstrated positive influence of oxymethyluracil on the healing of skin wounds.
 Conclusions. On the basis of the studies carried out, the preparation is also recommended for use in other fields of surgery for the treatment of erosive-ulcerous lesions of the upper part of gastrointestinal tract, for intestinal anastomoses and when performing revasculizing surgeries on the heart. Different drug forms of this preparation were developed to reach its maximum concentration in the tissues, clinical trials were conducted and its efficient use in clinical practice was confirmed.

Assessing the potential of solid dispersions to improve dissolution rate and bioavailability of valsartan: In vitro-in silico approach

This study aimed to improve dissolution rate of valsartan in an acidic environment and consequently its oral bioavailability by solid dispersion formulation. Valsartan was selected as a model drug due to its low oral bioavailability (~23%) caused by poor solubility of this drug in the low pH region of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and presence of absorption window in the upper part of GIT. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation method with Eudragit® E100, Soluplus® or polyvinylpyrrolidone K25 (PVP K25) in drug:polymer weight ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6 and further subjected to solid-state characterization and in vitro drug dissolution testing in 0.1 M HCl. The expected drug plasma concentration vs. time profiles after oral administration of the selected solid dispersion formulations were predicted using physiologically-based in silico modeling. Fast and complete dissolution of valsartan, with >80% of dissolved drug within the first 10 min of testing, was observed only from solid dispersions prepared with Eudragit® E100 in drug:polymer ratios of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6. In all other samples, valsartan dissolution was slow and incomplete. Solid-state characterization showed amorphous nature of both pure drug and solid dispersion samples, as well as favourable intermolecular interactions between valsartan and polymers over interactions between drug molecules. The constructed in silico model predicted >40% of increase in valsartan bioavailability, Cmax and AUC values from selected solid dispersion formulations compared to conventional solid oral dosage form such as IR capsules. Based on the results of the in vitro-in silico study, formulation of solid dispersions of valsartan with Eudragit® E100 polymer can be considered as a promising approach for improving valsartan bioavailability.

GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Oral route of drug administration is the most preferable route because of its flexibility in formulation, ease of administration, and patient compliance. But this route has certain limitations like limited gastric residence time (GRT) for sustained drug delivery system and for the drugs which are absorb from specific region of gastrointestinal tract (GIT). To overcome these limitations, various approaches have been proposed to increase the gastric retention time of the delivery system in the upper part of gastrointestinal tract. Gastroretentive dosage form (GRDF) prolongs the GRT by targeting site-specific drug release in upper part of GIT. GRDFs enable continuous and the extended duration of drug release and improve bioavailability of drugs that have narrow therapeutic window, by this way they prolong dosing interval and increase compliance of the patient. The purpose of this article is to compile the various gastroretentive approaches. In order to understand various physiological difficulties to achieve gastric retention, we have summarized important factors controlling gastric retention. Finally the evaluation parameters of gastroretentive drug delivery systems are covered. The present review addresses briefly about the current status of various leading gastroretentive drug delivery technologies, developed until now, i.e. high density (sinking), floating, bio- or mucoadhesive, expandable, unfoldable, super porous hydrogel, magnetic systems etc. In addition, important factors controlling gastroretention, advantages and finally, future potential are discussed.Keywords: Floating Delivery, Gastro retentive system.Â

The diseases of the upper part of gastrointestinal tract: risk factors

Представлено результати клінічних і статистичних досліджень впливу чинників ризику (віку, статі, пагубних звичок, раціону та режиму харчування, професійних шкідливостей тощо) на розвиток патології гепатопанкреатодуоденальної зони та особливості їх клінічного перебігу.

Functionally modified polyacrylamide-graft-gum karaya pH-sensitive spray dried microspheres for colon targeting of an anti-cancer drug

An effort was made to formulate and evaluate pH-sensitive spray dried microspheres using hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-graft-gum karaya (PAAm-g-GK) for colon specific delivery of an anti-cancer agent, capecitabine. The synthesis of pH-sensitive PAAm-g-GK copolymer was done by free radical polymerization followed by alkaline hydrolysis and characterized satisfactorily. The microspheres were spherical in shape; drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 77.30% to 88.74%. Pulsatile swelling study indicates that the PAAm-g-GK consists of considerable pH-sensitivity. The in-vitro drug release suggested that the microspheres prepared using native GK were incapable to retard the drug release within 5h in the environment of stomach and small intestine. While, those microspheres prepared using pH-sensitive PAAm-g-GK copolymer having crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA), released little amount of drug within 5h, but maximum amount of drug was targeted to colonic region in a controlled manner up to 24h. For example, GK10 Microspheres showed only 19.16% drug release at the end of 5th h, while about 80.14% of drug was targeted to colonic region. Cross-linking with GA reduced the early drug release in the upper part of gastrointestinal tract and guaranteed maximum drug release in the colonic region. A rapid enhancement in drug release was witnessed in rat caecal content medium due to the action of colonic bacteria on PAAm-g-GK copolymer.

Formulation and development of di-dependent microparticulate system for colon-specific drug delivery.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Site-specific delivery of drugs leads to an increase in the availability of drugs at the targeted region. The objective of the present investigation was to develop a dually functional microparticulate colon-targeted drug delivery system of meloxicam for potential application in the prophylaxis of colorectal cancer. Chitosan microspheres were prepared by using emulsification-chemical cross-linking technique. Formulation parameters studied include chitosan concentration, drug to polymer ratio, agitation speed, emulsifier concentration, quantity of cross-linking agent and time for cross-linking. In vitro evaluation of microspheres revealed premature release of drug in the upper part of gastrointestinal tract. Since coating of microspheres is difficult to accomplish (with reproducible results), they were compacted to tablets. Enteric coating of tableted microspheres was achieved using Eudragit® S100. In vitro evaluation and SEM studies depict that the microspheres remain intact during compression process. The developed system was further evaluated for in vivo pharmacokinetic and roentgenography studies. In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation in rabbits reveal that the onset of drug absorption from the coated tableted microspheres (T lag time=4.67±0.58h) was significantly delayed compared to uncoated tableted microspheres. In vivo roentgenographic study revealed that the system remained intact, until it reaches to the colonic region (5h). Thus, from the results of the study, it can be revealed that the developed system could serve as a potential tool for efficient delivery of drug to the colonic region.

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF EXTENDED RELEASE CEFUROXIME AXETIL FLOATING TABLETS WITH IMPROVED GI ABSORPTION

Oral drug delivery system represents one of the frontier area of controlled drug delivery system. Floating drug delivery system belongs to oral controlled drug delivery system group, which is capable of floating in the stomach for prolong period of time. The objective of the present research work is to provide a gastroretentive system for sustained release of therapeutically active agent, cefuroxime axetil in upper part of gastro-intestinal tract in the form of floating tablet. Cefuroxime axetil, an oral prodrug shows a bioavailablity of 30% to 40% when taken on fasting and 5% to 60% whentaken after food. The cefuroxim axetil esterase can hydrolyze cefuroximeaxetil to the nonabsorbable cefuroxim in the gut lumen and is therefore, suspected as a possible cause of incomplete bioavailability. Which suggests an absorption mechanism through the mucosa with limited capacity. Cefuroxime axetil had saturation kinetics that could be overcome by slow release of drug from the formulation, by incorporating cefuroxime axetil in sustained drug delivery system. Keywords : Floating drug delivery system, Cefuroxime axetil, Gastro-intestinal tract