Uplink Power Control Research Articles

Performance study for a microcell hot spot embedded in CDMA macrocell systems

The code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system can provide more capacity than other systems, and the hierarchical layer of cells is required for system design. However, the problem is whether the same radio frequency (RF) channels used in a CDMA overlayed/underlayed macrocell and microcell structure also obtain a high capacity as in the homogeneous structure. We investigate the interference of uplink and downlink from both the microcell and macrocell under a hierarchical structure. A downlink power control scheme and two power control methods for the uplink are also considered. Performance measures such as blocking probability, C/I, capacity, and service hole area are also obtained by computer simulation. Besides, some extra efforts for a microcell are also noted, such as more power need to be transmitted by a microcell base station (BS) if the same RF channels are used in the hierarchical structure. The capacities of macrocell and microcell in the overlaying/underlaying structure are limited by the uplink and downlink, respectively. With downlink power control, the microcellular capacity can be increased. However, the combination of downlink power control for the microcell and C/I uplink power control for the macrocell causes the overall system capacity to significantly increase.

Performance evaluation of uplink power control algorithm over TDMA systems

Future PCS (personal communication system) cellular networks will mainly be driven by high link quality, high bandwidth utilization, low power consumption and efficient network management. Power control is one of the several major techniques which could help to achieve these goals. By exploiting power control techniques, co-channel interference could be reduced and as many links as possible could be obtained with satisfactory link quality. SIR-based (signal-to-interference ratio-based) power control was proposed as a technique for managing co-channel interference in cellular radio systems. Furthermore, new distributed autonomous feedback power control methods were introduced to achieve excellent performance without the difficult centralized control used in SIR-based methods. Unfortunately, the implementation of those power control algorithms is still challenging owing to the precision of SIR. The main aim of this paper is to investigate an uplink power control algorithm which depends indirectly on the signal-to-noise ratio in the TDMA (time division multiple access) cellular system. Simulation of the prototype hardware implementation of the receiver baseband signal processing based on the PACS (personal access communications system) specification is used as the main approach to explore the performance evaluation of this power control technique. According to simulation results, suitable values of those parameters used in this power control algorithm are derived, and the minimum frequency reuse factor under different propagation environments is also obtained for PACS under power control. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Performance evaluation of uplink power control algorithm over TDMA systems

Future PCS (personal communication system) cellular networks will mainly be driven by high link quality, high bandwidth utilization, low power consumption and efficient network management. Power control is one of the several major techniques which could help to achieve these goals. By exploiting power control techniques, co-channel interference could be reduced and as many links as possible could be obtained with satisfactory link quality. SIR-based (signal-to-interference ratio-based) power control was proposed as a technique for managing co-channel interference in cellular radio systems. Furthermore, new distributed autonomous feedback power control methods were introduced to achieve excellent performance without the difficult centralized control used in SIR-based methods. Unfortunately, the implementation of those power control algorithms is still challenging owing to the precision of SIR. The main aim of this paper is to investigate an uplink power control algorithm which depends indirectly on the signal-to-noise ratio in the TDMA (time division multiple access) cellular system. Simulation of the prototype hardware implementation of the receiver baseband signal processing based on the PACS (personal access communications system) specification is used as the main approach to explore the performance evaluation of this power control technique. According to simulation results, suitable values of those parameters used in this power control algorithm are derived, and the minimum frequency reuse factor under different propagation environments is also obtained for PACS under power control. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Non-cooperative uplink power control in cellular radio systems

This paper presents uplink power control in cellular radio systems from an economic point of view. A utility function is defined for each mobile user, which reflects the user's preference regarding the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) and the transmitter power. We observe that, on one hand, mobile users prefer to transmit at a lower power for a fixed CIR. On the other hand, for a given transmitter power, users prefer to obtain a better CIR. Based on this observation, we make two fundamental assumptions about the utility function. We formulate the uplink power control problem as a non-cooperative N-person game. Under the two assumptions that we make about the utility function, there exists a Nash equilibrium. To show the generality of the framework, we study one special case by defining the utility as a linear function. This model encompasses many of the widely studied power control problems. A more general case is also studied by defining utility as an exponential function. This paper establishes a general economic-based framework for studying resource management in wireless networks and points out new research directions.

Satellite link margin and availability issues

Satellite link margin and availability issues are addressed. Typical sources of disputes in satellite link design results generated by different satellite link engineers are described and solutions to resolve the disputes are proposed. The solutions include provision of accurate and simplified methods with mathematical derivation support to estimate the availabilities of satellite links due to rainfall for a specified transponder power utilization. Derivations and descriptions of the link availability methods are provided for one-way (simplex) link and two-way (duplex) link, with or without the use of uplink power control at the transmit earth station, and for the general case where uplink and downlink rain are uncorrelated (e.g., transmit and receive earth stations are very far from each other) as well as the specific case where the rains are completely correlated (e.g., transmit and receive earth stations are the same or very close each other). The accurate methods are based on the use of discrete probability density functions of uplink and downlink rain attenuations which are readily available from any existing rain attenuation models. The simplified methods are provided to further simplify the computation involved. Comparison between the methods is also performed.

Application of open-loop uplink power control in Ka-band satellite links

Propagation impairments impose a limit on the use of the 20/30-GHz frequency band for satellite communication applications. Power control is one of the techniques that can be used to mitigate such impairments. Results of an experiment conducted using the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) to evaluate the efficacy of open-loop uplink power control are presented. A power control system is required to maintain the power flux received at the satellite at a constant level irrespective of the fading along the propagation path. The control parameter for the power controller was derived from the fading and enhancements observed on a downlink beacon signal thus requiring frequency translation of the propagation effects to the uplink frequency. In this scheme, the controller performance is largely a function of the frequency translation accuracy, which is determined by the prevailing propagation conditions. In addition, equipment-induced variations in the control parameter can produce power control errors. To maintain the control accuracy within reasonable limits, an algorithm that can differentiate various propagation factors as well as equipment effects was devised. It was found that under most conditions, the power control accuracy could be maintained within /spl plusmn/2.5 dB.

Uplink power control based on receiver noise measurementsin satellitecommunication systems

The authors describe a novel procedure for uplink power control in a multicarrier satellite communication system. The purpose of uplink power control is to compensate for rain attenuation so that all carriers are at the same power level at the input of the satellite nonlinear amplifier. The presence and amount of rain attenuation is predicted by continuous monitoring of the receiver noise power. Attractive features of the proposed scheme include its conceptual simplicity, ease of implementation, applicability to a wide variety of scenarios, and avoidance of the undesirable overhead, coordination, and delay requirements associated with previously used methods.

A narrowband CDMA communications payload for little LEOS applications

In recent years Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) techniques have been investigated for application in Local Area Networks [J. A. Salehi, IEEE Trans. Commun. 37 (1989)]as well as in Mobile Communications [R. Kohno et al., IEEE Commun. Mag. Jan (1995)]. The main attraction of these techniques is due to potential higher throughput and capacity of such systems under certain conditions compared to conventional multi-access schemes like frequency and time division multiplexing. Mobile communication over a Satellite Link represents in some terms the “worst case” for operating a CDMA-system. Considering e.g. the uplink case from mobile to satellite, the imperfections due to different and time varying channel conditions will add to the well known effects of Multiple Access Interference (MAI) between the simultaneously active users at the satellite receiver. In addition, bandwidth constraints due to the non-availability of large bandwidth channels in the interesting frequency bands, exist for small systems. As a result, for a given service in terms of user data rates, the practical code sequence lengths are limited as well as the available number of codes within a code set. In this paper a communications payload for Small Satellite Applications with CDMA uplink and C/TDMA downlink under the constraint of bandwidth limitations is proposed. To optimise the performance under the above addressed imperfections the system provides ability for power control and synchronisation for the CDMA uplink. The major objectives of this project are studying, development and testing of such a system for educational purposes and technology development at Hochschule Bremen.

Performance of personal access communications system-unlicensed B

The FCC has allocated the band between 1920 MHz and 1930 MHz for unlicensed personal communications services (UPCS) using isochronous or circuit operation. The UPCS spectrum is between the licensed PCS spectrum bands of 1850-1910 MHz and 1930-1990 MHz. Terminal interoperability in both the UPCS spectrum on private indoor wireless systems and the licensed spectrum on public PCS systems is desirable and encouraged by the FCC. This paper presents a port channel assignment process for the personal access communications system-unlicensed B (PACS-UB) which abides by the FCC etiquette for UPCS and discusses the corresponding uplink and downlink performance. Uplink power control is employed to improve the uplink performance. PACS-UB has a high degree of commonality with licensed PACS to permit economical licensed/unlicensed terminals and common network services. The results of our simulation show that, at 1% to 2% blocking probability, 99% of downlink local-mean signal-to-noise plus interference ratio (SINR) values are above 17 dB for a 10 to 20 m port separation. For a three-dimensional office environment, the uplink limits the SINR performance, however, with uplink power control, a 5.5 to 7 dB improvement in the uplink SINR can be achieved even for high traffic load.

Simultaneous measurements of L- and S-band tree shadowing for space-Earth communications

This paper presents results from simultaneous L- and S-band slant-path fade measurements through a pecan, a cottonwood, and a pine tree employing a tower-mounted transmitter and dual-frequency receiver. A single circularly polarized antenna was used at each end of the link. The objective was to provide information for personal communications satellite uplink power control design on the correlation of tree shadowing between frequencies near 1620 and 2500 MHz. Fade time series obtained simultaneously did not exhibit any significant correlation, but their means were weakly correlated (r/sup 2/ from 0.31 to 0.58). Fades were measured along a 10-m lateral distance with 5-cm spacing. Instantaneous fade differences between L- and S-band exhibited a normal distribution with means usually near 0 dB and standard deviations from 5.2 to 7.5 dB. The cottonwood tree was an exception with 5.4 dB higher average fading at S- than at L-band. More than 90% of the spatial variations occurred with periods larger than 1/spl sim/2 wavelengths. Simultaneous swept measurements over 160-MHz spans showed that the standard deviation of the power levels as function of frequency increased from about 1 dB at locations with mean fades less than 4 dB to near 6 dB at locations with mean fades of 20 dB. For a 5-dB fade, the central 90% of fade slopes were within a band of 0.7 dB/MHz at L- and 1.9 dB/MHz at S-band.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

A framework for uplink power control in cellular radio systems

In cellular wireless communication systems, transmitted power is regulated to provide each user an acceptable connection by limiting the interference caused by other users. Several models have been considered including: (1) fixed base station assignment where the assignment of users to base stations is fixed, (2) minimum power assignment where a user is iteratively assigned to the base station at which its signal to interference ratio is highest, and (3) diversity reception where a user's signal is combined from several or perhaps all base stations. For the above models, the uplink power control problem can be reduced to finding a vector p of users' transmitter powers satisfying p/spl ges/I(p) where the jth constraint p/sub j//spl ges/I/sub j/(p) describes the interference that user j must overcome to achieve an acceptable connection. This work unifies results found for these systems by identifying common properties of the interference constraints. It is also shown that systems in which transmitter powers are subject to maximum power limitations share these common properties. These properties permit a general proof of the synchronous and totally asynchronous convergence of the iteration p(t+1)=I(p(t)) to a unique fixed point at which total transmitted power is minimized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Signal and interference statistics of a CDMA system with feedback power control. II

For pt.I see ibid., vol 41, p.1626-34 (1993). Power control is essential in the use of direct-sequence code division multiple-access (CDMA) techniques. Early system-level performance analyses of a CDMA approach to wireless mobile and personal communications have assumed the ability of power control to equalize the absolute signal powers of CDMA users received at each base station. The present paper studies a more practical, although analytically more complicated, uplink power control technique that uses measurements of the received signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) instead. A combination of discrete-event link simulation and analysis of the obtained SIR statistics is used to explore the previously little-known behavior of a CDMA system using SIR-based power control and to obtain performance estimates for such a system under various operating assumptions. The overall results indicate that power control based on SIR has the potential for somewhat higher system performance than power control based on absolute signal strength assumed in the early analyses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Uplink power control for TDMA portable radio channels

Power control based on signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) has been proposed as a technique for managing co-channel interference in frequency reuse radio systems. Recently, new autonomous power control methods were introduced to achieve near-optimum performance without difficult centralized control proposed earlier. The achievable performance from preliminary studies appears promising for providing significant increase in spectrum efficiency. However, the implementation of the SIR-based power control algorithms remains challenging. In this paper, implementation of power control that indirectly depends on SIR is discussed. As an example, a simple closed-loop power control algorithm for the portable transmitter is introduced for TDMA portable radio systems. While it may appear specific for the system considered, the underlying principle and parameters required (i.e., error indicator, received power level, and signal quality indicator) are common to the implementation of digital demodulation circuitry. Computer simulations indicate that SIR level is maintained at a level suitable for sustaining desirable performance. Furthermore, when the power-control updating period is short, as in the specific system considered, moderate-rate short-term fading can be tracked and mitigated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Signal and interference statistics of a CDMA system with feedback power control

For pt.I see ibid., vol 41, p.1626-34 (1993). Power control is essential in the use of direct-sequence code division multiple-access (CDMA) techniques. Early system-level performance analyses of a CDMA approach to wireless mobile and personal communications have assumed the ability of power control to equalize the absolute signal powers of CDMA users received at each base station. The present paper studies a more practical, although analytically more complicated, uplink power control technique that uses measurements of the received signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) instead. A combination of discrete-event link simulation and analysis of the obtained SIR statistics is used to explore the previously little-known behavior of a CDMA system using SIR-based power control and to obtain performance estimates for such a system under various operating assumptions. The overall results indicate that power control based on SIR has the potential for somewhat higher system performance than power control based on absolute signal strength assumed in the early analyses. >

Personal communications via iNTELSAT Ku‐band transponders

AbstractThe concept of a fully meshed network of very small terminals is presented for personal communications over Ku‐band satellite transponders. In this concept, undesirable double‐hop delays are avoided for voice communications between these terminals. The bandwidth and power resources of the transponder are efficiently shared by users in a simple demand‐assigned manner via code‐division multiple access (CDMA).1,2 Voice, data and facsimile are statistically multiplexed at each terminal. In order to minamize terminal costs, frequency‐precorrected and level‐preadjusted continuous wave (CW) tones are sent from the central network control station in each beam. The terminals in each down‐link beam can use these pilots as references for antenna acquisition and tracking, as reliable frequency sources, and as indicators of signal fade for up‐link power control (ULPC). The potential CDMA ‘near‐far’ problem due to up‐link fades is mitigated by using ULPC. Quasi‐burst‐mode transmission is employed to minimize the potential loss of clock and pseudorandom number code synchronization. When these terminals are used only to interconnect into the public switched telephony networks (PSTNs) through large, hub‐like gateway stations, they can employ flat‐plate antenna technology. The complete terminal can thereby be packaged into a briefcase so that it is easily transportable for personal use.

Hysteresis effects in instantaneous frequency scaling of attenuation on 20 and 30 GHz satellite links

It has been observed with 20/30 GHz satellite beacon measurements that the ratio of 30 GHz to 20 GHz attenuation changes during some fade events. This ratio displays a hysteresis effect. This effect can be explained by a change in the drop size distribution (DSD) during the event. However it appears only above approximately 6–8 dB of attenuation at 20 GHz. Instantaneous frequency scaling of attenuation is being proposed as part of an algorithm for uplink power control (ULPC) and the dynamic range of such an algorithm must be appropriately limited to avoid the hysteresis.

Measured radiometric satellite link attenuation estimation error statistics at 11.2 GHz

Based on two years of simultaneous 11.2 GHz beacon and radiometer observations in Austin, USA, it was determined that the effective medium temperature, Tm, has a normal distribution with a mean of 274 K and a standard deviation of 27 K. Applying this mean Tm, the ratio of dB beacon attenuation to radiometric attenuation was found to be lognormally distributed with a mean of 1.02 and a standard deviation of 0.138 over the 2 to 15 dB radiometer attenuation range. These results are relevant to uplink power control schemes.

An Integrated Design Approach to 30/20 GHz Trunking Systems

A design procedure for 30/20 GHz trunking systems is presented which permits the joint optimization of the satellite links and the terrestrial links between diversity terminals of individual earth stations. This process involves the generation of uplink and downlink power control functions (PCF's), which depend on 1) the rapidity with which power control can be exercised, relative to the rate of variation of atmospheric attenuation, and 2) the available uplink and downlink HPA power. The PCF's combine to produce a link availability curve (LAC), which describes the uplink/downlink fade combinations for which a specified bit error rate (BER) can be maintained. The set of required terminal separation distances (TSD's) can generally be computed from the LAC, together with the marginal uplink and downlink attenuation distributions. Methods of implementing uplink and downlink power control are discussed. In particular, several alternatives for determination of uplink attenuation and selection of the appropriate transmit terminal are contrasted.

Up-Link Power Control Experiment

This paper presents the result of an up-link power control experiment conducted by using BSE. The result shows that the variation of up-link receiving power due to rain attenuation was kept within 0.5 dB in rms and 1.5 dB in peak in most of time by a simple method, where the attenuation of the up-link receiving power was estimated from receiving power of a down-link signal. Effect of up-link power control on cross polarization interference will be also briefly discussed.

Analysis of 11 GHz slant path fade duration and fade slope

The letter presents results of an analysis of fade slope and fade duration data collected at 11 GHz within the framework of the OTS propagation experiments in Europe. Evidence is given of the fact that on a statistical basis, fade slope and fade duration are related. This could possibly be used in uplink power control systems.