Upkeep Costs Research Articles

Life Cycle Cost Analysis in Flat Buildings (Case Study of Polresta Bukittinggi Flat Construction Project)

The housing crisis in various cities in Indonesia has become an increasingly urgent issue. Rapid population growth and urbanization are major factors contributing to this crisis. One proposed solution is the development of high-rise building projects as a more practical and space-saving housing solution. However, in the context of high-rise construction, economic planning is crucial to ensure project sustainability. This research utilizes a quantitative method with secondary data collection. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis is employed to control project costs from the initial stage to project completion, including construction, operational, maintenance, and demolition costs. The analysis results indicate that initial construction costs, operational costs, maintenance costs, and demolition costs all need to be considered in project planning. Maintenance and upkeep costs are crucial aspects in ensuring the building's sustainability throughout its economic life. By considering all these factors, the total life cycle cost of the construction of Rusun Polresta Bukittinggi during its operational period of 50 years amounts to Rp 32,064,519,750.22. The Annual Equivalent (AE) analysis shows an average annual cost of is Rp. 6,287,507,789.17.

Virtual Sensing of Key Variables in the Hydrogen Production Process: A Comparative Study of Data-Driven Models.

Hydrogen is an ideal energy carrier manufactured mainly by the natural gas steam reforming hydrogen production process. The concentrations of CH4, CO, CO2, and H2 in this process are key variables related to product quality, which thus need to be controlled accurately in real-time. However, conventional measurement methods for these concentrations suffer from significant delays or huge acquisition and upkeep costs. Virtual sensors effectively compensate for these shortcomings. Unfortunately, previously developed virtual sensors have not fully considered the complex characteristics of the hydrogen production process. Therefore, a virtual sensor model, called "moving window-based dynamic variational Bayesian principal component analysis (MW-DVBPCA)" is developed for key gas concentration estimation. The MW-DVBPCA considers complicated characteristics of the hydrogen production process, involving dynamics, time variations, and transportation delays. Specifically, the dynamics are modeled by the finite impulse response paradigm, the transportation delays are automatically determined using the differential evolution algorithm, and the time variations are captured by the moving window method. Moreover, a comparative study of data-driven virtual sensors is carried out, which is sporadically discussed in the literature. Meanwhile, the performance of the developed MW-DVBPCA is verified by the real-life natural gas steam reforming hydrogen production process.

The reconstruction and conversion of St Clement's parish church in Wieliczka in the 19th c. and the financial contribution of the salt mine to the restoration of the temple

From the 15th century the parish provided pastoral care for miners from the Wieliczka salt mine, in exchange for which the mine board paid salt fees (since ca. 1703 in cash) to the provost and was obliged to participate in the church's upkeep costs. In 1772 the obligations were taken over by the Austrian administrators of the Wieliczka mine, hence the participation of the Salt Mine Board in the costs of reconstructing the church following the destruction caused by the subterranean tremor in the 1780s.

Fault Prediction Using Fuzzy Convolution Neural Network on IOT Environment with Heterogeneous Sensing Data Fusion

Because of the developing worldwide familiarity with natural issues, the expansion of sun-based power plants has turned into an unmistakable element of the energy scene. Nonetheless, keeping up with these sunlights-based offices, especially with regards to recognizing breaking down photovoltaic (PV) cells inside huge scope or far off establishments, presents critical difficulties. The focal goal of our exploration project is to resolve this issue by empowering the convenient identification of flaws in PV cells, consequently possibly saving significant time, exertion, and upkeep costs, especially as for the pivoting gear ordinarily utilized in sun-based power plants. I have developed a non-contact vibration pickup system that makes it possible to collect vibration data from PV cells operating at various speeds and loads without having to physically connect them to machine tools. In addition, I rank and select the most relevant features for accurate fault detection using the Sequential Floating Forward Selection (SFFS) method and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the extracted features dimensionality. This thorough methodology offers a promising answer for improve the effectiveness and dependability of sun-oriented power plant upkeep while adding to the more extensive objectives of supportable energy creation and natural safeguarding.

Energy-Efficient Joint Scheduling of Pumps and Valves in Water Distribution Network Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

Traditionally, pumping efficiency and pressure control have been studied as separate disciplines in water companies, with a focus on optimizing pump operation and managing leakage. Present-day siphons are frequently outfitted with variable speed drives; consequently, the siphon outlet tension could be constrained by controlling siphon speed. If there are siphons upstream from a tension-decreasing valve (PRV) with no moderate tank, the PRV gulf strain could be diminished by changing siphoning in the upstream piece of the organization. In addition, when optimizing pump operation, consideration should be given to the impact of pressure-dependent leakage on the resulting schedules. Thus, this article considers the streamlining of siphon and valve plans for complex huge-scope water circulation organizations (WDN). The review takes care of the siphoning booking issue, which tries to acquire the timetable of on/off switches for each siphon and valve that limits energy power cost, taking into account the energy consumed by the functioning siphons. This schedule generates the flow and pressure through the network and it has to satisfy the demand for all nodes, conserve energy, to minimize head loss. To execute and safeguard clean water assets, functional improvement of WDSs should consider both energy and upkeep costs while deciding the ideal timetable for siphons and valves. The point of this examination is to create and confirm an energy model that can work on the effectiveness of equal siphon frameworks. Accordingly, the research proposed the mathematical model of shaft power consumption using the quadratic polynomial fitting. Additionally, investigated the potential application of Variable Speed Pumps (VSPs) to improve pressure reliability, leakage, and electrical power consumption in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs). To execute and safeguard clean water assets, functional improvement of Water Circulation Frameworks (WDSs) should consider both energy and upkeep costs while deciding the ideal timetable for siphons and valves. The point of this examination is to create and confirm an energy model that can work on the effectiveness of equal siphon frameworks. The hybrid binary dragonfly-enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed for joint pumping and valve scheduling problems in WDS. The optimal scheduling is conducted based on three different energy tariffs. The Matlab programming climate is utilized to demonstrate this strategy with the assistance of the EPANet Matlab tool compartment. Analyzing a range of scenarios with varying time frames, operational limitations, and network changes, the proposed WDN solution showed its capability to efficiently create and address optimization challenges tailored to diverse needs.

Detection of malfunctioning photovoltaic cells in solar panel

Solar energy plays a significant role in electricity generation in today's society. Solar panels are used to generate solar energy. Solar panel consists collection of PV cells which produce the solar power. The amount of electricity produced may be reduced if PV cells fail. Fortunate acknowledgment of deficiencies in Photovoltaic cells can save time, tries and upkeep costs of turning gear. In order to prevent the genuine relationship of vibration pickup to the machine instrument, a non-contact type vibration pickup has been organised and manufactured in this survey to obtain vibration data for Photovoltaic cells prosperity when considering underweight and speed assortment. The main objective is to identify the malfunctioning photovoltaic cells in solar panel. Feature extraction and dimensionality reduction are being applied to the collected data sets. The dimensionality of the removed features was diminished using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and from that point on the picked features were situated organized by importance using the Sequential Floating Forward Selection (SFFS) method for lessening the amount of data components and noticing the best rundown of capacities.

Designing a Cloud-Based System for Affordable Cyberinfrastructure to Support Software-Based Research.

Interest in cloud-based cyberinfrastructure among higher-education institutions is growing rapidly, driven by needs to realize cost savings and access enhanced computing resources. Through a nonprofit entity, we have created a platform that provides hosting and software support services enabling researchers to responsibly build on cloud technologies. However, there are technical, logistic, and administrative challenges if this platform is to support all types of research. Software-enhanced research is distinctly different from industry applications, typically characterized by needs for lower reduced availability, greater flexibility, and fewer resources for upkeep costs. We describe a swarm environment specifically designed for research in academic settings and our experience developing an operating model for sustainable cyberinfrastructure. We also present three case studies illustrating the types of applications supported by the cyberinfrastructure and explore techniques that address specific application needs. Our findings demonstrate safer, faster, cheaper cloud services by recognizing the intrinsic properties of academic research environments.

The Sustainable Prescription: Benefits of Green Roof Implementation for Urban Hospitals

If worldwide healthcare was a country, it would be the fifth largest emitter of greenhouse gases on the planet. The increase in global temperatures, combined with the negative impacts of urbanization, has made it more important than ever to introduce green spaces where possible. With climate change worsening, human health, both physically and mentally is on decline, making the effects of climate change especially pressing to the stability of healthcare systems. In order to mitigate the lasting impacts of climate change on healthcare facilities, a holistic solution is needed. Access to green space in hospitals has been shown to reduce emotional distress, improve mental health, increase socialization and community connection, increase physical activity, decrease cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, decrease pain management needs and hospital stay lengths and increase both patients' and staffs' overall satisfaction at the facility. Beyond benefiting those interacting with the hospital, green roofs have the ability to reduce the urban heat island effect, improve stormwater mitigation, increase biodiversity, and absorb toxins and pollutants through air filtration. Additionally, green roofs can offer lower maintenance costs and higher energy savings than traditional roofs, and improve patient satisfaction, which can result in future funding opportunities. However, the upfront and upkeep costs of installing a green roof can vary and must be considered before implementation. In this review, we explore the symbiotic relationship between urban green roofs and hospital/patient wellness through the lens of sustainability, which includes environmental, societal, and economic impacts. We review scientific journal articles investigating benefits of green space and green roofs and highlight examples of green roofs on hospitals in the United States; together, these approaches display the environmental, societal, and economic benefits of green roofs installed on healthcare facilities. This review offers insight to hospitals, decision makers, and government systems on the importance of green roofs in urban areas and how these infrastructures can support the economic growth of the institute. Using our framework, decision makers and planners for urban hospitals can evaluate how the addition of green roofs to their healthcare facilities can contribute to increased environmental resiliency, community health, and patient satisfaction.

RETRACTED: Economic Development of Smart City Industry Based on 5G Network and Wireless Sensors

Smart City is a metropolitan climate that consolidates progressed remote sensors, data, and correspondence innovation to help successfully deal with the city's resources. Remote Sensor is a quickly developing innovation into an assortment of utilizations. Remote sensors are utilized to recognize, ascertain, measure, and screen ecological components in the correspondence organization, and foundation, logging, and portrayal profile creating hub and improve the clinical, transportation, farming, mechanical cycle control applications numerous incredible possibilities, and the financial development in brilliant urban communities support using 5G network and wireless sensor. The sensor is a significant piece of brilliant urban communities, as they depend on information gathered for these administrations. Remote Sensors can communicate information of different distant areas, possibly a moderately economical and minimized sensor with low force utilization and upkeep costs, permitting them to construct sending. The Implementation of remote sensors for shrewd urban areas' financial development of remote sensors is utilized for keen structure, wellbeing observing, reconnaissance, and evade gridlock. Improved transportation, correspondence innovation, keeping away from gridlock, public framework, including social foundation and organization parts, conventions, and sensor arrangement, to accomplish the business requirements, has been intended to guarantee unwavering quality and low force utilization.

CUTTING EDGE FUTURISTIC ENTERPRISE TECHNOLOGY FRAMEWORK FOR GLOBAL CASH LOGISTICS INDUSTRY USING IOT

AutomatedTeller Machine (ATM) is one broadly preferred choice for money withdrawal for consumers. Getting an ATM with required amount and section has constantly demonstrated to be an obstacle for consumers looking for money. One approach to counter this is to introduce progressively number of ATMs in region to guarantee the client's necessities are met. Anyway this demonstrates to be an overhead for bank utility as far as support and activity cost.Here in this paper we are involving IoT which can get noteworthy cost reserve funds in the board and tasks of ATMs. It is regularly observed ... By interfacing the sensors to a focal cloud-based revealing and the executives dashboard, banks can take preventive activities in time, inevitably sparing a great deal on vitality and upkeep costs. Modern money arranging, keen checking of ATM occurrences, and defense of the ATM impression, banks can cut their absolute expense of overseeing money by as much as 10 to 15 percent. The subsequent wave is re-appropriating. The objective is to accomplish critical cost decrease and improve money the executives tasks, with the scope covering branch, the values are compared with the database and the lock is allowed to open using a random One Time Password (OTP).

Damages for Wrongful Fertilisation: Reliance on Policy Considerations

In what was described as ‘one of the most difficult cases’ that had come before it, the Singapore Court of Appeal in ACB v Thomson Medical Pte Ltd (‘ACB’) recognised, for the first time, the loss of genetic affinity as an independent head of loss that would allow a plaintiff to recover damages in a claim for wrongful fertilisation. In ACB, the Court of Appeal dismissed the claim for upkeep costs of raising the child from birth to maturity, and instead identified the loss of genetic affinity as the real harm for which damages should be awarded to compensate for the mistaken use of sperm from an unknown third party. An interesting aspect of ACB was how the Court of Appeal grappled with policy considerations as the basis for its decision. The influence of policy considerations in ACB raises the question of whether the decision runs contrary to the long-standing view that there is little room for public policy reasoning in private law adjudication. In this article, the author argues that the Court of Appeal’s decision in ACB was correctly made as it rightly embraced policy considerations in rejecting the upkeep claim and focused on the value of biological relationships in recognising an interest in genetic affinity.

Gender Injustice in Compensating Injury to Autonomy in English and Singaporean Negligence Law

The extent to which English law remedies injury to autonomy (ITA) as a stand-alone actionable damage in negligence is disputed. In this article I argue that the remedy available is not only partial and inconsistent (Keren-Paz in Med Law Rev, 2018) but also gendered and discriminatory against women. I first situate the argument within the broader feminist critique of tort law as failing to appropriately remedy gendered harms, and of law more broadly as undervaluing women’s interest in reproductive autonomy. I then show by reference to English remedies law’s first principles how imposed motherhood cases—Rees v Darlington and its predecessor McFarlane v Tayside Health Board—result in gender injustice when compared with other autonomy cases such as Chester v Afshar and Yearworth v North Bristol NHS Trust: A minor gender-neutral ITA is better remedied than the significant gendered harm of imposing motherhood on the claimant; men’s reproductive autonomy is protected to a greater extent than women’s; women’s reproductive autonomy is protected by an exceptional, derisory award. Worst of all, courts refuse to recognise imposed motherhood as detriment; and the deemed, mansplained, nonpecuniary joys of motherhood are used to offset pecuniary upkeep costs, forcing the claimant into a position she sought to avoid and thus further undermining her autonomy. The recent Singaporean case ACB v Thomson Medical Pte Ltd, awarding compensation for undermining the claimant’s genetic affinity in an IVF wrong-sperm-mix-up demonstrates some improvement in comparison to English law, and some shared gender injustices in the context of reproductive autonomy. ACB’s analysis is oblivious to the nature of reproductive autonomy harm as gendered; and prioritises the father’s interest in having genetic affinity with the baby over a woman’s interest in not having motherhood imposed upon her.

Optimal Penetration of Home Energy Management Systems in Distribution Networks Considering Transformer Aging

In the near future, home energy management systems (HEMSs) will become common in reaction to time-varying pricing, and residential electricity customers’ striving to minimize their energy costs. However, if many residences connected to a common pole-top transformer are all optimizing their electricity consumption based on the same electricity tariff, their aggregated demand may result in large, short-lived peaks. Traditional demand peaks would be reduced since the electricity prices are high, but early morning (low price periods) demand peaks would be increased. Since high demand increases transformer temperatures and degrades their insulation, managing these peaks extends transformer life and reduces network upkeep costs. This paper presents an approach for managing the rollout of HEMSs on a distribution feeder. Several heuristic strategies for incentivizing customer adoption of HEMSs are investigated and compared to the optimal adoption strategy. A case study using representative data is conducted and the results show that transformer aging costs can be reduced by an order of magnitude by managing adoption rates and strategies. When incentivization costs are included, the optimal HEMS penetration and net benefit are reduced, but a value proposition still exists for targeted HEMS adoption.

MP27: Publishing emergency department wait times in the waiting room: implementation and evaluation of a co-designed patient centered solution

Introduction: Patients in our ED were dissatisfied with their waiting experience, which resulted in patient anxiety and complaints. In 8 months, we aimed to (1) improve patient satisfaction with the ED waiting experience from triage to physician initial assessment by a 15% improvement in patients who rate their experience very good/excellent on a Likert Scale, and (2) improve patient knowledge of ED wait time by a 50% increase in understanding on a Likert Scale. Methods: We co-designed a display with ED patients to notify those in the waiting room of their wait process and wait time. The intervention was selected after root cause diagnostics including: Fishbone exercise, Pareto Diagram, and Driver Diagram. The display was co-designed with ED patients and improved via PDSA cycles to establish information displayed and how to incorporate it into the waiting experience. After co-design, a low-fidelity display was piloted in the waiting room. Results: A family of measures were evaluated using patient/provider surveys and hospital data metrics. Outcome measures were (1) percentage of patients who rated their ED experience as very good/excellent on a Likert scale, and (2) patients who had a clear/very clear understanding of their wait time on a Likert scale. Process measures were the percentage of patients who (1) looked at the wait time display, and (2) felt they could communicate their wait time to others. Balancing measures were clerk/nurse satisfaction and self-reported interruptions of patients asking wait time. Outcomes were tracked using statistical process charts and run charts. Following display implementation, patient rating of their ED experience and patient understanding of wait time showed positive improvement. Clerks/nurses were also more satisfied with their jobs and self-reported interruptions decreased. Conclusion: A low-fidelity wait time display co-designed with patients improved patient satisfaction and understanding of ED wait times. We plan to develop an automated electronic display that resembles the low-fidelity display and evaluate the impact of the intervention on the established measures. This intervention has the potential to be sustainable, feasible for other EDs, and require minimal upkeep costs.

Inaccurate Conception: ACB v Thomson Medical

AbstractThis note considers the decision of the Singapore Court of Appeal in ACB v Thomson Medical in which the plaintiff sought damages for the upkeep costs of a child conceived using sperm from someone other than her husband as a result of negligence by a fertility clinic. The Court held that upkeep costs could not be recovered as a matter of public policy, but recognised a new head of loss, namely damages for loss of genetic affinity. In a controversial ruling, the Court quantified these damages at thirty per cent of the upkeep costs of the child. While holding that punitive damages could be recovered outside the categories recognised in Rookes v Barnard, the Court rejected such an award on the facts of the case.

Intellectual Property Challenges: Unshackling Innovation

Last year I was co‐investigator on an award winning research project that sought to improve sustainable energy technology. Our project optimized dye‐sensitized solar cells, which are cheaper and more environmentally friendly than traditional solar cells. We discovered that adding a certain material results in approximately a 10% increase in efficiency. Although I would like to, I cannot share any more details because of intellectual property issues. This seems odd considering the intent of the project; however, it is a common and valid concern for researchers because of current intellectual property law. An inventor has no claim to an invention until it is patented. The expense of patenting forces people to hoard their ideas even if they do not want the patents for themselves. Though ideas could benefit society, inventors must conceal them lest a greedy entity patent them and prevent their free use. To remedy this problem I propose the establishment of an institution that would pay for patent applications, provided that after the patent is granted only a minimal fee is charged for use of the patent. This fee would compensate the inventors reasonably, pay upkeep costs of the institution and possibly fund a grant agency. This would encourage innovation by allowing free exchange of ideas without fear of intellectual robbery or loss of credit to the inventor, facilitating more productive and expedient research. The institution would afford society virtually free use of technologies with the consent of the inventor, making widespread implementation of new technologies more feasible.

In Operando Electrochemical High-Temperature X-Ray Diffraction Study of Ni-Ce0.9 Gd0.1O2-δ Redox Properties

Typical anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are Ni-cermets, either Ni/yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ) or Ni/gadolinia doped ceria (Ni-GDC) [1]. In the case of Ni-cermet materials before the anode is ready for work NiO is reduced to Ni. During reduction process the solid phase volume of an anode decreases approximately 40%. Due to either system malfunction or contamination, air (oxygen) might diffuse into anode compartment, which causes Ni reoxidation to NiO. During this process the solid phase volume of an anode increases 66% [1,2]. Reoxidation of Ni might take place if after cell operation fuel gas flow is stopped in order to decrease fuel cell upkeep costs [3]. Reoxidation of Ni might also occur if electric load for the cell is too high and oxide ion flux through the membrane creates too oxidative environment at Ni catalyst. In order to understand the dynamics of redox processes and to design the Ni-GDC electrodes with optimal microstructure the information related to simultaneous structural and electrochemical changes during SOFC operation would be very useful. In this work a novel approach for simultaneous monitoring of electrochemical (EC) properties and crystallographic structure in operating SOFC i.e. in operando SOFC EC-XRD measurement cell has been proposed and applied to understand the redox dynamics in Ni-GDC anode. The impact of polarization on structure of Ce0.9 Gd0.1O2-d (GDC) in Ni-GDC cermet anode as well as impact of NiO ⇌ Ni redox cycles on the size and structure of Ni particles and electrical contact between particles has been studied with the in house developed in operando EC-HTXRD cell. Changes in the lattice parameters of Ni and GDC as well as electrochemical properties of Pt|Ni-GDC|ScCeSZ|GDC|LSC were monitored as a function of temperature (T), electrode polarization (E) and oxygen partial pressure (pO2). Influence of temperature, pO2 and polarization on GDC lattice parameters was observed. O2- current through the membrane lead to decrease of unit cell volume of GDC lattice. The observed change in lattice parameter upon polarization change from open circuit voltage (OCV) (depending on temperature, about 1.1 V) to 0.9V (potential of 3-electrode setup) was equal to 50 degree temperature change. [1] A. Faes, A. Hessler-Wyser, A. Zryd, J. Van Herle, A review of RedOx cycling of solid oxide fuel cells anode, Membranes (Basel). 2 (2012) 585–664. doi:10.3390/membranes2030585. [2] T. Klemenso̸, C. Chung, P.H. Larsen, M. Mogensen, The Mechanism Behind Redox Instability of Anodes in High-Temperature SOFCs, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152 (2005) A2186. doi:10.1149/1.2048228. [3] D. Waldbillig, A. Wood, D.G. Ivey, Thermal analysis of the cyclic reduction and oxidation behaviour of SOFC anodes, Solid State Ionics. 176 (2005) 847–859. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2004.12.002. Figure 1

Methodology for optimizing composite towers for use on floating wind turbines

A methodology for the design and optimization of a composite wind turbine tower for use on a floating offshore platform is presented. A composite turbine tower on a floating offshore platform not only has the potential to reduce maintenance and upkeep costs associated with the use of steel offshore but also has potential to reduce the tower mass and subsequently the support platform mass. The optimization problem is formulated to obtain a turbine tower that meets all strength and serviceability criteria and minimizes the tower mass. The optimization and design process link a number of dynamic analyses and finite element routines using a genetic algorithm. This work documents the optimization and design software and illustrates its use in various case studies for a 6 MW floating wind turbine system. Case studies include the optimization of a steel tower as a comparison to a composite material tower and the use of a cored, sandwich panel composite tower versus a solid composite tower. The results demonstrate that significant reductions in the tower mass are likely when comparing a steel tower with a composite tower. Also demonstrated for the platform and turbine configuration considered in this work is that the minimum mass tower design is driven towards a solid shell composite configuration, rather than a sandwich panel tower shell, in the face of reasonable design constraints.

Solving vehicle routing problem by using improved genetic algorithm for optimal solution

ContextThe Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) has numerous applications in real life. It clarifies in a wide area of transportation and distribution such as transportation of individuals and items, conveyance service and garbage collection. Thus, an appropriate selecting of vehicle routing has an extensive influence role to improve the economic interests and appropriateness of logistics planning. ProblemIn this study the problem is as follows: Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) has eight buses which are used for transporting students within the campus. Each bus starts from a main location at different times every day. The bus picks up students from eight locations inside the campus in two different routes and returns back to the main location at specific times every day, starting from early morning until the end of official working hours, on the following conditions: Every location will be visited once in each route and the capacity of each bus is enough for all students included in each route. ObjectivesOur paper attempt to find an optimal route result for VRP of UNITEN by using genetic algorithm. To achieve an optimal solution for VRP of UNITEN with the accompanying targets: To reduce the time consuming and distance for all paths. which leads to the speedy transportation of students to their locations, to reduce the transportation costs such as fuel utilization and additionally the vehicle upkeep costs, to implement the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) model for optimizing UNITEN’s shuttle bus services. To implement the algorithm which can be used and applied for any problems in the like of UNITEN VRP. ApproachThe Approach has been presented based on two phases: firstly, find the shortest route for VRP to help UNITEN University reduce student’s transportation costs by genetic algorithm is used to solve this problem as it is capable of solving many complex problems; secondly, identify The CVRP model is implemented for optimizing UNITEN shuttle bus services. FindingThe findings outcome from this study have shown that: (1) A comprehensive listed of active GACVRP; (2) Identified and established an evaluation criterion for GACVRP of UNITEN; (3) Highlight the methods, based on hybrid crossover operation, for selecting the best way (4) genetic algorithm finds a shorter distance for route A and route B. The proportion of reduction the distance for each route is relatively short, but the savings in the distance becomes greater when calculating the total distances traveled by all buses daily or monthly. This applies also to the time factor that has been reduced slightly based on the rate of reduction in the distances of the routes.

Robotic joint replacement surgery: does technology improve outcomes?

Osteoarthritis is a common disease that leads patients to seek total joint replacement (TJR). Component misalignment leads to failure of TJR. Computer navigation enhances the precision of component alignment, but the addition of robotic guidance can boost TJR to a higher level of accuracy. Some 29 English-language peer-reviewed articles from 2002 to 2013 and 1 Web site were reviewed. A conceptual framework was adapted to explain benefits and barriers of adoption of robotic TJR. A total of 10 studies were reviewed with focus on more precise alignment, outcomes, length of stay, and costs. Cost to obtain robotic surgical equipment was found to be about $1 million with maintenance costs approaching $350 000. Robotic techniques compared with conventional orthopedic surgery showed slight variances in favor of robotic procedures. Although hospitals have the potential to reduce costs and improve outcomes with robotic TJR, the expenditure and maintenance have not been proven a clear return on investment. As surgical robotic technology evolves in accuracy and accessibility, joint replacement surgery may benefit from improved precision and decreased health care costs. However, equipment purchase and upkeep costs and surgeon training may impede use to its full potential in orthopedic surgery in the United States.