Upgrade Plans Research Articles

Recent highlights from the PHENIX heavy ion program

It is accepted that a QGP can be formed in relativistic collisions of heavy nuclei (A+A). Recently long-range correlations have been observed in p+A collisions at the LHC in high multiplicity events. PHENIX has carried out a series of studies of d+Au collisions at 200 GeV to see if such correlations persist at lower energies compared to those at the LHC. Results of a study of long-range correlations and flow are presented for d+Au collisions. Data from Au+Au collisions collected during the beam energy scan (BES) was used to determine both quark and nucleon number scaling. The HBT method was used to determine radii of the fireball at kinetic freezeout. Implications for the nuclear EOS are discussed. Also results of a search for “dark photons” are presented. Recent PHENIX highlights on heavy flavor, electromagnetic probes, spin and plans for PHENIX upgrades were presented in other talks at this conference.

CMS upgrade and future plans

CMS upgrade and future plans

CMS upgrade and future plans

CMS plans for operation at the LHC phase-II unprecedented in terms of luminosity thus resulting in serious consequences for detector performance. To achieve the goal to maintain the present excellent performance of the CMS detector, several upgrades are necessary. To handle the high phase-II data rates, the readout and trigger systems are redesigned using recent technology developments. The high particle rates will accelerate detector aging and require replacement of the tracker and forward calorimeters. In addition, the muon system will be extended.

Stabilization of a high-order harmonic generation seeded extreme ultraviolet free electron laser by time-synchronization control with electro-optic sampling

A fully coherent free electron laser (FEL) seeded with a higher-order harmonic (HH) pulse from high-order harmonic generation (HHG) is successfully operated for a sufficiently prolonged time in pilot user experiments by using a timing drift feedback. For HHG-seeded FELs, the seeding laser pulses have to be synchronized with electron bunches. Despite seeded FELs being non-chaotic light sources in principle, external laser-seeded FELs are often unstable in practice because of a timing jitter and a drift between the seeding laser pulses and the accelerated electron bunches. Accordingly, we constructed a relative arrival-timing monitor based on non-invasive electro-optic sampling (EOS). The EOS monitor made uninterrupted shot-to-shot monitoring possible even during the seeded FEL operation. The EOS system was then used for arrival-timing feedback with an adjustability of 100 fs for continual operation of the HHG-seeded FEL. Using the EOS-based beam drift controlling system, the HHG-seeded FEL was operated over half a day with an effective hit rate of 20%–30%. The output pulse energy was $20~{\rm\mu}\text{J}$ at the 61.2 nm wavelength. Towards seeded FELs in the water window region, we investigated our upgrade plan to seed high-power FELs with HH photon energy of 30–100 eV and lase at shorter wavelengths of up to 2 nm through high-gain harmonic generation (HGHG) at the energy-upgraded SPring-8 Compact SASE Source (SCSS) accelerator. We studied a benefit as well as the feasibility of the next HHG-seeded FEL machine with single-stage HGHG with tunability of a lasing wavelength.

Long-Term Upgrade Strategy for Light Rail and Regional Rail

Suburban light rail transit (LRT) and regional rail systems face similar challenges when it comes to upgrade perspectives. A particular planning process is required for upgrade measures apart from conventional alignment modifications. This study investigated the similarities between LRT and regional rail characteristics and developed a robust decision framework that linked demand modeling, timetable construction, and infrastructure design in an integrated approach. The study applied a three-stage planning process for a regional railway system in a midsized Austrian city. A multimodal travel demand model that included demographic changes over the next 2 decades was used. Travel demand was calculated with the current timetable and forecasted changes in regional planning. Within a sensitivity analysis, the impact of alternative timetables on modal shift was checked. A detailed analysis of these results was undertaken to optimize the best-ranked timetable model. Different infrastructure measures such as electrification, double-track sections, road grade crossings, station layout, and alignment changes were identified to match the optimal target timetable with fixed hub-to-hub travel times. Various stakeholders were involved in deciding the political objectives of modal shares, transit headways, and regional rail infrastructure. A well-defined planning process with fixed milestones led to a common agreement on a stepwise upgrade plan for the next 25 years. The proposed method can be applied to regional rail as well as LRT.

The MaPLE device: A linear machine for laboratory studies of the magnetized plasma physics phenomena

The Magnetized Plasma Linear Experimental (MaPLE) device is developed in the plasma physics laboratory of the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics for studying basic plasma physics phenomena like waves, instabilities and their nonlinear behavior in magnetized plasma. Details description of the device and its plasma characteristics are presented. The machine provides flexibilities in terms of magnetic configuration and plasma sources. Recently, low frequency drift waves are excited in the weak density gradient region of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) produced low density plasmas and their nonlinear coupling is studied. Results of this experiment and some more experiments done in the device are summarized. Reasoning behind a possible upgrade plan of the device for studying shear Alfven waves (SAW) and magnetic drift waves in future is also discussed.

Silicon sensors with various pixel geometries adapted for a common readout ASIC

ATLAS is proposing to replace the entire tracking system for HL-LHC operation. The ``Letter of Intent'' baseline pixel size at higher radii was 50 × 250μm2 (φ × η), based on the FE-I4 readout chip, and this was optimized for the central barrel region. The detector tracking performance in the end-cap pixel disks can benefit from enhanced resolution in the radial direction to improve the impact parameter resolution in z-coordinate (along the beam line) for high η tracks, which is critical in the high pile-up environment of the HL-LHC. So called ``strixel'' geometries, with long narrow pixels, can be proposed at higher z in the barrel where tracks pass through at large angles. Larger pixels may also be considered for an additional pixel layer if this could reduce the requirements, and therefore costs, for the outer part of the tracker.While ATLAS pixel upgrade plans are evolving, the demonstration of providing a variety of sensor pixel shapes and sizes for a common ASIC pixel geometry will be of general application, whatever the final ASIC design.This paper will report on the development and testing of pixel sensors with several different dimensions assembled into modules with the FE-I4 readout chip. Some of these were irradiated (with protons, 1015 neq/cm2) and evaluated at the DESY test beam. These, together with the test beam results with non-irradiated sensors, will be shown, as well as the results from laboratory characterization.

Quantity Versus Quality: Optimal Harvesting Wind Power for the Smart Grid

The need to reduce greenhouse gases from our current power systems accelerates the integration of renewable energy sources (for example, wind and solar power). A fundamental difficulty is that renewable energy is usually of high variability. Numerous advancements in technologies and methods for the smart grid are required to mitigate and absorb this variability. In this paper, we focus on one of them: how to plan wind farms with high capacity and low variability locally and distributedly. First, we study the characteristics of both wind resource and wind turbines and propose a novel wind power estimation method based on Gaussian regression. The experimental result shows that our method achieves a more accurate estimation compared to other ones and has a nearly zero error for most of the turbine types. Then, we analyze a tradeoff between wind power's quantity and quality for large-scale wind farms, and find that there is an optimal turbine type for each location as to either the quantity or the quality. We propose an approach to optimally combine different types of wind turbines to balance the tradeoff. Finally, we explore geographical diversity among different locations and develop an extended approach that jointly optimizes the combination of locations and turbine types. Besides applying to plan new wind farms, we also discuss how to adapt the two approaches to decide an upgrade plan for a wind farm and a network of wind farms, respectively. We conduct extensive experiments using two different wind resource data traces for both local and distributed cases. The result shows that the proposed approaches significantly outperform those approaches using a single turbine type and those separately optimizing locations and turbine types. We also provide interesting insights about the quantity-quality balancing.

The observed and modelled influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on East African rainfall

The aim of this work is to determine to what extent precipitation modulated by the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) over East Africa can be forecast by the operational global Met Office Unified Model (MetUM). Observed patterns of rainfall were analysed over Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and used to validate MetUM forecasts made over the period 2005–2012. It was found that there is a large seasonal dependence on the MJO for episodes of enhancement and suppression of rainfall over the inland highlands and the coastal lowlands, particularly from March to May and October to December, when the Intertropical Convergence Zone is located directly over the region. In phases 2–4 of the MJO lifecycle, there is an enhancement of precipitation over the highland regions and suppression over the coast. This dipole is reversed throughout phases 6–8. These findings corroborate previous studies undertaken over the region. The observed patterns were replicated well by the MetUM global model, even up to a forecast lead time of 5 days (T + 120 h), though some minor drift is apparent and convective and suppressed centres tend to stray from those of the observed rainfall. Model resolution is thought to be a key component of this difference. The systematic errors will likely improve with further plans for model resolution and physics upgrades, although the overall quality of the MetUM's ability to forecast the MJO over this region is sound.

Best upgrade plans for single and multiple source-destination pairs

In this paper, we study Resource Constrained Best Upgrade Plan (BUP) computation in road network databases. Consider a transportation network (weighted graph) G where a subset of the edges are upgradable, i.e., for each such edge there is a cost, which if spent, the weight of the edge can be reduced to a specific new value. In the single-pair version of BUP, the input includes a source and a destination in G, and a budget B (resource constraint). The goal is to identify which upgradable edges should be upgraded so that the shortest path distance between source and destination (in the updated network) is minimized, without exceeding the available budget for the upgrade. In the multiple-pair version of BUP, a set Q of source-destination pairs is given, and the problem is to choose for upgrade those edges that lead to the smallest sum of shortest path distances across all pairs in Q, subject to budget constraint B. In addition to transportation networks, the BUP query arises in other domains too, such as telecommunications. We propose a framework for BUP processing and evaluate it with experiments on large, real road networks.

Renewal of radiological equipment.

In this century, medical imaging is at the heart of medical practice. Besides providing fast and accurate diagnosis, advances in radiology equipment offer new and previously non-existing options for treatment guidance with quite low morbidity, resulting in the improvement of health outcomes and quality of life for the patients. Although rapid technological development created new medical imaging modalities and methods, the same progress speed resulted in accelerated technical and functional obsolescence of the same medical imaging equipment, consequently creating a need for renewal. Older equipment has a high risk of failures and breakdowns, which might cause delays in diagnosis and treatment of the patient, and safety problems both for the patient and the medical staff. The European Society of Radiology is promoting the use of up-to-date equipment, especially in the context of the EuroSafe Imaging Campaign, as the use of up-to-date equipment will improve quality and safety in medical imaging. Every healthcare institution or authority should have a plan for medical imaging equipment upgrade or renewal. This plan should look forward a minimum of 5 years, with annual updates. Teaching points • Radiological equipment has a definite life cycle span, resulting in unavoidable breakdown and decrease or loss of image quality which renders equipment useless after a certain time period.• Equipment older than 10 years is no longer state-of-the art equipment and replacement is essential. Operating costs of older equipment will be high when compared with new equipment, and sometimes maintenance will be impossible if no spare parts are available.• Older equipment has a high risk of failure and breakdown, causing delays in diagnosis and treatment of the patient and safety problems both for the patient and the medical staff.• Every healthcare institution or authority should have a plan for medical imaging equipment upgrade or replacement. This plan should look forward a minimum of 5 years, with annual updating.

Performance of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter after three years of LHC operation and plans for a future upgrade

The ATLAS experiment is designed to study the proton-proton collisions produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Liquid Argon sampling calorimeters are used for all electromagnetic calorimetry covering the pseudorapidity region up to 3.2, as well as for hadronic calorimetry in the range 1.4-4.9. The electromagnetic calorimeters use lead as passive material and are characterized by an accordion geometry that allows a fast and uniform azimuthal response. Copper and tungsten were chosen as passive material for the hadronic calorimetry; whereas a parallel plate geometry was adopted at large polar angles, an innovative one based on cylindrical electrodes with thin argon gaps was designed for the coverage at low angles, where the particles flow is higher. All detectors are housed in three cryostats kept at 88.5 K. After installation in 2004-2006, the calorimeters were extensively commissioned over the three years period prior to first collisions in 2009, using cosmic rays and single LHC beams. Since then, around 27 fb−1 of data have been collected at a unprecedented center of mass energies between 7 TeV and 8 TeV. During all these stages, the calorimeter and its electronics have been operating with performances very close to the specification ones. After 2019, the instantaneous luminosity will reach 2-3 × 1034 cm−2s−1, well above the luminosity for which the calorimeter was designed. In order to preserve its triggering capabilities, the detector will be upgraded with a new fully digital trigger system with a refined granularity. In 2023, the instantaneous luminosity will ultimately reach 5-7 × 1034 cm−2s−1, requiring a complete replacement of the readout electronics. Moreover, with an increased particle flux, several phenomena (liquid argon boiling, space charge effects…) will affect the performance of the forward calorimeter (FCal). A replacement with a new FCal with smaller LAr gaps or a new calorimeter module are considered. The performance of these new calorimeters is being studied in highest intensity particle beams. This contribution covers all aspects of the first three years of operation. The excellent performance achieved is especially detailed in the context of the discovery of the Higgs boson announced in July 2012. The future plans to preserve this performance until the end of the LHC program are also presented.

Elucidating Chemical Structure at Station 11.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source

One of the greatest challenges facing crystallographers has always been how to collect good data. This has become especially challenging as chemists are creating more complex compounds and looking to extract new exotic structural information from crystals which are getting smaller and smaller. Often, these crystals produce little or no diffraction on a laboratory diffractometer with long exposures. The past two decades have provided world-class synchrotron facilities to help solve these problems through a combination of high flux and a small focused beam spot size. Station 11.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source is a dedicated chemical crystallography beamline which has been developed and improved over the last decade to provide a global user base with a high flux, focused beam which is capable of doing more than just providing excellent data on weakly diffracting samples. Recent developments on station 11.3.1 include an environmental gas cell for studying of samples under evacuation, up to 1 atm of gasses and mixtures of gasses, and under gas flow; a diamond anvil cell for studying samples under applied pressures up to 10 GPa, a photodiode array for in-situ photocrystallography, as well as a tunable monochromator allowing energies between 6.5 and 22 keV. This poster will showcase the recent changes to station 11.3.1 as well as the future plans for upgrades.

Edge profile measurements using Thomson scattering on the KSTAR tokamak.

In the KSTAR Tokamak, a "Tangential Thomson Scattering" (TTS) diagnostic system has been designed and installed to measure electron density and temperature profiles. In the edge system, TTS has 12 optical fiber bundles to measure the edge profiles with 10-15 mm spatial resolution. These 12 optical fibers and their spatial resolution are not enough to measure the pedestal width with a high accuracy but allow observations of L-H transition or H-L transitions at the edge. For these measurements, the prototype ITER edge Thomson Nd:YAG laser system manufactured by JAEA in Japan is installed. In this paper, the KSTAR TTS system is briefly described and some TTS edge profiles are presented and compared against the KSTAR Charge Exchange Spectroscopy and other diagnostics. The future upgrade plan of the system is also discussed in this paper.

The most remote point method for the site selection of the future GGOS network

The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) proposes 30–40 geodetic observatories as global infrastructure for the most accurate reference frame to monitor the global change. To reach this goal, several geodetic observatories have upgrade plans to become GGOS stations. Most initiatives are driven by national institutions following national interests. From a global perspective, the site distribution remains incomplete and the initiatives to improve this are up until now insufficient. This article is a contribution to answer the question on where to install new GGOS observatories and where to add observation techniques to existing observatories. It introduces the iterative most remote point (MRP) method for filling in the largest gaps in existing technique-specific networks. A spherical version of the Voronoi-diagram is used to pick the optimal location of the new observatory, but practical concerns determine its realistic location. Once chosen, the process is iterated. A quality and a homogeneity parameter of global networks measure the progress of improving the homogeneity of the global site distribution. This method is applied to the global networks of VGOS, and VGOS co-located with SLR to derive some clues about where additional observatory sites or additional observation techniques at existing observatories will improve the GGOS network configuration. With only six additional VGOS-stations, the homogeneity of the global VGOS-network could be significantly improved by more than $$45\,\%$$ . From the presented analysis, 25 known or new co-located VGOS and SLR sites are proposed as the future GGOS backbone: Colombo, Easter Island, Fairbanks, Fortaleza, Galapagos, GGAO, Hartebeesthoek, Honiara, Ibadan, Kokee Park, La Plata, Mauritius, McMurdo, Metsahovi, Ny Alesund, Riyadh, San Diego, Santa Maria, Shanghai, Syowa, Tahiti, Tristan de Cunha, Warkworth, Wettzell, and Yarragadee.

The upgrade and re-validation of the Compact Muon Solenoid Electromagnetic Calorimeter Control System

The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is one of the sub-detectors of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The Detector Control System (DCS) that has been developed and implemented for the CMS ECAL was deployed in accordance with the LHC schedule and has been supporting the CMS data-taking since LHC physics runs started in 2009. During these years, the control system has been regularly adapted according to operational experience and new requirements, always respecting the constraints imposed on significant changes to a running system. Several hardware and software upgrades and system extensions were therefore deferred to the first LHC Long Shutdown (LS1). This paper presents the main architectural differences between the system that supported the CMS ECAL during its first years and the new design for the coming physics runs after LS1. Details on the upgrade planning, including the certification methods performed in the CMS ECAL DCS laboratory facilities, reports on the implementation progress and the expectations for the post-LS1 system are highlighted.

Operational Experience of the Superconducting Ring Cyclotron at RI Beam Factory (RIBF) and Upgrade Plans for RIBF Accelerators

The RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF) has successfully operated since the first beam was produced at the end of 2006 (more than six years). The aim of this project is to access the unexplored regions on the nuclear chart, those far from β-stability. Continuous effort over the past six years has improved the performance of the RIBF accelerator complex. The world's first superconducting ring cyclotron (SRC) is the final booster in the RIBF accelerator complex; it is able to accelerate heavy ions of any element to a speed of approximately 70% of the speed of light. The ring cyclotron consists of six major superconducting sector magnets, each with a maximum field of 3.8 T. The total stored energy is 240 MJ. The overall size of the cyclotron is 19 m in diameter and 8 m in height with a weight of 8300 tons. Reliable standby power supply systems and accurate control systems are necessary for long-term, stable operation of the cryogenic cooling system. For these purposes, a 6.5-MW co-generation system was installed, and the control system for the cryogenic cooling system was improved on the basis of operational experience. Despite our efforts to achieve long-term, stable operation, we have had some problems such as failure of the He compressors and refrigerators and coil discharge. We learned that any small component could easily disrupt the entire cooling system. The two biggest problems were liquid He leakage thorough a crack in a feedthrough into the thermal insulation vacuum on November 8th, 2005 and oil contamination in the He refrigerator found in February of 2008. Overcoming such big problems has resulted in the present, stable operation of the cryogenic cooling system of the SRC. One option for upgrading the RIBF accelerator includes the construction of another SRC (SRC2) to skip the charge strippers (which decrease the beam intensity by approximately one fifth). Our study shows that the design of the sector magnets of the SRC2 is not much more difficult than that of the first SRC.

Performance of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter after three years of LHC operation and plans for a future upgrade

The ATLAS experiment is a multi-purpose detector built for analyzing LHC collision data. In July 2012, ATLAS announced the discovery of the Higgs boson, the last undiscovered particle in the Standard Model of Particle Physics. The ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) Calorimeter played a crucial role in the discovery by providing accurate measurements of Higgs final state objects such as photons, electrons and jets. The LAr detector is a sampling calorimeter consisting of four subsystems: an electromagnetic barrel, electromagnetic endcaps, hadronic endcaps, and forward calorimeters. The purity and temperature of the liquid argon remained well above the required levels throughout the data-taking period. Overall the calorimeter performed very well, with over 99% of data it collected in 2012 proton-proton collisions being suitable for physics analyses. In order to ensure good LAr detector performance at future higher luminosity LHC operation, several upgrades are being planned and implemented.

Astrophysics experiments with radioactive beams at ATLAS

Reactions involving short-lived nuclei play an important role in nuclear astrophysics, especially in explosive scenarios which occur in novae, supernovae or X-ray bursts. This article describes the nuclear astrophysics program with radioactive ion beams at the ATLAS accelerator at Argonne National Laboratory. The CARIBU facility as well as recent improvements for the in-flight technique are discussed. New detectors which are important for studies of the rapid proton or the rapid neutron-capture processes are described. At the end we briefly mention plans for future upgrades to enhance the intensity, purity and the range of in-flight and CARIBU beams.

Operation and development status of the J-PARC ion source

A cesium-free H(-) ion source driven with a LaB6 filament is being operated at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) without any serious trouble since the restoration from the March 2011 earthquake. The H(-) ion current from the ion source is routinely restricted approximately 19 mA for the lifetime of the filament. In order to increase the beam power at the linac beam operation (January to February 2013), the beam current from the ion source was increased to 22 mA. At this operation, the lifetime of the filament was estimated by the reduction in the filament current. According to the steep reduction in the filament current, the break of the filament was predicted. Although the filament has broken after approximately 10 h from the steep current reduction, the beam operation was restarted approximately 8 h later by the preparation for the exchange of new filament. At the study time for the 3 GeV rapid cycling synchrotron (April 2013), the ion source was operated at approximately 30 mA for 8 days. As a part of the beam current upgrade plan for the J-PARC, the front end test stand consisting of the ion source and the radio frequency quadrupole is under preparation. The RF-driven H(-) ion source developed for the J-PARC 2nd stage requirements will be tested at this test stand.