Updated Methodologies Research Articles

Influence of Teachers’ Professional Training and Development on Students’ Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Ndhiwa Sub-County Homabay County, Kenya

Purpose: The persistent academic underperformance in public secondary schools in Kenyan rural areas has raised concerns among educators, policymakers, and local communities. The purpose of the study is to evaluate how teacher professional training and development influence academic performance. One of the key factors believed to have contributed to this challenge is the lack of sufficient and effective professional training and development programs for teachers. There is a growing need to examine how teachers' professional training and development influence students' academic outcomes. The problem this study seeks to address is the unclear and under-researched relationship between teachers' professional development and students' academic performance in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Methodology: The study used descriptive research design and 15 public secondary schools, 113 teachers and 522 students were involved in the study as study respondents. The study used document analysis and semi structured questionnaires to collect the quantitative data, which was analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages). Findings: The study reveals that teachers' professional training and development have a significant impact on students' academic performance in public secondary schools in Ndhiwa Sub-County. The findings also indicated that teachers who undergo continuous professional development are better equipped with modern teaching strategies, content knowledge, and student engagement techniques, which in turn positively influence students' academic outcomes. Teachers with higher levels of training and access to ongoing professional development demonstrate improved classroom management, increased use of learner-centered methodologies, and more effective assessment technique. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: From the study findings, the study recommends that schools and educational authorities should develop more structured and regular Continuous Professional Development (CPD) programs that focus on subject-specific training, pedagogical skills, and updated teaching methodologies. This is because the study findings likely indicate that teachers who engage in regular training and development show better performance in student outcomes. The education policy makers should come up with the programs that forge partnerships between secondary schools and local universities or teacher training colleges to provide advanced training opportunities and access to educational research.

CarD-T: Interpreting Carcinomic Lexicon via Transformers.

The identification and classification of carcinogens is critical in cancer epidemiology, necessitating updated methodologies to manage the burgeoning biomedical literature. Current systems, like those run by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP), face challenges due to manual vetting and disparities in carcinogen classification spurred by the volume of emerging data. To address these issues, we introduced the Carcinogen Detection via Transformers (CarD-T) framework, a text analytics approach that combines transformer-based machine learning with probabilistic statistical analysis to efficiently nominate carcinogens from scientific texts. CarD-T uses Named Entity Recognition (NER) trained on PubMed abstracts featuring known carcinogens from IARC groups and includes a context classifier to enhance accuracy and manage computational demands. Using this method, journal publication data indexed with carcinogenicity & carcinogenesis Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms from the last 25 years was analyzed, identifying potential carcinogens. Training CarD-T on 60% of established carcinogens (Group 1 and 2A carcinogens, IARC designation), CarD-T correctly to identifies all of the remaining Group 1 and 2A designated carcinogens from the analyzed text. In addition, CarD-T nominates roughly 1500 more entities as potential carcinogens that have at least two publications citing evidence of carcinogenicity. Comparative assessment of CarD-T against GPT-4 model reveals a high recall (0.857 vs 0.705) and F1 score (0.875 vs 0.792), and comparable precision (0.894 vs 0.903). Additionally, CarD-T highlights 554 entities that show disputing evidence for carcinogenicity. These are further analyzed using Bayesian temporal Probabilistic Carcinogenic Denomination (PCarD) to provide probabilistic evaluations of their carcinogenic status based on evolving evidence. Our findings underscore that the CarD-T framework is not only robust and effective in identifying and nominating potential carcinogens within vast biomedical literature but also efficient on consumer GPUs. This integration of advanced NLP capabilities with vital epidemiological analysis significantly enhances the agility of public health responses to carcinogen identification, thereby setting a new benchmark for automated, scalable toxicological investigations.

A Practical Toolkit for the Detection, Isolation, Quantification, and Characterization of Siderophores and Metallophores in Microorganisms.

Siderophores are well-recognized low-molecular-weight compounds produced by numerous microorganisms to acquire iron from the surrounding environments. These secondary metabolites can form complexes with other metals besides iron, forming soluble metallophores; because of that, they are widely investigated in either the medicinal or environmental field. One of the bottlenecks of siderophore research is related to the identification of new siderophores from microbial sources. Herein we have compiled a comprehensive range of standard and updated methodologies that have been developed over the past few years to provide a comprehensive toolbox in this area to current researchers.

Анализ методологий присвоения ESG-рейтингов на российском рынке: вопросы прозрачности и конвергенции

Reliability of ESG ratings, which represent a tool for organizations’ sustainability performance assessment, has been studied and sometimes questioned by academic researchers and international organizations. In response to criticism, regulations emerged targeting the revealed problems and their sources. Russia, where the ESG ratings market has grown significantly over the last two years, is no exception. The paper aims at assessing the transparency level of ESG ratings methodologies in the Russian market and identifying whether they converge. To achieve the goal, the author scrutinized publications of foreign and Russian authors, international organizations, and the Central Bank of Russia, analyzed the methodologies of the leading Russian ESG ratings, developed and applied the method to assess the transparency level of such methodologies using ten indicators. The paper provides a brief overview of the key problems inherent in ESG ratings and highlighted in the literature, as well as the way they are addressed by regulation initiatives in a number of foreign countries and in the Russian Federation. In order to verify the implementation of the recommendations of the Central Bank of Russia in the updated ratings methodologies, an analysis of the approaches of four agencies (the Analytical Credit Rating Agency (ACRA), Expert RA, RAEX, and the National Rating Agency) was carried out in terms of transparency and convergence; the agencies’ methodologies were assigned points relative to a specific transparency level. The conclusion made is that there is some convergence of assessment approaches, primarily in terms of rating scales and weighting of ESG components, and there is a high level of transparency in methodologies of the Russian ESG ratings.

A closer look to the bispericyclic transition structure leading to 4 + 2 and 2 + 4 cycloadducts in the endo dimerization of cyclopentadiene

AbstractThis work delves into the study presented by Caramella and co‐workers (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7) on the cyclopentadiene dimerization. We have reperformed the calculations of this work using updated methodologies, obtaining the structures of the reactants and transition states, as well as new energy profiles. Additionally, we have obtained new insights that were not included in the previous work, such as bond structures from NBO analysis, QTAIM theory, and spin density. Reactivity indices of the principal NBOs responsible for the reaction have also been obtained using a recently developed model based on conceptual DFT and Sanderson's principle of electronegativity equalization and the new results obtained have allowed us to propose reaction mechanisms that satisfactorily justify all reaction stages. This work is a study of the mechanism of the cyclopentadiene dimerization reaction, but it is also an example of applying the new model for calculating reactivity indices for NBOs. Additionally, it demonstrates the combined use of these descriptors with other types of analyses that also employ NBOs or provide a description of the molecular bonding structure. As shown in this work, the collective use of all these methodologies generally provides an adequate description of the chemical reactivity of the studied processes.

Transition Metal-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Five- and Six-Membered Benzo O-heterocycles.

Enantiomerically enriched five- and six-membered benzo oxygen heterocycles are privileged architectures in functional organic molecules. Over the last several years, many effective methods have been established to access these compounds. However, comprehensive documents cover updated methodologies still in highly demand. In this review, recent transition metal catalyzed transformations lead to chiral five- and six-membered benzo oxygen heterocycles are presented. The mechanism and chirality transfer or control processes are also discussed in details.

Updated imaging and phylogenetic comparative methods reassess relative temporal lobe size in anthropoids and modern humans.

Two decades ago, Rilling and Seligman, hereafter abbreviated to RAS Study, suggested modern humans had relatively larger temporal lobes for brain size compared to other anthropoids. Despite many subsequent studies drawing conclusions about the evolutionary implications for the emergence of unique cerebral specializations in Homo sapiens, no re-assessment has occurred using updated methodologies. We reassessed the association between right temporal lobe volume (TLV) and right hemisphere volume (HV) in the anthropoid brain. In a sample compiled de novo by us, T1-weighted in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of 11 extant anthropoid species were calculated by-voxel from the MRI and the raw data from RAS Study directly compared to our sample. Phylogenetic Generalized Least-Squares (PGLS) regression and trait-mapping using Blomberg's K (kappa) tested the correlation between HV and TLV accounting for anthropoid phylogeny, while bootstrapped PGLS regressions tested difference in slopes and intercepts between monkey and ape subsamples. PGLS regressions indicated statistically significant correlations (r2 < 0.99; p ≤ 0.0001) between TLV and HV with moderate influence from phylogeny (K ≤ 0.42). Bootstrapped PGLS regression did not show statistically significant differences in slopes between monkeys and apes but did for intercepts. In our sample, human TLV was not larger than expected for anthropoids. Updated imaging, increased sample size and advanced statistical analyses did not find statistically significant results that modern humans possessed a disproportionately large temporal lobe volume compared to the general anthropoid trend. This has important implications for human and non-human primate brain evolution.

Torture and Maltreatment in Prison: A Medico-Legal Perspective

The maltreatment and torture of prisoners constitute a global problem. Methods of maltreatment are classified as the psychological and the physical, and physical methods inevitably lead to psychological sequelae. Our review offers an analysis from the medico-legal perspective of the literature on the torture and physical and sexual abuse experienced by prisoners and their psychological sequelae and aims to investigate the medico-legal issues of investigating maltreatment in prison so as to suggest methodologies and updated approaches for dealing with such cases in a forensic context. We performed a comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed publications (articles and reviews), research reports, case studies, books, service models, protocols, and institutional documents available online using key electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed) and search engines (Google Scholar) with the following keywords: physical violence, psychological violence, torture, maltreatment, physical abuse, psychological abuse AND prison OR prisoner OR jail OR custody. In the medical literature, most of the publications on torture are based on retrospective studies of torture among survivors and often refer to asylum seekers. Forensic evaluation is crucial for assessing the determinant elements of torture and maltreatment. A multidisciplinary approach and standardized and updated methodologies are needed to support policymakers, national institutions, and public health system initiatives in this field.

Quality control of educational process in the lyceum of medical profile when learning in distance mode during the COVID-19 pandemic

With the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus infection pandemic and, as a result, the relevance of the transformation of curricula, many subjects of the education system have now switched to distance learning. Ukrainian Medical Lyceum of the National Medical University named after A.A. Bogomolets actively and successfully implements this format. The adaptation of the curriculum of the medical lyceum to the changed conditions takes into account the updated requirements. The study is devoted to the analysis of the perception of changes introduced by distance technologies in the educational process, and the possibilities of controlling its quality using the example of training in a medical lyceum. The collection of data for analysis was carried out using a questionnaire. In the course of the survey, which was answered by 187 respondents. The study examined in detail the advantages and disadvantages of learning on online platforms. It was concluded that new teaching methods require updated quality assessment methodologies, and that the greatest obvious benefit of online learning is adaptability and variability.

Cross‐Coupling of C−H and N−H Bonds: A Hydrogen Evolution Strategy for the Construction of C−N Bonds

AbstractThe progress in C−N bond construction is significant in synthetic and biological chemistry. Cross‐dehydrogenative couplings of C−H and N−H motifs serve as a unique class of the most atom‐economical and straightforward strategies for constructing C−N bonds. Herein, we enclosed the most updated methodologies developed in the assembly of C−N bonds via photo‐catalyzed, transition‐metal‐catalyzed, electrochemical, and metal‐free amination and amidation reactions of saturated and unsaturated C−H bonds. Compared with the well‐established transition‐metal‐catalyzed protocols, electricity, or visible light‐mediated amination and amidation reactions are competent and appealing. Plausible mechanistic pathways are also described in representative amidation and amination reactions to provide insights for the future development of environmentally kind processes.

Advances and Challenges in Kidney Organoids.

The advent of organoids has renewed researchers' interest in in vitro cell culture systems. A wide variety of protocols, primarily utilizing pluripotent stem cells, are under development to improve organoid generation to mimic organ development. The complexity of organoids generated is greatly influenced based on the method used. Understanding the process of kidney organoid formation gives developmental insights into how renal cells form, mature, and interact with the adjacent cells to form specific spatiotemporal structural patterns. This knowledge can bridge the gaps in understanding in vivo renal developmental processes. Evaluating genetic and epigenetic signatures in specialized cell types can help interpret the molecular mechanisms governing cell fate. In addition, development in single-cell RNA sequencing, 3D bioprinting and microfluidic technologies has led to better identification and understanding of a variety of cell types during differentiation and designing of complex structures to mimic the conditions in vivo. While several reviews have highlighted the application of kidney organoids, there is no comprehensive review of various methodologies specifically focusing on kidney organoids. This review summarizes the updated differentiation methodologies, applications, and challenges associated with kidney organoids. Here we have comprehensively collated all the different variables influencing the organoid generation.

Statistical analysis of avian reproduction studies

Avian reproduction studies for regulatory risk assessment are undergoing review by regulatory authorities, often leading to requests for statistical re-analysis of older studies using newer methods, sometimes with older study data that do not support these newer methods. We propose detailed statistical protocols with updated statistical methodology for use with both new and older studies and recommend improvements in experimental study design to set up future studies for robust statistical analyses. There is increased regulatory and industry attention to the potential use of benchmark dose (BMD) methodology to derive the endpoint to be used in avian reproduction studies for regulatory risk assessment. We present benefits and limitations of this BMD approach for older studies being re-evaluated and for new studies designed for with BMD analysis anticipated. Model averaging is recommended as preferable to model selection for BMD analysis. Even for a new study following the modified experimental design analyses, with BMD methodology will only be possible for a restricted set of response variables. The judicious use of historical control data, identification of outlier data points, increased use of distributions more consistent with the nature of the data collected as opposed to forcing normality-based methods, and trend-based hypothesis tests are shown to be effective for many studies, but limitations on their applicability are also recognized and explained. Updated statistical methodologies are illustrated with case studies conducted under existing regulatory guidelines that have been submitted for product registrations. Through the adoption of alternative avian reproduction study design elements combined with the suggested revised statistical methodologies the conduct, analyses, and utility of avian reproduction studies for avian risk assessments can be improved.

Women Artists in the Early Modern Courts of Europe (c. 1450–1700) ed. by Tanja L. Jones

Reviewed by: Women Artists in the Early Modern Courts of Europe (c. 1450–1700) ed. by Tanja L. Jones Catherine Powell-Warren Tanja L. Jones, ed., Women Artists in the Early Modern Courts of Europe (c. 1450–1700) ( Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021), 213 pp., 33 ills. This is an exciting time to be a scholar of women artists and patrons of the early modern period. Long hindered by the lack of available archival material and surviving artworks (to say nothing of uneven institutional interest and ungenerous funding), art historians have determined that if women are to become part of an inclusive history of art, they must seize upon the "open pathways … to do art history differently," whether this means broadening the definition of art and/or employing updated or new methodologies (Elizabeth Sutton, Introduction to Women Artists and Patrons in the Netherlands, 1500–1700, ed. Elizabeth Sutton [Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019], 23). With the collected essays in Women Artists in the Early Modern Courts of Europe (c. 1450–1700), editor Tanja L. Jones has shown how rewarding doing so can be. In much of early modern Europe, the production of art was intimately linked to the courts. From Ferrara to London and Madrid to Dresden, rulers and assorted nobility commissioned and acquired art as a way to express their Aristotelian magnificence (a concept that imports philosophical, ethical, and aesthetic dimensions into spending, particularly relevant to the commission of art by the nobility and the ruling classes during the early modern period), their erudition and worldliness, and their wealth and power. To satisfy the needs of these courts, a large number of artists were called upon. The standard text in the study of court artists remains Martin Warnke's The Court Artist: On the Ancestry of the Modern Artist (1985; translated into English in 1993). Warnke's book reflects the richness of artistic production at court, as well as the limits that have hindered the study of women as artistic and cultural producers. In the first place, (subject to a few exceptions) women were rarely formally named as painters or sculptors of the court and thus would not appear as such in the archives. In the second place, many of the works produced at the court (for example portraits, often executed in multiples) were unsigned. Importantly, Warnke focused his research on the production of the so-called fine arts, whereas women were often more active in other forms of artistic production. Thus, Warnke only refers to two women artists: Sofonisba Anguissola (1532?–1625) and Angelika Kauffmann (1741–1807). Considering how Warnke frames the court structure, it is hardly surprising that so few women should have warranted inclusion in his discussion: "The court was a structure with many internal tensions, where princes, favourites, ministers, middle-class councillors, aristocratic courtiers, women, upstarts, dwarfs, fools and artisans all interacted" (Martin Warnke, The Court Artist: On the Ancestry of the Modern Artist, trans. David McLintock [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993], xvi; emphasis added). The result (not only of Warnke's work but of the scholarship that has followed in its tracks) has been a severe underestimation of the importance of early modern women in European courts with respect to the creation and production, but also the patronage, of art. The seven essays in this volume have turned these limitations into pathways for research, with interesting results. The book is intended as a companion to a large-scale digital humanities project entitled "Global Makers: Women Artists in the Early Modern Courts." The project, still in its [End Page 258] infancy, is hosted by the University of Alabama, where Tanja L. Jones, the editor of the volume, is coprincipal investigator together with Doris Sung. The stated objective of the project is to "encourage and support sustained, interdisciplinary consideration of the role Early Modern women played in the hands-on production of visual and material culture in the courts of Europe and Asia (c. 1400–1750)" (https://adhc.lib.ua.edu/makers/s/makers/page/makers). In her introduction to the volume, Jones presents the project as a new direction in research and sets out the objectives of the project, the first phase of which is...

A Review on VANET Research: Perspective of Recent Emerging Technologies

Recent technology has modeled VANET (vehicular adhoc network) communication well in terms of privileges to derive vehicular communication technologically to save time, energy, and money. Due to the increase in powerful technology in modern times, VANETs play a vital role in uplifting daily concerns across vehicles and vehicular identities. Hence, to tune VANETs to become compatible with traditional technologies and increase demand, VANETs require upgrading. The severity and frequency of unwanted occurrences have become a considerable concern for our day-to-day lives relating to vehicular position. Thus, verily updated methodologies or working procedures are needed for the future VANET interplay to eradicate such problems occurring through vehicular identities. This article outlines in technology related to VANETS, future developments, and coping issues by deriving comprehensive frameworks, workflow patterns, upgrading procedures including big data, fog computing, SDN (software defined networking), and SIoT (social Internet of Things). This review article previews an in-depth VANET upgrade possibility to address future problem managements under a range of acceptable scientific themes, indicators, and combinations.

Methodologies in medical education. Virtual expert panel in Honduras during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction. The prevailing education model in Honduras is a teacher-centered one, where the main thrusts are the teacher and the lesson plans. This, along with the slow evaluation process and little improvement of the curriculum design of degrees in the healthcare sector poses a challenge in the enactment of new education methods. This article documents an expert panel which was comprised of deans from the different Medical Schools of the country where Continuing Medical Education (CME) and its educational methodologies were discussed. Presentation of experience. The Asociación de Educación Médica Hondureña carried out an expert panel through an updated approach of CME to discuss Medical Education (ME) methodologies widely used internationally: problem-based learning, reflective practice, formative assessment and self-regulated learning. Discussion. The knowledge gap between new methodologies and traditional ones in ME represents a challenge that CME can address through the use of effective pedagogical approaches in the development and execution of these types of activities. Conclusion. The use of updated methodologies in ME not only improves student training during undergraduate and postgraduate studies, but its CME. ME in Honduras is limited by economic factors, training, physical space and its acceptance by teachers and students. A sustained and systematic effort is necessary by all parties involved in teaching.

The super-food Manuka honey, a comprehensive review of its analysis and authenticity approaches.

Manuka honey (MH) stands out from other honey types as a unique super-food with clinically proven antimicrobial and wound healing activities. Its unique traits and the broad range of applications (i.e. food, cosmetics, nutraceuticals /natural health products) have marked up its price 6 to 25 times than other honey types. Concurrent to the increased market demand, more fraudulence of MH emerged. This urged for the employment of analytical tools for the authenticity and quality assessment of MH and has been the focus of many researchers during the last decades. Our main focus was to review the literature dealing with MH authenticity during the period from 2010 to mid-2021 comprehensively via the Scifinder (https://sinfinder.cas.org) and Web of Science (https://webofknowledge.com) research engines. We used "manuka honey analysis", "manuka honey quality control", and "manuka honey authenticity" as a search terms, applied Boolean operators 'AND/OR' combination, performing in Jan 2017 from the following electronic databases. The state-of-the-art analytical approaches and respective chemical markers of MH are highlighted. The present study capitalizes on the most updated methodologies employed for the quality control and analysis of MH to ensure its authenticity and adulteration detection. The unique constituents of MH allowed for its successful discrimination through various analytical platforms, including mass spectrometry coupled to suitable chromatographic separation (i.e. GC-MS and LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and fluorescence analysis. Moreover, chemometric tools present potential for MH discrimination and has yet to be capitalized more upon for MH quality control analysis.

Emission accounting of shipping activities in the era of big data

Maritime transportation has generated a considerable amount of emissions and affected the global atmospheric environment. A key step of effective emission control is to construct reliable models of emission accounting. In recent years, there has been a major innovation in emission accounting, the application of big data, especially the data extracted from automatic identification system (AIS). In this paper, a dynamic and comprehensive analysis is developed to depict how emission accounting models have been evolved in this era of big data. In the perspective-based review, we thoroughly investigate the geographical coverage and pollutant types involved in the existing emission studies. In the process-based review, this paper establishes a solid knowledge framework of the two basic modelling concepts: top-down and bottom-up approaches. Furthermore, updated emission modelling methodologies and high resolute data sources are introduced. But the latest models are still subject to various sources of uncertainties. Hence, this paper identifies such unsolved problems and sets up a future research agenda.

The Role of Dynamic Autonomy Model and Teacher’s Participations to Foster Student’s Speaking Skill in Autonomous Learning Community

The aims of the research are to explain how is the role of Dynamic Autonomy Model, and how is the participations of teacher in fostering English speaking skill in order to know its practicality in autonomous learning community. The research was qualitative case study research that used interview, questionnaire, classroom observation, and document analysis in order to answer the research questions definitely. By using purposive sampling, twenty students and one English teacher were selected in gathering the data from the questionniare. Then five students and one teacher did the interview to get deeper understanding about the issue. The result shows the role of Dynamic Autonomy Model is usefull to give reflections and foster the students in planning, choosing materials and methods, completing task, monitoring, evaluation, managing their learning, dealing with feelings, motivating themselves, and coopertaing with other. Further, the participations of teacher is irresplacable as a guide, facilitator, organizer and designer, cooperator, inspirator and supporter, monitor and evaluator, resource supplier, and atmosphere creator. In higher education, teachers are facing unprecedented changes with often larger classes, more diverse students with diverse needs, demands from state, society, and employers, thus, teacher’s training should be conducted regularly so that the teacher is able to understand clearly what the participation and the strategies as well as the updated teaching methodologies to broaden his horizon

Firm productivity gains in a period of slow trade liberalization: evidence from Brazil.

Existing literature recognizes the possible role of trade policy and firms’ exposure to international trade as determinants of productivity. A strand of the literature sheds light on the effects of trade policy changes on firm-level productivity. Another strand studies the relationship between firms’ trade status (exporting production or importing intermediates, but usually not both simultaneously) and firm-level TFP dynamics. However, the analyses that integrate both strands are scarce. This paper aims to disentangle the impact of input and output tariffs on firms’ productivity. Further, it analyses whether the impact of changes in tariffs is conditioned by the trade status of the firm (exporting and/or importing). At difference to most previous papers, we carry out our analysis for a large developing country in a period of slow trade liberalization. Thus, in the empirical part, we use data from firms belonging to Brazilian industrial sectors (manufacturing and mining) during 2000–2008. After estimating total factor productivity (TFP) at the firm level using updated methodologies, we estimate both the impact of trade policy and firms’ trade status on TFP dynamics. Our results suggest that trade liberalization (through reductions in input or output tariffs) increases TFP, being the effect associated to a reduction in input tariffs greater. Furthermore, the impact of trade policy on TFP spreads among all firms, which could be consistent with the existence of spillovers from trading firms to non-trading firms or with the notion that trade liberalization exerts competitive pressure on all firms, regardless of their initial exposure to international trade. Finally, we also find evidence of a positive effect of both the import and export statuses on TFP.

The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2022 - principles and methodologies.

BackgroundThe Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNRs) constitute the scientific basis for national dietary reference values (DRVs) and food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) in the Nordic and Baltic countries.ObjectiveTo define principles and methodologies for the sixth edition of NNR to be published in 2022 (NNR2022).DesignThe principles and methodologies of the previous edition of NNR were used as a starting point. Recent nutrition recommendations commissioned by other national food and health authorities or international food and health organizations were examined and dissected. Updated principles and methodologies were agreed by the NNR2022 Committee in a consensus-driven process.ResultsAn organizational model with ‘checks and balances’ was developed to minimize the influence of subjective biases of the committee members and experts. Individual chapters on all included nutrients and food groups will be updated as scoping reviews. Systematic reviews (SRs), which are the main basis for evaluating causal effects of nutrients or food groups on health outcomes, will be embedded in each chapter. A NNR SR Centre will be established for performing de novo SRs on prioritized topics. To avoid duplication and optimize the use of resources, qualified SRs commissioned by other national and international organizations and health authorities will also inform DRVs and FBDGs in NNR2022.DiscussionThe evidence-based methods defined in the NNR2022 project are compatible with most contemporary methods used by leading national food and health authorities. Global harmonization of methodological approaches to nutrition recommendations is strongly encouraged.ConclusionEvidence-informed principles and methodologies underpinned by SRs will ensure that DRVs and FBDGs defined in the NNR2022 project are based on the best available evidence and as far as possible free from overt bias.