Updated Code Research Articles

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВЛАШТУВАННЯ ВЕНТИЛЯЦІЇ В ЗАХИСНИХ СПОРУДАХ ЦИВІЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ

Given the urgency of armed aggression, ensuring the safety of the civilian population is of utmost importance. Various types of structures are used for this purpose, including simple shelters, anti-radiation shelters, storage facilities, and dual-purpose structures. The construction of these facilities must be equipped with diverse internal engineering systems to ensure the livelihood of people. With the introduction of the updated State Building Code of Ukraine (DBN) B 2.2.-5:2023 [1], the requirements for the engineering support of these structures have significantly increased. This article aims to analyze the features of arranging engineering systems in these facilities, particularly ventilation systems, and provide recommendations for specific cases of ventilation and conditioning system installation.
 The article examines regulatory requirements for the installation of ventilation systems in the most common civil defense structures at present - anti-radiation shelters and dual-purpose structures with NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical) properties. Using the solution to a differential equation, the concentrations of carbon dioxide in rooms with people present are calculated depending on the ventilation mode: normal, reserve, and emergency. It is determined that in all cases, the concentration will not exceed the critical value. Recommendations are given for the design of ventilation systems for these buildings, and the specifics of ventilating and cooling rooms in diesel power stations for backup power supply are discussed.
 It is revealed that, at significant capacities of diesel power stations, the arrangement of ventilation for cooling becomes structurally complex. Solutions to this problem are proposed. It is recommended for large NBC structures and dual-purpose structures to have two ventilation chambers with separate air intakes. This will help reduce the risks of contaminating the inflow air and prevent an increase in carbon dioxide concentration during fires near civil defense structures.

Comparative Seismic Analysis, Design, and Cost Estimation of a Residential Building

The updated National Building Code (NBC 105:2020) for professionally engineered buildings provides guidelines for analyzing and designing earthquake-resistant buildings. Though it has been three years since the update of the NBC, the Indian standard code, IS 1893:2016, still seems to be prevalent; however, it has not been updated after 2016. Therefore, comparing the seismic behavior of buildings analyzed and designed by these two prevailing methods in Nepal is essential. This study aims to compare the seismic parameters, design results, and the total cost of the buildings for NBC and IS for a three-story with a staircase-cover residential building. The response Spectrum Method was used to analyze and compare the response parameters like base shear, story drift, and story displacement. The seismic response parameters are more significant; however, the total cost is not significantly greater (i.e., only 5.5% approx.) for NBC, though the base shear was relatively higher than IS. Thus, this study helps understand the structural performance and emphasizes the use of NBC in all parts of Nepal.

PACE: A Program Analysis Framework for Continuous Performance Prediction

Software development teams establish elaborate continuous integration pipelines containing automated test cases to accelerate the development process of software. Automated tests help to verify the correctness of code modifications decreasing the response time to changing requirements. However, when the software teams do not track the performance impact of pending modifications, they may need to spend considerable time refactoring existing code. This paper presents PACE , a program analysis framework that provides continuous feedback on the performance impact of pending code updates. We design performance microbenchmarks by mapping the execution time of functional test cases given a code update. We map microbenchmarks to code stylometry features and feed them to predictors for performance predictions. Our experiments achieved significant performance in predicting code performance, outperforming current state-of-the-art by 75% on neural-represented code stylometry features.

Numerical simulation of melt penetration in debris beds using MPS method

During a severe accident of light water reactors (LWR), melt penetration in a debris bed (also called infiltration) may occur due to the failure of a crust which accommodates a molten pool over the debris bed, or due to earlier re-melting of metallic components (i.e., Zr and Fe) which has lower melting points than oxidic ones (i.e., UO2 and ZrO2) of corium debris. Although understanding and modeling of melt infiltration plays a significant role in the prediction of severe accident progression, little work has been done in this respect due to its complexity. To fill this knowledge gap, the present study develops a Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) code with various models representing key physics in melt infiltration. REMCOD experiment, recently carried out at KTH, has been simulated to validate the updated MPS code. The comparative results show that the melt infiltration in the tests can be reproduced by the MPS code. For a debris bed of cylindrical particles, the melt infiltration process in the experiment can be predicted by using Sauter mean diameter of the particles in the simulation. The code is also applied to investigate the influences of important parameters on the melt infiltration, and it is found that contact angle has little impact on melt penetration process in the case of debris beds with large pore sizes.

A thematic analysis of code of ethics disclosures in SEC 8‐K Item 5.05

AbstractThe Securities and Exchange Commission requires the disclosure of changes to or waivers of corporate codes of ethics. Because the nature of amendments or waivers can vary, we expect the text of Item 5.05 to include different topics within different filings. We examine the population of these disclosures in Item 5.05 8‐K filings from 2004 to 2020. While previous studies utilized small samples (fewer than 50 observations) to examine limited aspects of these filings, we use the population of these filings from 2004 to 2020 (2121 8‐K filings) to elucidate the nature and details of the disclosures. We assess whether Latent Dirichlet Allocation—a computational linguistics technique—can help discern the underlying topics represented in filings. While the Securities and Exchange Commission identifies two topics—amendments and waivers—the Latent Dirichlet Allocation analysis reveals four topics (three related to amendments): (1) code updates and clarifications; (2) combining codes of conduct for all officers and employees, or splitting codes to include a code directly applicable to senior financial officers; (3) codes of ethics waivers; and (4) substantive code changes. The overall trend is for fewer 8‐Ks to be filed in recent years, with updates and clarifications becoming the predominant filing type. Our results further indicate that Item 5.05s related to updates and clarifications, and those related to combined or split codes, use fewer words and are more easily readable than those disclosing waivers or material code changes. Although we find no significant price reaction to Item 5.05 8‐K filings, we find significant trading volume and volatility reactions, suggesting that these disclosures could give rise to differences in opinion among investors, which is consistent with the US Senate's assertion that these disclosures are of interest to investors.

Fastchem cond: equilibrium chemistry with condensation and rainout for cool planetary and stellar environments

ABSTRACT Cool astrophysical objects, such as (exo)planets, brown dwarfs, or asymptotic giant branch stars, can be strongly affected by condensation. Condensation not only directly affects the chemical composition of the gas phase by removing elements but the condensed material also influences other chemical and physical processes in these objects. This includes, for example, the formation of clouds in planetary atmospheres and brown dwarfs or the dust-driven winds of evolved stars. In this study, we introduce fastchem cond, a new version of the fastchem equilibrium chemistry code that adds a treatment of equilibrium condensation. Determining the equilibrium composition under the impact of condensation is complicated by the fact that the number of condensates that can exist in equilibrium with the gas phase is limited by a phase rule. However, this phase rule does not directly provide information as to which condensates are stable. A major advantage of fastchem cond is its ability to automatically select the set stable condensates satisfying the phase rule. Besides the normal equilibrium condensation, fastchem cond can also be used with the rainout approximation that is commonly employed in atmospheres of brown dwarfs or (exo)planets. fastchem cond is available as open-source code, released under the GNU General Public Licence 3 (GPLv3). In addition to the c++ code, fastchem cond also offers a python interface. Together with the code update, we also add about 290 liquid and solid condensate species to fastchem.

Abstract 328: Identification of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Using Administrative Billing Codes

Introduction: In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is experienced by approximately 200,000 patients annually in the US. While individual care teams can readily identify IHCA at the bedside, subsequent event identification for research or quality improvement (QI) purposes is challenging and often relies on the use of administrative billing codes. Prior research has shown that the use of administrative codes from International Classification of Diseases-9 (ICD-9) was both insensitive and nonspecific for identification of IHCA events. However, the performance of this approach using updated ICD-10 codes has not been established. Hypothesis: ICD-10 codes can be used to identify IHCAs in a QI database of IHCA events with high sensitivity. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all adult IHCA patients ( > 18 years old) at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from 06/2018-03/2022. True IHCA events were confirmed by a research coordinator and a physician through detailed encounter-level chart review of clinical records. We searched for four individual ICD-10 diagnostic codes: ICD I46.2 - cardiac arrest due to underlying cardiac condition; ICD I46.8 - cardiac arrest due to other underlying condition; ICD I46.9 - cardiac arrest, unspecified; and ICD I49.01 - ventricular fibrillation. ICD-identified IHCA was defined as the presence of any of these codes from a hospital stay but not present on hospital arrival. Results: Of 466 patients with a confirmed IHCA event contained within the QI database, the median age was 65 (54-73), 43% (199/466) were female, and 69% (323/466) had sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at the end of their code. The use of billing codes identified 318 patients as having IHCA, corresponding to a sensitivity of 68%. The most used ICD-10 code in this cohort was ICD I46.9 (141/466, 30%). Conclusions: The use of ICD-10 codes has a low sensitivity for identification of IHCA events. These findings are consistent with previously published work using older ICD iterations and suggests significant limitations with using administrative codes to identify IHCA events. Novel approaches (e.g., natural language processing and machine learning algorithms) to identify IHCA may facilitate more accurate research and QI efforts.

Building Codes Save Money and Lives: As natural disasters become more common, updated building codes improve climate resiliency and save billions in repairs.

Building Codes Save Money and Lives: As natural disasters become more common, updated building codes improve climate resiliency and save billions in repairs.

ICD-10-CM Updates for Anemias and Metabolic and Nervous System Disorders

The latest update to International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) for reporting diagnoses related to services provided on and after October 1, 2023, includes many new codes for more specifically describing a disease, syndrome, or combination of a disease and its manifestations. This article reviews the code updates for the following conditions and related coding guidelines: Dactylitis in sickle-cell disease Shwachman-Diamond syndrome Metabolic disorders and leukodystrophies Nervous system disorders

Revisiting the Identification of the Co-evolution of Production and Test Code

Many software processes advocate that the test code should co-evolve with the production code. Prior work usually studies such co-evolution based on production-test co-evolution samples mined from software repositories. A production-test co-evolution sample refers to a pair of a test code change and a production code change where the test code change triggers or is triggered by the production code change. The quality of the mined samples is critical to the reliability of research conclusions. Existing studies mined production-test co-evolution samples based on the following assumption: if a test class and its associated production class change together in one commit, or a test class changes immediately after the changes of the associated production class within a short time interval, this change pair should be a production-test co-evolution sample . However, the validity of this assumption has never been investigated. To fill this gap, we present an empirical study, investigating the reasons for test code updates occurring after the associated production code changes, and revealing the pervasive existence of noise in the production-test co-evolution samples identified based on the aforementioned assumption by existing works. We define a taxonomy of such noise, including six categories (i.e., adaptive maintenance, perfective maintenance, corrective maintenance, indirectly related production code update, indirectly related test code update, and other reasons). Guided by the empirical findings, we propose CHOSEN (an identifi C ation met H od O f production-te S t co- E volutio N ) based on a two-stage strategy. CHOSEN takes a test code change and its associated production code change as input, aiming to determine whether the production-test change pair is a production-test co-evolution sample. Such identified samples are the basis of or are useful for various downstream tasks. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate our method. Results show that (1) CHOSEN achieves an AUC of 0.931 and an F1-score of 0.928, significantly outperforming existing identification methods, and (2) CHOSEN can help researchers and practitioners draw more accurate conclusions on studies related to the co-evolution of production and test code. For the task of Just-In-Time (JIT) obsolete test code detection, which can help detect whether a piece of test code should be updated when developers modify the production code, the test set constructed by CHOSEN can help measure the detection method’s performance more accurately, only leading to 0.76% of average error compared with ground truth. In addition, the dataset constructed by CHOSEN can be used to train a better obsolete test code detection model, of which the average improvements on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score are 12.00%, 17.35%, 8.75%, and 13.50% respectively.

Does the New Revised Code of Corporate Governance Impede Board Diversity? Evidence from Indonesia

This study explores the effect of Indonesia's good corporate governance code on board diversity: ethnicity, nationality, gender, qualification, experience, composition, and multiple directorship diversity. The revised corporate governance code provides guidelines for better corporate governance practices. Therefore, board attributes such as diversity are among the best corporate governance practices. Two hundred and three of Indonesia's listed companies (1,421 firm years) are research objects. The data was collected from company annual reports and other internet sources. The data was analyzed using a pair sample t-test and distribution frequency. Based on the pair sample t-test, Oversight board ethnicity diversity, nationality diversity, gender diversity, and board composition significantly differ between pre- and post-revised codes. In addition, management board nationality diversity and gender diversity are also differences between the pre-and post-revised code. In most cases, updating code improves diversity, except for the Oversight Board's ethnic diversity. This study also provides the detailed average number and percentage of board diversity pre- and post-the-updated code of good corporate governance. This study implies that the revised code of good corporate governance increases the board diversity of Indonesian-listed companies. Since the last revised code was released in 2006, a new updated code of good corporate governance has been demanded.

Multiphysics modelling in PyLith: poroelasticity

SUMMARY PyLith, a community, open-source code for modelling quasi-static and dynamic crustal deformation with an emphasis on earthquake faulting, has recently been updated with a flexible multiphysics implementation. We demonstrate the versatility of the multiphysics implementation by extending the code to model fully coupled continuum poromechanics. We verify the newly incorporated physics using standard benchmarks for a porous medium saturated with a slightly compressible fluid. The benchmarks include the 1-D consolidation problem as outlined by Terzaghi, Mandel’s problem for the 2-D case, and Cryer’s problem for the 3-D case. All three benchmarks have been added to the PyLith continuous integration test suite. We compare the closed form analytical solution for each benchmark against solutions generated by our updated code, and lastly, demonstrate that the poroelastic material formulation may be used alongside the existing fault implementation in PyLith.

Moral Damage Compensation to Victims of Crimes in the Context of Contradictions Existing between Higher Courts

The issues of applying the rules for moral damage compensation as a way to protect the rights of victims of crimes are traditionally among the most controversial. The problems of establishing the grounds for compensation, as well as determining its size, corresponding to the degree of fault of the offender, the nature of the victim’s suffering and other noteworthy circumstances, throughout the validity of the norms of the updated Civil Code of the Russian Federation, attracted the attention of not only representatives of civil doctrine, but also of higher judicial instances. In most cases, the conclusions formulated by the latter were in full compliance with the norms of civil legislation, they did not contradict each other and in their entirety ensured uniformity in the application of provisions on compensation for moral damage and due protection of the rights of injured citizens. However, an analysis of the acts of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts issued over the past two years indicate that there are significant contradictions in their approaches to determining the grounds for the admissibility of compensation and the specifics of its application, which is increasingly reflected in regional and appellate judicial practice. Thus, in contradiction with the established positions of the Supreme Court are the provisions formulated by the Constitutional Court in Resolution No. 45‑P of 26.10.2021, where the latter, in essence, defined the presumption of moral suffering in a person when the crime against him is committed, as well as in Resolution No. 7‑P of 02.03.2023, where the Constitutional Court provided for the possibility of compensation of moral harm in favor of a person who, by definition, is not able to bear these sufferings — a child who was not born at the time of his parent’s death. Such a narrative, of course, cannot be evaluated positively and needs a thorough doctrinal assessment.

A Robust Image Encryption Scheme Based on Block Compressive Sensing and Wavelet Transform

In this paper, a modified robust image encryption scheme is developed by combining block compressive sensing (BCS) and Wavelet Transform. It was achieved with a balanced performance of security, compression, robustness and running efficiency. First, the plain image is divided equally and sparsely represented in discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain, and the coefficient vectors are confused using the coefficient random permutation strategy and encrypted into a secret image by compressive sensing. In pursuit of superior security, the hyper-chaotic Lorenz system is utilized to generate the updated secret code streams for encryption and embedding with assistance from the counter mode. This scheme is suitable for processing the medium and large images in parallel. Additionally, it exhibits superior robustness and efficiency compared with existing related schemes. Simulation results and comprehensive performance analyses are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness, secrecy and robustness of the proposed scheme. The compressive encryption model using BCS with Walsh transform as sensing matrix and WAM chaos system, the scrambling technique and diffusion succeeded in enhancement of secure performance.

An Exploratory Study on Code Smells during Code Review in OSS Projects: A Case Study on OpenStack and WikiMedia

Objective: Open-source software (OSS) has become an important choice for developing software applications, and its usage has exponentially increased in recent years. Although many OSS systems have shown high reliability in terms of their functionality, they often exhibit several quality issues. Since most developers focus primarily on meeting clients’ functional requirements within the appropriate deadlines, the outcome suffers from poor design and implementation practices. This issue can also manifest as software code smells, resulting in a variety of quality issues such as software maintainability, comprehensibility, and extensibility. Generally speaking, OSS developers use code reviews during their software development to discover flaws or bugs in the updated code before it is merged with the code base. Nevertheless, despite the harmful impacts of code smells on software projects, the extent to which developers do consider them in the code review process is unclear in practice. Methods: To better understand the code review process in OSS projects, we gathered the comments of code reviewers who specified where developers should fix code smells in two OSS projects, OpenStack and WikiMedia, between 2011 and 2015. Results: Our findings indicate that most code reviewers do not pay much attention to code smells. Only a few code reviewers have attempted to motivate developers to improve their source code quality in general. The results also show that there is an increasing tendency to provide advice concerning code smells corrections over time. Conclusion: We believe that this study's findings will encourage developers to use new software engineering practices, such as refactoring, to reduce code smells when developing OSS.

Virtual Inertia Control for CHB-STATCOM in a Power Electronics Dominated Grid

Integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) leads the power system to be a low inertia system, resulting in frequency deviation in the grid. This paper presents a cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter-based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) providing virtual synchronous inertial support. This topology achieves two functionalities. 1. It reduces the system frequency deviation in a power electronics dominated grid (PEDG) following the updated grid codes. 2. Without disturbing the normal operation of CHB-STATCOM, it provides reactive power support. This topology uses the cumulative stored energy in the distributed DC-bus capacitors of CHB-STATCOM to improve the frequency nadir/zenith and the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), preventing frequency instability. A closed- loop control algorithm is developed, which injects an adequate amount of stored energy to prevent frequency variation. It also facilitates re-energizing the capacitors in a smooth fashion, so that subsequent frequency events can be taken care of. For this, a high-pass-filter (HPF) is designed for autonomous DC- link voltage restoration for CHB converter. Relationship between frequency variation and inertial energy support by CHB is analyzed in depth. Finally, the viability of the proposed theory is verified in OPAL-RT test bench for step-up and step-down load change.

Monte Carlo calculated ionization chamber correction factors in clinical proton beams – deriving uncertainties from published data

For the update of the IAEA TRS-398 Code of Practice (CoP), global ionization chamber factors (fQ) and beam quality correction factors (kQ) for air-filled ionization chambers in clinical proton beams have been calculated with different Monte Carlo codes. In this study, average Monte Carlo calculated fQ and kQ factors are provided and the uncertainty of these factors is estimated. Average fQ factors in monoenergetic proton beams with energies between 60 MeV and 250 MeV were derived from Monte Carlo calculated fQ factors published in the literature. Altogether, 195 fQ factors for six plane-parallel and three cylindrical ionization chambers calculated with penh, fluka and geant4 were incorporated. Additionally, a weighted standard deviation of fQ factors was calculated, where the same weight was assigned to each Monte Carlo code. From average fQ factors, kQ factors were derived and compared to the values from the IAEA TRS-398 CoP published in 2000 as well as to the values of the upcoming version. Average Monte Carlo calculated fQ factors are constant within 0.6% over the energy range investigated. In general, the different Monte Carlo codes agree within 1% for low energies and show larger differences up to 2% for high energies. As a result, the standard deviation of fQ factors increases with energy and is ∼0.3% for low energies and ∼0.8% for high energies. kQ factors derived from average Monte Carlo calculated fQ factors differ from the values presented in the IAEA TRS-398 CoP by up to 2.4%. The overall estimated uncertainty of Monte Carlo calculated kQ factors is ∼0.5%–1% smaller than the uncertainties estimated in IAEA TRS-398 CoP since the individual ionization chamber characteristics (e.g. fluence perturbations) are considered in detail in Monte Carlo calculations. The agreement between Monte Carlo calculated kQ factors and the values of the upcoming version of IAEA TRS-398 CoP is better with deviations smaller than 1%.

Evaluating Alternate Methods of 4D-Var Data Assimilation in a Coupled Hydrodynamic—Four-Component Biogeochemical Model of the California Current System

Assimilating biogeochemical (BGC) data into ocean models using traditional four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) includes the technical challenge of constructing tangent-linear (TLM) and adjoint (ADJ) models corresponding to the non-linear BGC model. This hurdle can be time-consuming, particularly for non-linear BGC models experiencing active development, with regular updates to functional types or representation of key BGC processes. We evaluate two alternate approaches that greatly simplify TLM and ADJ construction and eliminate the need for code updates when the underlying, non-linear BGC model changes. One form of model-reduced data assimilation represents BGC interactions as a linear combination of orthogonal modes; we use empirical orthogonal functions and refer to this as the BioEOFs method. The second approach treats BGC variables as passive tracers that experience advection and diffusion by TLM and ADJ physics over an assimilation cycle, but are biochemically inactive. We evaluate the efficacy of these methods in a realistically configured, data-assimilative implementation of the Regional Ocean Modeling System with a simple nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton–detritus (NPZD) BGC model for the U.S. west coast. In a series of sequential data-assimilative model cycles, observations of temperature, salinity, sea-level anomaly, and phytoplankton biomass constrain the modeled state over the period spanning January–June 2019. We perform the assimilation in both physical and logarithmic-transformed space and compare results of the two approximate methods to traditional 4D-Var using TLM and ADJ models with BGC processes corresponding explicitly to the BGC model. While the full-adjoint 4D-Var results in the best correction to phytoplankton fields for analyses and forecasts, the BioEOFs and passive-tracer approaches also significantly reduce the model-observation misfit compared to a non-assimilative run and do so at reduced computational expense. The passive tracer performs generally better than BioEOFs, whose corrections exhibit large-scale structure across the domain. While the most accurate state estimate will result from development and application of the full TLM and ADJ, the log-transformed passive-tracer approach may be a viable alternative for performing BGC 4D-Var for state estimation when a full-adjoint option is not yet available.

Emergency department observation implementation guide.

Emergency department (ED) crowding poses significant operational challenges to hospitals. One strategy to address these issues is the implementation of an ED observation (EDO) unit. EDO involves placing patients in observation status after their initial evaluation, allowing for continued assessment, treatment, and the determination of a safe disposition. This paper provides a comprehensive guide for ED leaders on the implementation of ED observation in their departments. It includes a checklist summarizing key implementation points, operational and financial considerations, staffing and location planning, patient selection, clinical care protocols, documentation and communication processes, securing buy-in from stakeholders, and outcome measurement. The guide also highlights the updated billing codes based on the 2023 updated Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) guidelines. Successful implementation of an EDO program has shown benefits such as improved patient flow, enhanced revenue generation, reduced costs, and comparable clinical outcomes. This guide aims to equip ED leaders with the necessary knowledge and tools to implement and manage an effective ED observation program in their departments, ultimately improving the overall efficiency of emergency care delivery.

RBDL: Robust block-Structured dictionary learning for block sparse representation

Dictionary learning methods have been extensively used in different types of image and signal processing tasks. In a number of applications, the collected data/signal may have a multi-subspace structure and be perturbed with outliers. These motivate the use of robust and block-sparse signal representations. In this paper, a new algorithm for learning a block-structured dictionary in the presence of outliers is proposed. It is based on α−divergence and has the advantage of tolerating the presence of outliers. A block coordinate descent approach is adopted to obtain simple closed-form solutions for both the sparse coding and dictionary update stages. Finally, experimental results illustrating the superiority of the proposed method over some state-of-the-art dictionary learning methods, are provided.