Unwanted Births Research Articles

Do Unwanted Births Affect the Educational Well-Being of Indian Children? Evidence from a Panel Study

In India, the occurrence of unwanted births is linked to the growing preference for smaller family sizes, revealing a gap between family planning goals and effective contraception. While previous studies have acknowledged the adverse health outcomes of unwanted births, there is limited literature on their impact on educational well-being. This study examines the effect of unwanted births on the educational well-being of Indian children, using data from the India Human Development Survey panel of 6,575 children aged 1–4 in 2005, followed up in 2012. Using the principal component factor analysis and propensity score matching, we found that unwanted births significantly reduce both objective and subjective educational well-being scores. Additionally, improved sanitation, higher socioeconomic status, and greater educational attainment among adults, especially females, in households were associated with better educational outcomes. The findings highlight the importance of effective family planning programmes to reduce unwanted births and enhance child development in India. JEL Codes: C31, C38, C52, I24, J13, Y8

Bakti Sosial Pelayanan Kontrasepsi Dalam Rangka Memberdayakan Masyarakat Untuk Menyukseskan Program Keluarga Berencana

Introduction: Family Planning is an action that helps married couples to avoid unwanted births, regulate birth spacing, and determine the number of children in the family. The use of contraception is a shared responsibility between men and women as a couple, so that the contraceptive method that will be chosen is in accordance with the needs and desires of each other. The method used in this community service activity is to form a forum consisting of women of childbearing age in Manyaran Village, Banyakan District. Objective: The purpose of this activity is to involve husbands by increasing understanding and knowledge. So the purpose of this community service activity is to empower married couples to play an active role in increasing the use of contraceptives. Then with the presentation of material related to family planning to create a healthy generation, and then a questionnaire was given to all participants as an evaluation of whether there was a change in knowledge after being given the material. Method: This community service activity uses the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method by forming a forum consisting of women of childbearing age in Manyaran Village, Banyakan District. The number of participants who attended the activity was 37 people. In this service, before and after counseling, a questionnaire was given (pretest and posttest) to measure the level of knowledge, then social service for contraception services was carried out. Result: there was an increase in knowledge of fertile couples regarding family planning. After participating in the activity, 80% of participants' knowledge was good and 20% were sufficient. This activity provides benefits for participants to plan their families in order to create a healthy generation. Conclusion: The purpose of this activity has been achieved, which is indicated by the smooth running of the activity and the high enthusiasm of the participants in participating in the activity. After this, it is hoped that participants can plan their pregnancies, regulate the spacing of pregnancies in order to create a healthy generation.

Nurturing Professionals: De Facto Maternal Roles in British New Woman Novels, 1880–1900

Abstract This article situates the modern ideals of female motherhood and professionalism in the fin de siècle creation of the professional New Woman in Britain, and posits that future feminist discourses would find value in identifying similar strands of commonality with underrated historical feminist movements. Presenting snapshots of nineteenth-century British novelistic plots, this article shows how altered settings and character types in early, mid, and late Victorian novels do not diminish the Western investment in marriage and procreation as the future of culture, civilization, and hegemony. The article then analyzes how late Victorian narratives reconceptualize maternity as civic duty. Consequently, the physicality of biological motherhood and the complex Victorian epistemologies about sex and sexuality are relegated to animality with distinctly classist and racist connotations. Unwanted birth, along with its discomfiting relationship with infanticide in Victorian society, is subtly pushed into the sexualized realm of the lower classes or foreign, other races. Finally, this article explores the figure of the maternal professional woman, de facto non-biological mothers to childlike figures in the interest of civic duty that emerged, fairly clearly, from the discursive construction of the proto-professional New Woman in the fin de siècle. In this way, this article argues that the ideal of the New Woman gave rise to the modern notion of female professionalism that is nurturing and maternal, and involved the rearing of both biological and non-biological children.

Literature Review: Factors Affecting the Use of 3-Month Injective Hormonal Contraceptions

According to WHO (World Health Organization), family planning is an action that helps married couples to avoid unwanted births, regulate pregnancy intervals, control the timing of pregnancy in relation to the age of husband and wife and determine the number of children in the family. One factor that increases population is fertility or births. This research is a literature review research using national journals and international journals in English through searches in two databases including Google Scholar and Pubmed. The inclusion criteria used in this study were journals that examined factors influencing the use of 3-month injectable hormonal contraception and had a publication year in the last 10 years. The results of the study show that there is a significant relationship between factors that influence 3-month injectable hormonal contraception. Based on the articles that have been collected, the research results show that age and level of education are the main factors influencing the use of 3-month injectable birth control contraception. Based on the results of the discussion above, it can be concluded that the factors influencing the use of 3-month injectable contraception are influenced by 1). Age Factor, 2). Weight gain factors 3) Education factors.

Link between pregnancy planning and antenatal care utilization in sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of DHS data (2010-2023).

This study aims to analyse the relationship between pregnancy planning and antenatal care in sub-Saharan Africa and to identify which categories of mothers are most likely to make inadequate use of antenatal care in the event of a mistimed or unwanted pregnancy. The latest data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 32 countries were analysed using bivariate and multivariate descriptive methods. The results show that compared with planned births, mistimed and unwanted births are respectively 27% (OR=0.733) and 29% (OR=0.711) less likely to have an antenatal visit in the first three months of pregnancy, and 25% (OR=0.752) and 29% (OR=0.705) less likely to have the four recommended antenatal visits. In addition, the births of the most privileged women (richest, educated and exposed to the media) are the least likely to have an adequate prenatal visit in the event of mistimed or unwanted pregnancies, probably due to an increased psychosocial impact linked to school dropouts, damage to professional projects and a desire to hide the pregnancy from those around her.

Hubungan Sosial Ekonomi dengan Penggunaan Alat Kontrasepsi Jangka Panjang (MKJP) di Puskesmas Labuhan Deli Kecamatan Labuhan Deli Kabupaten Deli Serdang Kecamatan Labuhan Deli Kabupaten Deli Serdang

The use of contraception is an action that helps individuals or married couples to achieve certain objectives, avoid unwanted births, get births that are truly desired, regulate the interval between pregnancies and control the time of birth in the husband and wife relationship. The aim of this research is to determine the socio-economic relationship with the use of long-term contraceptives (MKJP) at the Labuhan Deli Community Health Center. All acceptors who visited in May-June at the Labuhan Deli Community Health Center were 39 respondents. Data analysis using univariate, bivariate analysis. The results of this study show that there is a relationship between maternal knowledge about immunization and providing complete basic immunization to babies at the Penanggalan Community Health Center, Penanggalan District, Subulussalam City in 2023. It is hoped that there will be more questions from health workers or more use of existing facilities as input. to receive information about health, especially the use of MKJP

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Relationships Between Pregnancy Intentions and Maternal Outcomes.

Unplanned or unwanted pregnancies and births are linked to adverse maternal outcomes, but the extent to which such relationships hold for all racial/ethnic groups remains unknown. In this paper, I use large-scale data to estimate unadjusted and inverse propensity weighted associations between a five-level measure of pregnancy intention and six indicators of maternal well-being among separate samples of white, Black, and Hispanic mothers. I find substantial racial/ethnic variation. White and Hispanic mothers who reported that their pregnancies were mistimed, unwanted, or that they were unsure how they felt were significantly more likely to experience adverse outcomes than same-race/ethnicity mothers who reported that their pregnancy was intended, but the pattern was much more tenuous for Black mothers. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, relationships between pregnancy intentions and adverse outcomes remain substantial only for white and Hispanic mothers.

Hubungan Peran Tenaga Kesehatan Dengan Penggunaan Alat Kontrasepsi Bawah Kulit (AKBK) Di Puskesmas Labuhan Deli Kecamatan Labuhan Deli Kabupaten Deli Serdang Kecamatan Labuhan Deli Kabupaten Deli Serdang Tahun 2023

Family Planning (KB) is an action in helping married couples avoid unwanted births, get the desired birth, and regulate birth intervals. The purpose of this study is to relationship the role of health workers with the use of under-skin contraceptives (AKBK) at the Labuhan Deli Health Center, Labuhan Deli District, Deli Serdang Regency in 2023. The method was carried out using analytical observational research with a cross-sectional study design with a population of 45 acceptors. By collecting data using a closed questionnaire that is self-administered questionare. The results of statistical analysis using the chi square test stated that there was a relationship between the role of health workers and the use of AKBK in Puskesmas at the Puskesmas Labuhan Deli, Labuhan Deli District, Deli Serdang Regency with a p-value of 0.006 (p-value < 0.05)

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Hormonal Contraceptives and Incidences of ADR among Users

Hormonal birth control interferes with the feedback loop that regulates progesterone and oestrogen release, affecting ovulation, fertilisation, implantation, or all three. Proper contraceptive use and counselling could prevent unwanted births and their harmful repercussions. This study evaluated the consumer and dispenser knowledge and common practices about hormonal contraceptive usage and side effects. The descriptive cross-sectional study included N=376 married reproductive-age women from two health institutions and one family planning clinic. A study of 50 retail pharmacies described their dispensing practices. Injection users made up 51.1%, oral contraceptives 23.9%, and implants 25%. 56.6 percent used contraception after first child. 0.8% of users had 5 children and 8.5% had none. 38% of respondents select a hormonal contraceptive for its efficacy. 27.9% available 0.3% cost-choice. 26.6% of respondents got hormonal contraceptives from pharmacies (community shops) and 21.3% from government health organisations. For hormonal contraceptives users, less than 50% got counselling. Missed dosage information was incorrect in 6% of women. As side effects, implant, injection, and pill women encountered weight increase (50.5%, 33.5%, and 33.5%, respectively) and prolonged bleeding (33.3%, 79.7%, and 41.1%). Headaches affected 42% of pill users. 62.7 percent of users sought a doctor or health worker after adverse effects, whereas 2.0 percent switched devices. Side effects drove 84.1% of implant users away. The dispensers advised users on side effects 86% of the time. After studying hormonal contraceptives, tablets were chosen for their availability and efficacy. Users of hormonal contraceptives are more sensitive to side effects, but their awareness and practices are good.

Effect of Intensive Counseling Training on Participation of Clients in Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives

BACKGROUND: One of the pillars of safe motherhood is family planning (FP). The FP program aims to avoid unwanted pregnancies or birth by long-term contraceptive methods (long-acting reversible contraceptives [LARCs]). However, percentages of LARCs usage in Indonesia, in 2017 were still far from the target, 14% per 21.7%. This was influenced by Information Education and Communication given by health-care workers, counseling mechanisms, and mother’s knowledge. AIM: This study aims to find a new counseling training technique that may improve the counseling skills of health workers and provide a better outcome (clients’ knowledge and attitude). METHODS: Phase one, a qualitative approach by conducting focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with midwives and clients as the basis for making intensive counseling modules. Phase two, quantitative approach to health-care workers using a t-paired group analysis test. Phase three, analysis using T-unpaired group test for clients. RESULTS: The qualitative phase showed that the appropriate LARCs intensive counseling training model was 2 days, 8 h each, emphasizing communication techniques. A significant difference was found in the counseling competition of health-care workers before and after training (p < 0.001). The interest in LARCs after receiving counseling (intensive or others) also showed significant differences (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The LARCs intensive counseling training module affects the competency of counseling skills and increases the participation of clients.

The Health Costs of Being Born Unwanted

This study quantifies the cost of unwanted pregnancy in relation to early childhood health in 62 developing countries. The endogeneity problem is dealt with through the household fixed‐effects model that utilizes the variation in the degree of birth wantedness among children within a household. The study uncovers the serious health consequences of children born unwanted. Specifically, children from unwanted births tend to have lower height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐age, and weight‐for‐height by 0.054, 0.065, and 0.04 standard deviations, respectively. We further present suggestive evidence that these health consequences might be ascribed to inadequate prenatal care and unfavorable postpartum behaviors among unintentionally pregnant women. Because poor health in early childhood can lead to long‐term negative ramifications, it is urgent to make contraceptives accessible to reduce unwanted births as well as to implement effective measures to assist women facing unwanted pregnancies.

The Nexus between Economic Features and Contraceptive Switching in Indonesia

Abstract Objective This study aims to examine the association between economic characteristics and contraceptive switching in Indonesia. Methods The study employed monthly contraceptive calendar data from the results of the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The unit analyzed the contraceptive use during 3-62 months in women of the age between 15-49. The data was analyzed using a Gompertz proportional hazards model. The dependent variable was the duration of the risk period up to the incidence of the contraceptive switching. Main used variables were based on economic, demographic and sociocultural factors. Results The 12-month contraceptive switching rate was higher among women who had a cellular phone, a bank account, ever used the internet in the last year, were currently employed and came from households in highest wealth quintile. These economic features significantly influenced the risk of switching contraception in Indonesia after controlling for demographic and sociocultural factors. Conclusions After controlling for demographic and sociocultural factors, a higher risk of contraceptive switching was associated with having a cellular phone and bank account and being from households in highest wealth quintile. Higher contraceptive switching risk was also associated with switching contraceptive pills, intent of limiting births, having two or three children, being of age 15-24 years, having higher education, having exposure to family planning messages via internet, having husbands who decided about the wife’s earnings, earning more than husband and not owning a house. The nexus between better economic status and contraceptive switching may imply the need to formulate and implement suitable family planning policies and strategies to reduce contraceptive switching among the better-off economically and more empowered women in order to prevent unwanted births.

HUBUNGAN PENGGUNAAN ALAT KONTRASEPSI HORMONAL TERHADAP PENINGKATAN BERAT BADAN DAN GANGGUAN SIKLUS HAID PADA AKSEPTOR KB DI DESA LAMBHEU KECAMATAN DARUL IMARAH KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR TAHUN 2023

Data obtained from WHO 2018, family planning is an action that helps individuals or married couples to obtain certain objectives, avoid unwanted births, get births that are desired, contraceptives around the world mostly use Injectables 35.3%, Pills 30.5%, IUDs 15.2%, Implants 7.3% and other contraceptives 11.7%. The use of hormonal contraceptives causes side effects including changes in menstrual patterns, weight changes. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of using hormonal contraceptives on weight gain and menstrual cycle disorders in family planning acceptors in Lambheu Village, Darul Imarah District, Aceh Besar Regency in 2023. This research method is Descriptive Quantitative with Linear Regression approach with Purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 87 respondents. This research was conducted on June 11 to 14, 2023 in Lambheu Village, Darul Imarah District, Aceh Besar Regency, with univariate and bivariate analysis. The results showed that there was an effect of the use of contraceptive pills, injections and implants on weight gain with a sig test result of 0.066 and menstrual cycle disorders with a sig test result. 0,057. Conclusion There is an effect of using Hormonal Contraceptives on increasing Body Weight with Linear Regression test Sig value. 0,066 < 0,05. There is an effect of the use of Hormonal Contraceptives on menstrual cycle disorders with a Linear Regression Test Sig value. 0,057 < 0,05.

Medicaid compared to private insurance is associated with lower rates of sterilization in people with unwanted births

Medicaid, unlike any other insurance mechanism, imposes a consent requirement on female patients desiring sterilization that must be completed at least 30 days, but no more than 180 days, before sterilization. Desired sterilization cannot be completed in the Medicaid population without this consent. Large-scale national evidence is lacking on the effect of this requirement. This study aimed to explore the influence of insurance status on the achievement of postpartum sterilization after a self-reported unwanted birth in a nationally representative sample. This was a retrospective cohort analysis using data from the 2013-2015 National Survey of Family Growth. The National Survey of Family Growth uses a stratified, multistage clustered sample to make nationally representative estimates for men and women aged 15 to 44 years in the household population of the United States. The analysis was limited to a cohort of birthing people who reported their last birth as unwanted and who were insured by either Medicaid or private insurance. The survey was analyzed with the application of inverse probability of treatment weights to balance those with Medicaid and those with private insurance in addition to the survey weight. The association between completion of postpartum sterilization and insurance type was evaluated using weighted logistic regression, adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics. In an adjusted and inverse probability of treatment weight balanced analysis of a weighted national sample representing 4,164,304 people (416 respondents), Medicaid-insured birthing people with history of unwanted births were found to have 56% lower odds of obtaining postpartum sterilization (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.87; P=.019) than those with private insurance. This study adds to mounting evidence that insurance type plays a significant role in the achievement of desired postpartum sterilization, with individuals with Medicaid less likely to undergo the procedure. The findings call for policy reforms around sterilization policy in the United States, emphasizing the need for uniform consent procedures that do not discriminate based on insurance status.

Contraceptive awareness and its determinants for use among women of reproductive age: A cross sectional study

Introduction: According to the WHO, family planning is an approach to thinking and living that people and couples freely adopt in order to enhance their health and welfare based on their knowledge, attitude, and responsible choices. Each year, incorrect use of contraceptives or their failure to work as intended results in around one-third of unwanted births. The obstacles that exist in poorer nations include a lack of awareness about contraceptive techniques, the availability of supplies, their cost, or their inadequate accessibility. Method: This was a cross sectional study; conducted to asses o contraception awareness, acceptance, and adoption among women of reproductive age. Women who attended/delivered at the Saidham Hospital affiliated to Dr. Mane Medical Foundation and Research Centre (DMMFARC) Maharashtra, India were included. Face-to-face interviews were conducted while data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Result: Out of total 359 total women the majority 115 (32.02%) belonged to the 21–25 age group, while 197 (54.87%) were housewives, 112 (31.19%) had higher secondary education, 201 (54.98%) belonged to the lower socioeconomic class and were BPL cardholders, 191 (52.20%) belonged to rural areas, and Hindu populations contributed 182 (50.69%). Furthermore,165 (45.96%) study participants had one child, and 21 (5.84%) had a history of one abortion. occupation, level of education, socioeconomic class, area of residence, and religion showed statistically significant relationships with contraception usage. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the majority of women of reproductive age still do not use contraceptives and their opinion is not taken into account. More similar studies are needed to ascertain the determinants of contraceptive use and such knowledge can be used to formulate specific health education needed for adoption of family planning methods.

Conditional cash transfers and women's reproductive choices.

We study potential non-targeted effects of a large-scale national conditional cash transfer program-Peru's Juntos-on the fertility and reproductive decisions of adult beneficiaries. We use an event study design, exploiting time and geographic variation in the rollout of the program, to identify the causal effects of the program. We find that Juntos decreases the number of children that adult beneficiaries have and that these effects persist over time. We explore various mechanisms and find that Juntos does not affect fertility preferences but rather empowers women to avoid unwanted births. We provide evidence that this decrease is most likely due to better access to and more extensive use of modern birth control methods.

Addressing the Causes of Maternal Mortality in Sierra Leone

This paper explores the root causes of maternal mortality in Sierra Leone, where the maternal mortality rate (MMR) is 1,360 deaths per 100,000 live births. This issue can be traced back to poverty, limited medical resources, and a lack of education on reproductive health. While the country has made some progress in reducing the maternal mortality rate, it is not feasible to reach the global target set by the World Health Organization. Instead, a more attainable target is that of Guinea. Based on current intervention efforts and statisical data from recent surveys, this paper argues that increased efforts focusing on preventing unwanted births through family planning education and increased access to medical services can help reduce the country's MMR. Also highlighted are barriers to a successful intervention, such as a mistrust of modern medicine, cultural beliefs, and the country's weak economy.

The Legal Theory and Social Problems Behind "Women's Reproductive Freedom Right": From the Perspective of Comparative Law

With the aging of population and the continuous decline of fertility rate, social problems are becoming more and more serious. In order to stop the continuous decline of the fertility rate, many countries have implemented the policy of increasing the fertility rate. Based on the method of comparative research, this study has studied the partial birth policies of many countries, and the research theme is divided into two parts. The legal theory behind "Women's reproductive freedom". On the one hand, in order to promote women's human rights, some fertility decisions violate women's human rights. On the other hand, unwanted births affect children's human rights. And the social issues behind "women's right to reproductive freedom". Studies have shown that despite the increasing number of decisions made to increase fertility rates, fertility rates are still falling, and the negative impact of some related decisions on society cannot be ignored. The decision of some countries to increase birth rates is a serious violation of human rights. At the same time, this study found that such a decision goes against the original intention of the state, not only damages the protection of human rights, but also causes jurisprudence problems and social problems.

Role of community-level emergency contraceptive pills awareness and possibilities of long-acting reversible or permanent methods in reducing unwanted births in Bangladesh: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey

ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the role of community-level emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) awareness in reducing unwanted births (UWBs) in Bangladesh and explore the regional variation in women’s appropriateness to...

Implementation of Abortion Regulations on Medical Emergency Indications in Hospitals Based on Legal Aspects

Abortion is one method to prevent unwanted births. This method was born along with the development of human life with various reasons and considerations, both legal and medical considerations. Abortion is a crucial law in health law. But abortion for several medical reasons is a legal way to provide solutions to safety problems related to pregnancy. As the executors of the abortion act, namely medical personnel who are closely related to existing regulations or policies, it is still a pro and contra polemic. Therefore, it is necessary to do an analysis to determine the clarity of the legality of the implementation of abortion on indications of medical emergencies in hospitals associated with abortion law regulations. The research design used in this study is qualitative through a descriptive analysis approach related to the legality issue of abortion regulations indicating medical emergencies between the Health Act and the Abortion Criminal Code. The sample in this study was an obstetrician with a medical team, namely midwives who worked in the delivery room. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the implementation of abortion regulations based on indications of medical emergencies in hospitals, specifically referring to Health Law No. 36 of 2009 with the Criminal Code on abortion. The factors that influence the implementation of abortion in hospitals are: the discovery of indicators or triggers that an abortion must be carried out in accordance with the Health Law Number 36 of 2009; it must be carried out as soon as possible because it endangers the patient’s life; carried out according to health standards and applicable laws; and the approval of both the parties to carry out official and legal abortion procedures and mechanisms according to legal and applicable rules. Based on this, abortions with indications of medical emergencies are often carried out in hospitals and can be justified by the principle of legitime defense. Legal issues regarding the regulation of abortion indicative of a medical emergency, as long as they refer to the procedures according to the Health Law, the legal issue of the Criminal Code cannot be brought to the surface, because abortion on the indication of a medical emergency is a medical action that must be carried out.
 Keywords: abortion, health law, hospital