Unusual Content Research Articles

Gene re-arrangement and fusion in Mycoplasma gallisepticum thyA-nrdFEI locus.

Sequencing of Mycoplasma gallisepticum genome fragment containing thymidylate synthase and ribonucleotide reductase gene clusters reveals both its unusual organization and gene content. Sequence analysis indicates the presence of a gene whose product can be considered as a fusion of two full size proteins: the N-terminal part shows significant similarity to mycoplasmal dihydrofolate reductases, while the C-terminal part of the polypeptide chain shows significant similarity to eukaryotic deoxycytidylate deaminase. Phylogenetic analysis has suggested that the C-terminal part of the M. gallisepticum fusion gene and eukaryotic deoxycytidylate deaminase genes are xenologous. No chromosomal regions encoding peptides similar to the C-terminal part of this fusion protein were found in completely sequenced genomes of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Genes for ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase alpha chain (nrdE), NrdI protein (nrdI), and ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase beta chain (nrdF) have an opposite direction of transcription with respect to genes for thymidylate synthase (thyA), and dihydrofolate reductase-deoxycytidylate deaminase fusion protein.

Reinier Vinkeles' illustrations in the preliminaries of the Kunstkeurig Psalmboek

In 1773 a new metrical psalter was introduced in the Dutch Reformed Church, the then established church. Among the numerous editions of these new metrical psalms which appeared at the time, the edition discussed in the present article, the so-called Kunstkeurig psalmboek, has a special place. Not only is its typographical execution much more beautiful than was usual, but it is also supplied with preliminaries of unusual content and a set of four prints which are quite exceptional for a psalm-book. Whereas illustrations in psalm-books traditionally emphasize the role of king David as poet of the psalms or highlight the theological significance of the psalms with respect to the New Testament teaching, in this edition the concept of the Enlightenment emerges - which was also the basis for the compilation of the new version of the metrical psalms - that a metrical psalter should be poetically attractive, if it is to appeal to the heart and is to be sung in an elegant way. The important role of the State in the realization of the new metrical psalter is also emphasized in two of these prints. In addition to this psalm-book a two-volume history of church song, executed in the same style, was published in which this involvement is related in detail. Thus the two editions form a unique monument to the well-known Dutch metrical psalter of 1773.

Publish or Perish: Legal Contingencies and the Publication of Kepler's Astronomia nova

The ArgumentThe publication of Johannes Kepler's brilliant and revolutionary Astronomia nova (1609) has hitherto been viewed as somehow inevitable. This paper argues that, on the contrary, the book's very existence and a measure of its unusual form and content are in fact highly contingent, and derive from a legal dispute between Kepler and Tycho's heirs over the right to capitalize on his astronomical legacy. On Tycho's death, Kepler rather accidentally found himself in charge of Tycho's posthumous astronomical publications, especially the highly prestigious Rudol phine Tables. Tycho's legal heirs, not having been paid by the emperor for Tycho's astronomical assets and feigning Kepler's unworthiness as his successor, wrested this mandate back. Ordered in turn to justify his employment, Kepler contrived the Astronomia nova as an interim announcement of the fruits of his astronomical research. In an effort to block Kepler's continuing exploitation of Tycho's observations, the heirs obtained the legal right to censor his publications, which severely threatened his philosophical freedom. The threat of editorial interference was responsible in part for Astronomia nova's unusual narrative form.

4Q502 a New Year Festival?

In 1982 M. Baillet entitled his publication of 4Q502 Rituel de manage (DJD 7.81-105). The interpretation of these fragments as a liturgy for a marriage has generally, although not universally, been accepted.' J.M. Baumgarten has advanced the most plausible alternative to Baillet's identification, arguing that the text is a Golden In this article will argue that 4Q502 should be understood as neither a marriage nor a Golden Age ritual. Rather, 4Q502 is more probably a New Year ritual marking the beginning of Nisan. 4Q502 is comprised of 344 fragments, many containing only a word or part of a word. Baillet himself is unsure if all of these fragments belong to a single unified text: On ne peut garantir l'appartenance de tous les fragments.2 The most complete fragments (1-14) have been joined to make four textual fragments: none of these I texts contains a single completely preserved line. There are five Group II fragments (16-21); three Group IH fragments (22-24); and the remainder of the fragments Baillet labels as Other. The fragmentary nature of the text, combined with its highly unusual content, make the continuing disagreements on its identification unsurprising. The primary arguments for identifying 4Q502 as a mariage are:

Rhizobial saccharides. Part. 4. Unusual Reactivity of Pyruvated Glycosyl Donors during construction of rhizobial exopolysaccharide fragments

Two pyruvated galactosyl donors, 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-[1-(R)-methoxycarbonyl(ethylidene)]-α-D-galactopyranosyl chloride (6) and trichloroacetimidate 13, were coupled to position 3 of suitably protected mono and disaccharide benzyl glucoside acceptors. For both donors, an unusual high content of the α-(1 3)-linked products was obtained. The corresponding β-(1 3)-linked di- and trisaccharides are related to exopolysaccharides of Rhizobium leguminosarum.

Sugar biotransformations by fungi on leaves of the resurrection plant Sporobolus stapfianus

Fresh, dried and rehydrated leaf samples of the resurrection plant, Sporobolus stapfianus, were analysed for their contents of low- M r substances. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were the prevailing sugars in aqueous extracts from fresh leaves, whereas sucrose accumulated in dried leaves. After 72 hr rehydration, an unusual content of mannitol and trehalose was observed. The involvement of fungal species, able to perform sugar biotransformations in rehydrated leaves, is reported.

Strength change and chemical reactivity of ceramic breeder materials near operation conditions

Measurements of mechanical strength achieved on pellet samples of various ceramic breeder materials which had been irradiated in the COMPLIMENT experiment (1.8 dpa, 0.4–1.4% lithium burnup, 400–450°C and 650–700°C) indicated a general strength reduction. The Young's modulus decreased to 70–80%, and the compressive strength down to about 30% of the initial values. Concerning the fracture strength, increasing irradiation sensitivity was indicated in the order: LiAlO 2, Li 2ZrO 3 → Li 2SiO 3, Li 4SiO 4. The largest irradiation effect seems to be due to coarse microstructure damage and could be advanced by the tritium production. The cladding attack observed in the sealed breeder rod samples was compared with the amount expected from tritium water production and, on the other hand, with that in annealing tests at 1 Pa H 2O. Such tests were found to be conservative. Major chemical attack of the steel cladding seemed to be connected with an unusual content of oxidizing impurities in the breeder material.

Cyanolipids and Fatty Acids of Sapindus trifoliatus L. (Sapindaceae) Seed Oil

AbstractSeed oil composition of Sapindus trifoliatus L., a Sapindaceae tree native to India, was investigated. Type II cyanolipids were characterized by IR, TLC, GC and 13C NMR. Fatty acid composition was established by GC analysis of the methylesters and by GC‐MS of the trimethylsilyloxy adducts. Oleic acid represented by far the major compound (58.2%), but unusual content of arachidic acid (15.9%) was found together with smaller amount of 11‐eicosenoic acid (8.6%). Cisvaccenic acid (11‐octadecenoic acid) and 13‐eicosenoic acid were detected in trace amounts. Comparison with other Sapindus species showed a close relationship with S. emarginatus.

Effects of Clays on Well Economics, Wire-Line Log Interpretation, and Completions: ABSTRACT

Composition and distribution of clays (both as clay minerals and true shales) can have a direct impact on the day-to-day and long-term economic performance of a well. Clays affect the following: (1) Distribution and quantity of interstitial fluids (i.e., value of reserves in place). The specific composition of dispersed (authigenic) clays controls the surface area of the pore system. Water bound in micropores created by these dispersed clays can comprise ±70% of fluid volume, but the well may produce water-free hydrocarbons. In such shaly sands, calculation of Sw by itself often may not identify either the amount or type of fluid production. It can predict the presence of hydrocarbons, but is not an optimum indicator of fluid production. (2) Rate of production (i.e., time value of reserves). The distribution of clays affects rate of production. Laminar clays will not reduce flow rates as significantly as dispersed clays. For example, a sand containing 20% clay distributed as laminae will have its net pay reduced by 20%. Production from the sand laminae is not affected by the clay. However, a sand with 20% clay dispersed in 30% pore space may not produce economic quantities of hydrocarbons. Furthermore certain clay minerals, such as fibrous illite, can significantly increase flow tortuosity and reduce daily flow rates. (3) Wire-line log response (i.e., bypassed production). Calculated values of Sw, porosity, and Vshale must be interpreted considering clay type and shale distribution. High values of log derived Sw can indicate (a) highly productive laminated sand-shale sequences, (b) low permeability dispersed clay production, or (c) water production. Calculated porosities depend upon assumptions of rock density, which can be significantly altered by the presence of shales. Vshale is calculated from the gamma ray response, yet three of the four major families of clay minerals are nonradioactive and do not have any effect upon gamma response. Much production is bypassed due to inadequate knowledge of clay composition in potential horizons. (4) Completion. The role of clay minerals on completion procedures is well documented. Clay minerals dispersed in pores can interact with common well-bore fluids and irreparably damage potentially productive sands. A knowledge of detailed clay compositions is vital to successful stimulation effects. Individual wells or whole zones can be written off as nonproductive if inappropriately designed stimulation efforts prove unsuccessful. Identification of bypassed production and incorrectly stimulated zones are particularly important during field development because of the heavy front-end investment necessitated by development. Once this investment is made, then hydrocarbon-productive zones that were not obvious or considered uneconomic during exploratory evaluation, become important targets. Experience suggests that much bypassed production contains unusual clay content or clay distribution. End_of_Article - Last_Page 446------------

The structure and chemistry of plastid differentiation during male meiosis in Lilium henryi.

The unusual content of the plastids characteristic of male meiosis and microsporogenesis in Lilium henryi has been investigated using enzymic digestion of material prepared for electron microscopy. Apart from membranous tubules and osmiophilic droplets, commonly regarded as normal constituents of the stroma of undifferentiated plastids, these organelles contained a single conspicuous association between membrane and particulate material and wefts of filaments. Enzymic digestion revealed the membrane-particle association (MPA) to contain RNA and some protein, and the filaments to be entirely proteinaceous. The use of DNase on this material proved both unreliable and, on occasions, unspecific, so no new information has emerged as to the disposition of DNA within these organelles. Many of the plastids divide immediately after meiosis and the MPAs normally divide in step with the organelles. The activities of the MPA and those of the filaments are discussed in terms of changes in the organelle population as a whole, and also in consideration of the fundamental events occurring elsewhere in the cells during the alternation from the diploid sporophyte to the haploid gametophyte.

Sequence of 1019 nucleotides encompassing one of the inverted repeats from the yeast 2 μm plasmid

A sequence of 1019 nucleotides encompassing one of the 600 base inverted repeats and non-repeated flanking regions has been determined in the type A yeast 2 micrometers plasmid cloned in pMB9. Methods are described for applying the Maxam-Gilbert sequencing procedure to DNA fragments labelled at the 3'-end using a T4-polymerase exchange/repair reaction and for sequencing 5'-end labelled fragments using dideoxy-nucleotides as chain terminators in the presence of E. coli DNA polymerase (nach Klenow). A notable feature of the sequence is its unusual content of symmetry elements. In one region of 140 nucleotides, 137 are involved in a complex arrangement of direct and inverted repeats linked by palindromic sequences.

Alveolar cell hyperplasia in the lungs of smoking dogs

Hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelium was observed in the lung parenchyma of 14 smoking dogs. Besides the increased number of cell layers in the bronchiolar epithelium, there was a virtual absence of glycogen in the cell cytoplasm. Sheetlike arrangements of squamous cells containing an abundance of tonofilament bundles were found lining alveoli. Type II cells were found adjacent to, and sometimes extending over the squamous cells. In all cases, a proliferation of type II cells was found in the alveolar epithelium, almost completely lining some alveoli. Acinarlike structures also lined by many type II cells were sometimes found near the pleura. Microinvasions of cytoplasmic processes into the underlying connective tissue often occurred through defects in the basal lamina. In some type II cells an unusual content of RER was observed. It possessed electron dense banding ≈ 180 Å wide with a repeat at intervals of ≈ 540 Å and was found in narrow cisternae and in bulbous dilatations of the cisternae of the RER. Fibrogranular material of the same appearance and periodicity was also found in the perinuclear space in some cells. Type II cells are further implicated as a reserve cell or stem cell in metaplastic alterations.

Human hepatic metallothioneins

Metallothioneins are sulfur-rich proteins first recognized in equine and human renal cortex by their unusual content of cadmium [ 1,2] . All preparations contained in addition, however, equally appreciable amounts of zinc and the variations in the relative amounts of the two metals suggested even in the earliest studies that they may replace each other. A naturally occurring only zinc-containing form of metallothionein was recently identified in equine liver and recognized as one of the major zinc proteins of this organ [3,4] . In the present study we report the isolation from human liver and characterization of two similar, only zinc-containing forms of metallothionein.

Art and Reality in "The Golden Notebook"

In interview published in 1964 Doris Lessing stated: I got angry over reviews of The Golden Notebook. They thought it was personal -it was, in parts. But it was a very highly structured book, carefully planned. The point of that book was relation of its parts to each other. But book they tried to turn it into was: The Confessions of Doris Lessing.' Lessing had already given some clues to her intentions in The Golden Notebook on its dust jacket where she explained that novel was a combination of two projected books, a fictional work dealing with a novelist suffering from a writer's block, and a book of literary which employ various styles so that the shape of book and juxtaposition of styles provide criticism in such a way that completed work would make implicitly a statement about 'alienation.' The Golden Notebook, she says further, is an attempt to break a form; to break certain forms of consciousness and go beyond them.2 Clearly Lessing is attempting to fuse unusual content with original structure. Without its structural plan The Golden Notebook could not make comment on life Lessing desires; without content structure

γ Radioactivity in the Fayetteville meteorite

The Fayetteville meteorite has been shown to have an unusual rare gas content [Manuel and Kuroda, 1964], and it was thought to be of some value to measure the γ-ray activity of this meteorite. The resulting data, combined with the rare gas values reported by Manuel and Kuroda, can be used to calculate the K40-Ar40 gas retention age and the Ne21-Al26 cosmic-ray exposure age of the meteorite to establish whether this part of the past history of the Fayetteville meteorite was also unusual. The specimen of the Fayetteville meteorite used in this study was the principal mass (1.788 kg) of the recovered fall, which is under the custody of Professor D. P. Richardson, Chairman of the Department of Mathematics, University of Arkansas. The circumstances of the fall and recovery of the meteorite were reported by him [Richardson, 1935].

The Genesis of the Involuntary Memory in Proust's Early Works

That Curious psychological phenomenon, the involuntary memory, is not an original discovery of Proust. Nor does he claim it as such, since, in Le Temps retrouvé, he himself mentions Chateaubriand, Baudelaire, and Nerval as predecessors. Critical investigations have since amplified this list. What is original, however, is Proust's use of it: only he conceived of its many facets—poetic, dramatic, philosophic—and exploited its possibilities by incorporating it centrally in the substance of a novel. Within his own work the involuntary memory underwent a lengthy evolution, appearing in embryonic form from the outset in Les Plaisirs et les jours and recurring, progressively more refined, in all subsequent writing, but not fully modeled nor centrally placed until the final work. In La Recherche three separate forms of the involuntary memory are delineated. There is a dream memory operating in a state of full or partial somnolence found principally in the “Ouverture” and in La Prisonnière where the senses and imaginative powers pursue a course unchecked by reason or will, where the evocations are fleeting, vague in contour, limited in significance and never surprising. There is a sentimental memory evoking a person once loved by the narrator (Gilberte, his grandmother, Albertine), in effect resuscitating that person since the narrator experiences her as present, as a living reality within him, surrounded by the full force of all old emotional ties. It is operative only while some trace of the original affection remains and affords no pleasure but rather acute and often prolonged sorrow, since the circumstances necessary for such recollection are so precarious (love being ephemeral). There is finally an esthetic memory, far more dependable than the sentimental memory in its life-preserving powers, and also richer quantitatively and qualitatively, recalling and bringing back to life whole worlds (connected with a period such as Combray, Balbec, Venice, or with an instant) framed and colored by the narrator's past aspirations. Its mechanism is uniquely poetic and dramatic. It presents a highly specific content—the affective comprehension of a particular place and moment. It causes an intense and durable pleasure and contains the answers to the narrator's questions.The present analysis will trace the emergence of these forms along with other basic features of Proust's affective memory: its involuntary character, its structural function, its intricate mechanism including unusual impetus-sensations, original and beautiful content, striking subsidiary effects.

A Case of Obsessional State of Unusual Content

We wish to record a case of obsessional neurosis remarkable for its strange content and unusual form, and in doing so to draw attention to the comparative rarity of this condition as a primary diagnosis in Naval Psychiatry. Our observations on the last point may not be without interest in considering the aetiology of this condition.