Untreated Pig Research Articles

Odour and ammonia emissions following the spreading of anaerobically-digested pig slurry on grassland

Anaerobically digested and untreated pig slurries were spread on grassland plots and measurements of odour and ammonia emissions made using a systems of small wind tunnels. Digestion reduced total solids (TS), total nitrogen (TN) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content of pig slurry and increased pH value. Odour emission during the first 6 h following application was reducd by between 70–80%. Odour intensity was also reduced, but odour offensiveness when measured at the same intensity was unchanged. Digestion had no significant effect on the ammonia volatilization from pig slurry following application to grassland.

"DAKLI": a multipurpose ligand with high affinity and selectivity for dynorphin (kappa opioid) binding sites.

We describe a synthetic ligand, "DAKLI" (Dynorphin A-analogue Kappa LIgand), related to the opioid peptide dynorphin A. A single reactive amino group at the extended carboxyl terminus permits various reporter groups to be attached, such as 125I-labeled Bolton-Hunter reagent, fluorescein isothiocyanate, or biotin. These derivatives have high affinity and selectivity for the dynorphin (kappa opioid) receptor. An incidental finding is that untreated guinea pig brain membranes have saturable avidin binding sites.

The vermicomposting of pre-treated pig manure

This paper reports the results of a study of vermicomposting of pre-treated pig manure in Hong Kong using the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Pig manure was first composted, supplemented with 4% calcium sulphate and then washed before feeding to worms. Worms fed untreated pig manure died within 24 h. Worm castings had a stimulating effect on the growth of Glycine max (soybean), with an increase in root length, lateral root number, shoot length, and internodal length of seedling plants. Local fish fed on boiled worm biomass tissue extracted with isopropanol, ethanol or isobutanol did not die. The boiling and solvent extraction are necessary to enhance the storage of worms. The results showed that fecund earthworm species, such as Eisenia foetida are suitable agents for biorecycling pre-treated pig manure; the worms grow rapidly and produce a humus-rich worm-cast which is odour-free.

出血時間創内の血栓形成とｖｏｎ Ｗｉｌｌｅｂｒａｎｄ因子 抗ｖｏｎ Ｗｉｌｌｅｂｒａｎｄ因子抗体の輸注効果

The role of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in hemostasis was investigated morphologically in normal pigs infused with an anti-vWF monocolonal antibody which prolonged the bleeding time to 7.5-8.5 minutes. Morphology of the hemostatic plugs (HPs) at one and two minutes was basically similar to that of the untreated normal pig. Some HPs were formed at the ends of the transected vessels and some were adhering to the surface of the bleeding time incision. At seven minutes after bleeding time incision was made when the incision was oozing, large HPs were found and the ends of the small arteries were not covered with the HPs. The volume of HPs was calculated by integrating the areas of serial sections showing the volume of HPs formed in the incision increased with time. These findings were similar to those observed in von Willebrand's disease pigs. PAP staining was performed in the cryostat sections to investigate the localization of the infused monoclonal antibody in the tissue including the bleeding time incision. The antibody was localized to the HPs composed of platelets, individual platelets attached to the surface of the incision, and endothelial cells of the vessel. These in vivo findings suggest that vWF in the platelets and endothelial cells as well as in plasma plays an important role in the localization of the HPs to the damaged vessel.

Treatment of alveolar macrophages with cytochalasin D inhibits uptake and subsequent growth of Legionella pneumophila.

Legionella pneumophila multiplied rapidly in guinea pig and rat alveolar macrophages but failed to grow when phagocytic activity was inhibited by pretreatment with 0.5 or 1.0 microgram of cytochalasin D per ml. Attachment was not inhibited by cytochalasin D. No extracellular multiplication occurred when L. pneumophila were in close proximity to viable functional macrophages or even when the bacteria were attached to plasma membranes of the macrophages. Nonopsonized L. pneumophila were avidly phagocytized by alveolar macrophages. When bacteria were centrifuged onto a cell pellet, more than 85% of the phagocytes contained one or more bacteria within 15 min. In contrast, under the same conditions only approximately 15% of the macrophages contained nonopsonized Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. Phagocytosis of L. pneumophila by untreated guinea pig macrophages occurred by extension of pseudopodia around the bacteria in a classical manner. The failure of the bacteria to actively penetrate the phagocyte suggests that their intracellular survival must not depend on avoidance of a phagosome but rather on an inhibition of or resistance to subsequent microbicidal functions of the macrophage.

Sensitization induced in guinea pigs with beta-propiolactone-treated serum albumin: experimental evidence for the cause of allergic reactions in humans receiving human diploid cell rabies vaccines.

beta-Propiolactone-treated (BPL-T) homologous serum albumin caused anaphylaxis in guinea pigs with a frequency and severity equal to that of guinea pigs inoculated with human albumin. Untreated guinea pig serum albumin did not cause any reactions in these animals. Some recipients of current rabies vaccine produced in human diploid cells available in the USA develop systemic allergic reactions, usually following booster immunization. The BPL-T human albumin component of the vaccines was believed to be the cause of the complications. Our studies support this conclusion.

Guinea Pig-Amblyomma Americanum Evaluation of Animal Systemic Acaricides, 1983

Abstract Guinea pigs were weighed and the hair around the midsection was removed with close-shave clippers. Two capsular cages, pushed through holes in elastoplast bands, were secured to the pigs with contact cement. The first dose of candidate compound was administered subcutaneously in the top of the guinea pig’s neck 24 h after 12 starved, nymphal lone star ticks had been placed into each cage. The second and third injections were given on alternate days. An untreated guinea pig served as the control and provided data for control mortality. Doses of the active ingredient depended on guinea pig weight, compound structure and LD50. The dose selected was formulated in diethyl succinate in volumes of less than 500 μ/injection. About 4 to 6 days after the first treatment, dead ticks in the cages were removed and counted and replete ticks were removed and held to observe mortality and molt. Effectiveness of the treatment was determined by comparing the percentage of ticks that failed to ecdyse (including nymphs that detached without engorging and died) with that of ticks placed on the untreated pig.

Guinea Pig-Amblyomma Americanum Animal Systemic Evaluation of Igr’s and Acaricides, 1982

Abstract Guinea pigs are weighed and the hair removed around the midsection using close-shave clippers. Then 2 capsule cages are pushed through holes in elastoplast bands and secured to the pigs with contact cement. The first dose of candidate compound is administered subcutaneously in the top of the neck 24 h after 12 starved nymphal lone star ticks have been introduced into each cage. The second and third injections are given on alternate days as multiple doses maintain more consistent blood levels of test materials for the different feeding rates of the ticks. An untreated pig serves as the control and provides data for Abbott’s formula. Doses of the active ingredient depend on guinea pig weight, compound structure, LD5Q, and other considerations. This amount is formulated in diethyl succinate in volumes of less than 500 ul/injection. About 4-6 days after the first treatment, dead ticks in the cages are removed and counted, and/or replete ticks are removed and held to observe mortality and nymphal molt. Effectiveness is determined by the percentage of ticks that fail to ecdyse (including dead nymphs that detach without engorging).

Primary Tumors and Adenomatosis Of The Lung In Untreated and In Irradiated Guineá Pigs

The morphology of alveologenic tumor, hemangiosarcoma, lymphangioma, intrabronchial papilloma and adenomatosis observed in the lung of guinea pigs is described. Electron micrographs revealed alveologenic tumor to consist of Type II pneumocytes and the lesion of adenomatosis to consist of distended alveoli lined with ciliated bronchial type epithelial cells. A relationship between the dose of gamma or X-ray irradiation received and the frequency of guinea pigs with lung tumors could not be established. In guinea pigs, which survived over 20 months, the frequency of alveologenic tumors in the inbred strains was 23/107 in irradiated and 11/79 in untreated guinea pigs; this difference was statistically not significant. The frequency of tumor bearing inbred males (11/60) was significantly lower than of tumor bearing noninbred males (23/65). In the irradiated guinea pigs alveologenic tumors occurred earlier and tumor nodules in the lung were more numerous than in the untreated guinea pigs. Primary hemangiosarcoma involved the lung of one untreated and one irradiated strain 2 guinea pig. A single lymphangioma was found in an untreated inbred guinea pig. Intrabronchial papillomas were observed twice in irradiated and once in untreated guinea pigs. Adenomatosis was present in the lung of 2 untreated inbred and 5 irradiated noninbred guinea pigs.

Guinea Pig-Amblyomma Americanum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1981

Abstract The procedure is as follows: Hair on guinea pigs is clipped around the midsection. Then 2 capsule cages containing 12 starved nymphal lone star ticks are attached with contact cement and tape to each animal. Those guinea pigs receiving the candidate compounds are treated 24 hr later. An untreated pig serves as the control and provides data for Abbott’s formula. Doses of the active ingredient depend on guinea pig weight, compound structure, LD50, and other considerations with a maximum of 20 mg/kg. This amount is formulated in diethyl succinate and administered subcutaneous Iy on 3 alternate days in a volume of less than 500 pI/injection. About 4-6 days after the 1st treatment, dead ticks in the cages are removed and counted, and/or replete ticks are removed from the capsules and held to observe mortality and nymphal molt. Effectiveness is determined by the percentage of ticks that fail to ecdyse (including dead nymphs that detach without engorging).

Guinea Pig-Amblyomma Americanum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1980

Abstract The procedure is as follows: Hair on guinea pigs is clipped around the midsection. Then 2 capsule cages containing 12 starved nymphal lone star ticks are attached with contact cement and tape to each animal. Those guinea pigs receiving the candidate compounds are treated 24 h later. An untreated pig serves as the control and provides data for Abbott’s formula. Doses of the active ingredient depend on guinea pig weight, compound structure, LDjrj, and other considerations though the maximum is 30 mg/kg. This amount is formulated in diethyl succinate and administered subcutaneously on 3 alternate days in a volume of<500 ul/injection. About 4-6 days after the 1st treatment, dead ticks in the cages are detached and counted, and/or replete ticks are removed from the capsules and held to observe mortality and nymphal molt. Effectiveness is determined by the percentage of ticks that fail to ecdyse (including dead nymphs that detach without engorging).

Guinea Pig-Amblyomma Americanum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1979

Abstract The procedure is as follows: Hair on guinea pigs is clipped around the midsection. Then 2 capsule cages each containing 12 starved nymphal lone star ticks are attached with contact cement and tape to each animal. Those guinea pigs receiving the candidate compound are treated 24 h later. An untreated pig serves as the control and provides data for Abbott’s formula. Doses of the active ingredient depend on guinea pig weight, compound structure, LD50, and other considerations though the maximum is 30 mg/kg. This amount Is formulated in diethyl succinate and administered subcutaneously on 3 alternate days, a volume of^500 ul/injection. About 4-6 days after the 1st treatment, dead ticks in the cages are detached and counted, and/or replete ticks were removed from the capsules and held to observe mortality and nymphal molt. Effectiveness is determined by the percentage of ticks that fail to ecdyse (including dead nymphs that detach without engorging).

The requirement for tetravalency of soybean agglutinin for induction of mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes

The mitogenic activity of soybean agglutinin was found to depend on the presence of lectin aggregates formed in lectin preparations stored in the lyophilized state. Such soybean agglutinin preparations gave maximal stimulation of untreated pig lymph node cells and neuraminidase-treated mouse spleen cells at relatively high concentrations, ranging from 100 to 2000 mug/ml. After separation into unaggregated (divalent) and polymeric (tetra-and multivalent) fractions, it was found that the unaggregated lectin did not stimulate the cells, while the tetravalent and multivalent fractions were active and gave maximal stimulation at a concentration of 10 mug/ml. These results suggest that soybean agglutinin must have at least four sugar binding sites in order to be able to stimulate lymphocytes.

Natural and Antibody-Induced Adherence of Guinea Pig Phagocytic Cells to Autologous and Heterologous Thymocytes

Abstract Adherence of macrophages and thymocytes occurs in cell mixtures containing untreated guinea pig macrophages and autologous or homologous thymocytes. Morphologically the reaction resembles the adherence of guinea pig macrophages to heterologous lymphocytes which has been induced by moderate concentrations of antilymphocyte serum. There is relatively little natural adherence of guinea pig macrophages to rat, mouse, and rabbit thymocytes or to extra-thymic guinea pig lymphocytes. Adherence of autologous or homologous guinea pig macrophages and thymocytes occurs in the absence of serum but is augmented when guinea pig serum or gelatin is present. At high serum concentrations the adherence is often followed by phagocytosis of autologous thymocytes by the macrophages. When serum is incubated at 57°C for 30 min its ability to induce phagocytosis is abolished but its ability to enhance adherence is not. Dialysis of serum against salt solution does not affect its ability to enhance adherence or phagocytosis. Treatment of macrophages with trypsin completely abolishes the adherence of autologous macrophages and thymocytes. The degree of adherence of guinea pig neutrophils and eosinophils to autologous and homologous thymocytes exceeds their adherence to extra-thymic guinea pig lymphocytes or heterologous thymocytes but is less than the adherence of guinea pig macrophages. Comparative studies have indicated that the adherence of autologous macrophages and thymocytes does not occur through any of the known opsonic actions of circulating antibodies. It is postulated that adherence of autologous macrophages and thymocytes may participate in mechanisms which limit the number and circulation of thymocytes.

Complement and lysozyme requirements for spirochetolysis in guinea pig serum.

During experiments on the immunological immobilization of treponemes, several cultured strains were lysed in the guinea pig serum used as a source of complement. In further studies employing Borrelia vincentii, lysis, observed by darkfield, appeared as swelling and some beading of the cells. Complete disruption eventuated. Untreated guinea pig serum was strongly lytic, whereas little or no lysis occurred in bentonite-adsorbed samples. Activity was restored to these samples by adding commercially obtained crystalline egg-white lysozyme. Serum samples which had been heated, absorbed with aggregates of human gamma-globulin, or treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetate to remove, or inactivate, complement also lost spirochetolytic activity.

DIFFERENCES IN COMPLEMENT TITERS OF SERUMS FROM SPACED BLEEDINGS IN GUINEA PIGS.

Complement titers of serum samples collected 24 hours apart from an untreated guinea pig differed greatly. The mean of the differences between the titers at the beginning and 24 hours later for each of 11 animals was significantly different from zero (.01<p<.02).

The effect of scorbutus and pentobarbital on the in vivo levels of “energy-rich” phosphates and their turnover in guinea pig cerebral tissue

The in vivo cerebral levels of ascorbic acid and “energy-rich” phosphates and turnover of the phosphates were measured in young guinea pigs under different experimental conditions. Pentobarbital-treated scorbutic animals show a cerebral ascorbic acid level twice that of the untreated scorbutic guinea pig. The results also indicate that the combination of scorbutus plus pentobarbital treatment raises the in vivo creatine phosphate level and interferes with the turnover of creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate. Boiling water and cold perchloric acid were compared as extracting agents for cerebral organic phosphates. Boiling water results in considerably less creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate isolation than does cold perchloric acid, although total creatine and adenine nucleotides extracted by the two remain the same.