Untested Areas Research Articles

Fault Location and Detection in Power Distribution Systems with Presence of Distributed Generations using Improved CNNs

This paper introduces a deep learning approach for addressing fault detection and location issues in power distribution grids. The proposed method utilizes a 20-layer deep neural network (CNN) that employs the ReLU activation function in the hidden layers and the Softmax function in the pre-classification layer. The network’s input layer dimensions are 224 x 224 pixels, with each input image being a composite of seven images, each sized 32 x 224 pixels. Data is gathered using continuous wavelet transform and Hilbert transform on each signal, followed by feature extraction and conversion into RGB images. The signals include three-phase voltages, currents, and zero-sequence voltages, collected across different locations, times, and fault resistances for use in the training and testing of the deep neural network. The output layer categorizes faults into ten classes, covering types such as single-phase to ground, two-phase, and three-phase faults. Additionally, the location identification layer categorizes faults into five classes corresponding to five zones on a specific feeder. The proposed method is validated using a test power system simulated in MATLAB 2020b, which includes six main feeders and two sub-feeders. The validation is conducted under two scenarios: one without distributed generation sources and with data noise at SNR = 10dB, and another with distributed generation sources and SNR = 40dB. The method demonstrated strong performance in all cases, and the trained network successfully detected and located faults in previously untested areas.

디자인 사고 교육의 비판적 성찰과 새로운 가능성 탐색

This study critically reflects on Design Thinking and addresses the issue of positivist-based domestic design education. It examines the production of knowledge in design by reviewing discussions in natural science and social science. Through this examination, the study identifies the problems associated with the rigid and linear structure of Design Thinking. Moreover, it emphasizes the necessity of an educational inquiry centered on design thinking and future-oriented values, aiming to explore possibilities through abductive and retroductive reasoning. A conceptual model of design thinking is presented as an approach process that generates new knowledge through imagination and the exploration of possibilities. The study also suggests the need for speculative and critical design education to foster this approach.
 However, it is important to note that the proposed tentative design thinking model is described only conceptually in this study. To expand the exploration of knowledge and approaches in multiple layers, a follow-up study that critically and closely diagnoses and analyzes domestic design-related education will be required. Additionally, there is a need to accumulate the value of design thinking by implementing new approaches in various cases.
 While the significance of deductive and inductive positivist research cannot be disregarded, as it is an important component in many areas of research and education, these approaches alone may not effectively address complex social problems. Overcoming the limitations of design thinking requires training in speculative thinking to discover hypotheses for untested areas beyond experience-based testing. Recognizing the value of this approach and promoting diversity and balance in research methods are essential factors in advancing the field.

Research on Hydraulic Thruster-Enhanced Permeability Technology of Soft Coal Drilling through Strata Based on Packer Sealing Method

According to the characteristics of “Three Soft” outburst coal seams in the Henan area with large gas content, poor air permeability, and extremely difficult extraction, the hydraulic fracturing and punching technology of soft coal with packer tool string sealing method was studied. Xinzheng Coal Electric Power Company is a coal and gas outburst mine, and the second coal seam is a typical soft outburst coal seam. In 14201, upper bottom drainage roadway, which has a broken top plate, a test of penetration hydraulic pressure thrust-enhanced permeability technology based on packer sealing mode was carried out. The average concentration in the press-punching area was 4.8 times that in the non-press-punching area (to be tested), and the average pure volume of 100 holes in the test area was 42 times that in the untested area. During hydraulic pressure punching in the test area, affected by fracturing disturbance, the concentration and purity of the test area and the adjacent test area significantly increased. The test verifies that the large range of fracturing communication cracks at the same time through the interception hole punching plays a synergic permeability and pressure relief effect, providing a new idea and technical support for the hydraulic permeability increase technology in this area.

WITHDRAWN: Correlation between the surface aging of acrylic polyurethane coatings and environmental factors

Abstract The effects of atmospheric environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed, on the early aging of acrylic polyurethane (PU) coating were studied via path analysis based on the apparent aging data of acrylic PU coatings and climatic environment data from 13 typical atmospheric test sites in China. The classification and refinement criteria for temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed were established using k-means clustering analysis. Then, the correlation model for the aging degree of acrylic PU coatings and climatic factors was established. The aging behavior of acrylic PU coatings in untested areas was predicted on the basis of atmospheric environment data from 97 cities in China. Finally, the light loss distribution of acrylic PU coatings in China was obtained.

Correlation between the surface aging of acrylic polyurethane coatings and environmental factors

The effects of atmospheric environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed, on the early aging of acrylic polyurethane (PU) coating were studied via path analysis based on the apparent aging data of acrylic PU coatings and climatic environment data from 13 typical atmospheric test sites in China. The classification and refinement criteria for temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed were established using k-means clustering analysis. Then, the correlation model for the aging degree of acrylic PU coatings and climatic factors was established. The aging behavior of acrylic PU coatings in untested areas was predicted on the basis of atmospheric environment data from 97 cities in China. Finally, the light loss distribution of acrylic PU coatings in China was obtained.

A model of reporting and controlling outbreaks by public health agencies

We study a model of detection and control of an infectious disease by local health agencies in the presence of imperfect information about the likelihood of an outbreak and limited diagnostic capacity that is insufficient to determine the prevalence of disease in all localities in a timely manner. When shared diagnostic capacity is rationed based on reports of symptoms, the decision to report symptoms or not creates a trade-off. On the one hand, rigorous testing of one’s locality allows the health agency in that locality to make an informed disease control decision. On the other hand, reducing the availability of diagnostic capacity for the other localities increases the probability that the disease will spread from an untested area where the disease is not controlled in the absence of more evidence of an outbreak. Symptoms are over-reported (respectively, reported truthfully, or under-reported) when the cost of disease control is sufficiently small (respectively, in some intermediate range, or sufficiently large). The rates of reporting suspicions decrease as the cost of disease control increases because the localities remain exposed more often and the health agencies prefer to reduce the risk of disease transmission by letting other agencies become informed. If the disease incidence decreases or infectiousness increases, symptoms are reported less frequently. If the precision of private signals increases, the extent of over-reporting of symptoms may increase. For different values of the parameters it can be socially optimal to subsidize or tax requests for additional investigations and confirmatory testing.

Integrated Geological and Geophysical Interpretation for the Koodaideri Detrital Iron Deposits, Fortescue Valley, Western Australia

This paper presents a review of integrated interpretation of geophysical surveys with geological data for interpretation and exploration targeting for detrital iron deposits at the Koodaideri Project, Western Australia. Significant previous exploration has been conducted in the area and this has identified a number of detrital iron deposits. The aim of this project has been to integrate all available geoscientific data in order to assess remaining prospectivity of the area and provide a framework for future exploration and evaluation projects. Previous exploration at Koodaideri has used a variety of techniques including drilling, downhole geophysical logs, sparse refraction seismic, airborne and ground gravity, airborne magnetics and time-domain airborne electromagnetics. Spatial coverage of the individual exploration datasets is irregular, and the first stage of this project has focussed on an area of approximately 42 km × 12 km within which there is reasonably good coverage of all data types. The relatively high data density has allowed the relationships between the various data types to be assessed and effective exploration parameters to be defined. The larger detrital iron deposits at Koodaideri occur within palaeochannels or depressions within the basement, which is mainly comprised of units of the Wittenoom Formation. The detrital iron deposits are considered to have been sourced from erosion of bedded iron deposits of the Brockman Iron Formation which outcrops on the high ground both upstream and immediately to the southwest of the area of interest. The known deposits generally occur beneath cover of variable thickness of up to 50 m. The detrital deposits themselves may have thicknesses in excess of 100 m in major palaeochannels and sinkholes. The detrital deposits have a higher density than other cover units due to their high iron content (>50% Fe). However, gravity alone is not an effective exploration technique because the gravity signature is complicated by significant variability in the depth to higher density Wittenoom Formation bedrock. A more recent development is use of a modified seismic refraction method (Sparse Refraction Seismic) to constrain the basement topography, and then to model and remove the basement response from the observed gravity data to identify areas of anomalous excess mass. This approach has allowed cost-effective semi-regional exploration and has been successful in identifying all known major detrital iron deposits. This study extended the excess mass approach by constructing revised basement models from the sparse refraction seismic and drilling and from interpretation of the SkyTEM airborne electromagnetic and drilling. The results show that the basement interface can be interpreted from either the seismic or airborne electromagnetic datasets, although the airborne electromagnetic interpretation is complicated by highly saline groundwater in the northeastern quadrant of the area and by conductive shale units within the Wittenoom Formation bedrock. Almost all of the known detrital and channel iron deposits are spatially associated with an overlying pisolite unit, which can be identified from the magnetic data via its characteristic magnetic texture. These studies have shown that the derived excess mass is spatially associated with the known detrital and channel iron mineralisation. Significantly, almost all of the known deposits were also successfully identified from the simple geological model, in the absence of drill hole constraints. A number of untested areas of possible mineralisation have been identified, as well as potential extensions or alternate trends to known mineralisation. The modelling scenarios tested confirmed that the minimum elements for exploration targeting at Koodaideri are a geological model incorporating basement topography, interpreted magnetic domains and geologically constrained inversion of the gravity data.

Testing Program for Security using Symbolic Execution and Exception Injection

Symbolic execution is one of the most popular automated testing techniques for program verification and test case generation. It assures exhaustive path coverage by generating and resolving path constraints on each branch, effectively covering untested paths or gray areas that often lead to security vulnerabilities. Thus, symbolic execution is recognized as one of the most effective techniques for uncovering code vulnerabilities. Here, we consider special case of security vulnerabilities, which are raised due to improper error handling, such as resource leakage, program crash and program inconsistency. Finding these vulnerabilities during application development will check misuse of applications and hence will add more quality to the application. In this paper, authors propose a framework S ymexc that tests and verifies if such vulnerabilities exist in the program using symbolic execution and exception injection. Further, the paper demonstrates the implementation of the framework, followed by its validation on some java programs.

Application of statistical approaches to analyze geological, geotechnical and hydrogeological data at a fractured-rock mine site in Northern Canada

Mine site characterization often results in the acquisition of geological, geotechnical and hydrogeological data sets that are used in the mine design process but are rarely co-evaluated. For a study site in northern Canada, bivariateandmultivariate(hierarchical)statistical techniques are used to evaluate empirical hydraulic conductivity estimation methods based on traditional rock mass charac- terisation schemes, as well as to assess the regional hydrogeological conceptual model. Bivariate techniques demonstrate that standard geotechnical measures of fractur- ing are poor indicators of the hydraulic potential of a rock mass at the study site. Additionally, rock-mass-permeability schemes which rely on these measures are shown to be poor predictors of hydraulic conductivity in untested areas. Multivariate techniques employing hierarchical cluster anal- ysis of both geotechnical and geological data sets are able to identify general trends in the data. Specifically, the geolog- ical cluster analysis demonstrated spatial relationship be- tween intrusive contacts and increased hydraulic conductivity. This suggests promise in the use of clustering methods in identifying new trends during the early stages of hydrogeological characterization.

The Importance of Geographic and Biological Variables in Predicting the Naturalization of Non-Native Woody Plants in the Upper Midwest

The selection, introduction, and cultivation of non-native woody plants beyond their native ranges can have great benefits, but also unintended consequences. Among these consequences is the tendency for some species to naturalize and become invasive pests in new environments to which they were introduced. In lieu of lengthy and costly field trials, risk-assessment models can be used to predict the likelihood of naturalization. We compared the relative performance of five established risk-assessment models on species datasets from two previously untested areas: southern Minnesota and northern Missouri. Model classification rates ranged from 64.2 to 90.5%, biologically significant errors ranged from 4.4 to 9.3%, and horticulturally limiting errors ranged from 6.6 to 30.4%. For the random forest model, we investigated the importance of variables used to predict naturalization by examining datasets for five distinct study areas across the Upper Midwest. Geographic-risk ratios were the most important predictors of species' tendency to naturalize. Other factors, such as quick maturity, record of invading elsewhere, and production of fleshy, bird-dispersed fruit were also important in the random forest models. Although some models tested need additional refinement, the random forest models maintain robustness and provide additional information on plant-specific characteristics that contribute to naturalization.

When Is Employee Retaliation Acceptable at Work? Evidence from Quasi‐Experiments

When is employee retaliation acceptable in the workplace? We use a quasi‐experimental design to study the acceptability of several forms of retaliatory behavior at work, gathering data in this untested area. Consistent with hypotheses from theories of fairness, we find that employee retaliation in the workplace is perceived to be more acceptable if it is an act of omission instead of an act of commission. We do not find that a more damaging retaliatory act is significantly less acceptable than a less damaging one, suggesting a qualitative rather than a quantitative relationship. We also find individual differences: Respondents who are older, female, politically conservative, and managers typically show less tolerance for retaliation, while union members are a bit more accepting than average.

Economic Decision Making and the Application of Nonparametric Prediction Models

Summary Sustained increases in energy prices have focused attention on gas resources in low-permeability shale or in coals that were previously considered economically marginal. Daily well deliverability is often relatively small, although the estimates of the total volumes of recoverable resources in these settings are often large. Planning and development decisions for extraction of such resources must be areawide because profitable extraction requires optimization of scale economies to minimize costs and reduce risk. For an individual firm, the decision to enter such plays depends on reconnaissance-level estimates of regional recoverable resources and on cost estimates to develop untested areas. This paper shows how simple nonparametric local regression models, used to predict technically recoverable resources at untested sites, can be combined with economic models to compute regional-scale cost functions. The context of the worked example is the Devonian Antrim-shale gas play in the Michigan basin. One finding relates to selection of the resource prediction model to be used with economic models. Models chosen because they can best predict aggregate volume over larger areas (many hundreds of sites) smooth out granularity in the distribution of predicted volumes at individual sites. This loss of detail affects the representation of economic cost functions and may affect economic decisions. Second, because some analysts consider unconventional resources to be ubiquitous, the selection and order of specific drilling sites may, in practice, be determined arbitrarily by extraneous factors. The analysis shows a 15-20% gain in gas volume when these simple models are applied to order drilling prospects strategically rather than to choose drilling locations randomly.

Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater

Contamination of groundwaters with geogenic arsenic poses a major health risk to millions of people. Although the main geochemical mechanisms of arsenic mobilization are well understood, the worldwide scale of affected regions is still unknown. In this study we used a large database of measured arsenic concentration in groundwaters (around 20,000 data points) from around the world as well as digital maps of physical characteristics such as soil, geology, climate, and elevation to model probability maps of global arsenic contamination. A novel rule-based statistical procedure was used to combine the physical data and expert knowledge to delineate two process regions for arsenic mobilization: "reducing" and "high-pH/ oxidizing". Arsenic concentrations were modeled in each region using regression analysis and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inferencing followed by Latin hypercube sampling for uncertainty propagation to produce probability maps. The derived global arsenic models could benefit from more accurate geologic information and aquifer chemical/physical information. Using some proxy surface information, however, the models explained 77% of arsenic variation in reducing regions and 68% of arsenic variation in high-pH/oxidizing regions. The probability maps based on the above models correspond well with the known contaminated regions around the world and delineate new untested areas that have a high probability of arsenic contamination. Notable among these regions are South East and North West of China in Asia, Central Australia, New Zealand, Northern Afghanistan, and Northern Mali and Zambia in Africa.

A Knowledge Management Perspective on Business Models

So far no theory has been reported academically on the expected relationship between Business Models and Knowledge Management. The theme of this paper is to look into domains of Knowledge Management and Business Models simultaneously and find missing links of a probable relationship between two domains. In order to establish this connection, we can work in the domains of Organizational Transformation (Business Re-engineering), Knowledge management and Business Model concepts. It may help establish a link on theoretical basis. For this purpose, first we will propose a modified definition of Business Model and then discuss a hierarchical structure of knowledge related functions referred as ‘Knowledge Repository’. We will also probe where knowledge, as a strategic asset, is located in an organization which is then shared among interacting partners in a value chain. We will also link this phenomenon of Business Model concept with so called ‘Open Business Models’. The adapted term ‘Open Business Model’, referred by Chesbrough (2006), will be used in a context of creating value and to capture part of this value during transformation process. In this paper, we will initiate debate on two hypotheses, 1) knowledge related functions are core elements to effectively manage knowledge and, 2) Business Model has a direct causal relation with Knowledge Management. This multi-theory research may lead towards building a theory of ‘Open Business Models’ in the domain of E-Commerce which intends to fill a gap between Knowledge Management and Business Models, otherwise an untested area so far in the field of E-Commerce. This research will also provide new venues for research in the field of Business Models and Knowledge Management.

Tumulus Survey and Museum Research in Lydia, Western Turkey: Determining Lydian- and Persian-Period Settlement Patterns

Regional archaeological research in Lydia (western Turkey) has focused on prehistoric and Hellenistic through Byzantine periods with relative neglect of settlement patterns during the period in which Lydia was under Lydian and, subsequently, Persian control in the 7th through 4th centuries B.C. A multi-component research project conducted in 2000 and 2001 aimed to establish Lydian- and Persian-period settlement patterns through a regional survey targeting tumuli (burial mounds) and documentation of primarily unpublished archives and provenienced finds in local museums. The primary hypothesis was that tumulus groups could be used to infer general locations of settlement areas. At least 510 tumuli, representing between 75 and 117 groups of tumuli, and at least 113 other sites of the Lydian and Persian periods were identified. Comparison of the tumulus survey and museum data using Geographic Information Systems shows that tumulus groups do indicate general locations of Lydian- and Persian-period settlement in greater Lydia and can be used to determine contemporary regional settlement patterns. This approach shows the value of combining different classes of data in regional archaeological approaches and the continuing utility of extensive survey for regional studies of particular periods in archaeologically untested areas.

Discovery Sequence and the Nature of Low Permeability Gas Accumulations

There is an ongoing discussion regarding the geologic nature of accumulations that host gas in low-permeability sandstone environments. This note examines the discovery sequence of the accumulations in low permeability sandstone plays that were classified as continuous-type by the U.S. Geological Survey for the 1995 National Oil and Gas Assessment. It compares the statistical character of historical discovery sequences of accumulations associated with continuous-type sandstone gas plays to those of conventional plays. The seven sandstone plays with sufficient data exhibit declining size with sequence order, on average, and in three of the seven the trend is statistically significant. Simulation experiments show that both a skewed endowment size distribution and a discovery process that mimics sampling proportional to size are necessary to generate a discovery sequence that consistently produces a statistically significant negative size order relationship. The empirical findings suggest that discovery sequence could be used to constrain assessed gas in untested areas. The plays examined represent 134 of the 265 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas assessed in undeveloped areas of continuous-type gas plays in low permeability sandstone environments reported in the 1995 National Assessment.

Auditor Probability Judgments: Discounting Unspecified Possibilities

Tversky and Koehler's support theory attempts to explain why probability judgments are affected by the manner in which formally similar events are described. Support theory suggests that as the explicitness of a description increases, an event will be judged to be more likely. In the present experiment, experienced decision-makers from large, international accounting firms were given case-specific information about an audit client and asked to provide a series of judgments regarding the perceived likelihood of events. Unpacking a hypothesis into four formally equivalent hypotheses more than doubled its perceived likelihood. These results are largely consistent with support theory, extending its generalizability to applied contexts involving business professionals. Further, the paper finds that task-specific factors, a previously untested area, can also affect support theory interpretations.

MIGRATION, LEAKAGE AND SEEPAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFSHORE CANNING BASIN AND NORTHERN CARNARVON BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR HYDROCARBON PROSPECTIVITY

RadarSat and ERS Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite data have been used for oil slick mapping as part of a systematic interpretative study of the offshore Canning Basin, as well as part of the northern Carnarvon Basin, extending from the inner shelf to the abyssal plain. These seepage data have been integrated with regional geological data, more than 12,000 km of reprocessed Airborne Laser Fluorosensor (ALF) survey data, seismic DHI indicators, water column geochemical sniffer data, potential field data, earthquake data and 2D Petromod basin modelling, to provide new insights into the region’s petroleum prospectivity and key exploration risk factors.From a prospectivity viewpoint, this study has highlighted several areas and processes. Firstly, it is clear that overpressure in the region is principally controlled by the thickness of the Tertiary carbonate wedge and we predict that overpressure may be present in parts of the deeper water Canning Basin. Secondly, the offshore Canning Basin contains a relatively low density of SAR-mapped oil slicks, though this appears to be due to a combination of factors, namely a paucity of vertical conduits for leakage, a predominantly condensate-prone charge and a small slick size.Significantly, several as-yet untested areas emerge from our observations. In the offshore Canning Basin, a 'window' exists in about 1,500–2,500 m of water, where the Triassic source rocks are particularly well placed for liquids generation. Morever, a large area in a radius some 20–80 km outboard of the Bedout High, also appears to have significant untested liquids potential, with respect to sourcing from the Triassic. The shallow section through this region contains a vast area with abundant seismically mapped gas chimneys and other seepage indicators, supporting the conclusions from the remote sensing and basin modelling of significant hydrocarbon charge in this region. Finally, the study indicates that liquids have been generated within the Palaeozoic section of the Bedout Sub-basin.

Cultivar Testing, a Seed Industry Perspective

Abstract Cultivar testing is an essential part of cultivar development programs. The main purpose is to determine the regional environmental adaptability and market fit of the new cultivars or hybrids. It is essential to know whether the items to be tested have the required disease resistance for the areas, whether they meet the needs of the industry as far as type or quality is concerned, and whether they will perform well under the environment of the region. Private research stations may not be in the immediate vicinity of the area of intended use, but adequate testing in these untested areas is still essential prior to release of new cultivars.

North African Geology: Exploration Matrix for Potential Major Hydrocarbon Discoveries: ABSTRACT

Based on results and models presented previously, it is possible to consider an exploration matrix that examines the 5 basic exploration parameters: source, reservoir, timing, structure, and seal. This matrix indicates that even those basins that have had marginal exploration successes, including the Paleozoic megabasin and downfaulted Triassic grabens of Morocco, the Cyrenaican platform of Libya, and the Tunisia-Sicily shelf, have untested plays. The exploration matrix also suggests these high-risk areas could change significantly, if one of the 5 basic matrix parameters is upgraded or if adjustments in political or financial risk are made. The Sirte basin and the Gulf of Suez, 2 of the more intensely explored areas, also present attractive matrix prospects, particularly with deeper Nubian beds or with the very shallow Tertiary sections. The Ghadames basin of Libya and Tunisia shows some potential, but its evaluation responds strongly to stratigraphic and external nongeologic matrix variations based on degree of risk exposure to be assumed. Of greatest risk in the matrix are the very deep Moroccan Paleozoic clastic plays and the Jurassic of Sinai. However, recent discoveries may upgrade these untested frontier areas. Based on the matrix generated by the data presented at a North African Petroleum Geology symposium, significant hydrocarbon accumulations are yet to be found. The remaining questions are: where in the matrix does each individual company wish to place its exploration capital and how much should be the risk exposure? End_of_Article - Last_Page 271------------