Unstructured Hexahedral Meshes Research Articles

Analysis of particle dispersion and cavity formation during bulk particle water entry using fully coupled CFD-DEM-VOF approach

This paper presents the development and validation of a fully coupled computational fluid dynamics—discrete element method—volume of fluid (CFD-DEM-VOF) model to simulate the complex behavior of particle-laden flows with free surfaces. The coupling between the fluid and particle phases is established through the implemented continuity, momentum, and alpha transport equation. The coupled particle forces such as drag, pressure gradient, dense virtual mass, viscous, and interface forces are also integrated, with drag and dense virtual mass forces being dependent on local porosity. The integrated conservative alpha transport equation ensures phase volume conservation during interactions between particles and water. Additionally, we have implemented a trilinear interpolation method designed to operate on unstructured hexahedral meshes. This method has been tested for its ability to properly resolve the coupling effects in the numerical simulations, particularly in cases with a relatively low cell-size ratio. The model is validated through three distinct test cases: single particle water entry, dam break with particles, and water entry of a group of particles case. The experimental setup is built to study the dynamics of the water entry of a group of particles, where three key flow features are analyzed: the evolution of average particle velocity, cavity shape, and particle dispersion cloud profiles in water. The tests involve four different scenarios, including two different water levels (16.1 and 20.1 cm) and two different particle densities (2650 and 4000 kg/m3). High-speed videometry and particle tracking velocimetry (using ImageJ/TrackMate) methods are employed for experimental data acquisition. It is demonstrated that numerical results are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions and experimental data. The study highlights the significance of vortices in cavity shaping and particle dispersion. The validated CFD-DEM-VOF model constitutes a robust tool for simulating particle-laden flows, contributing valuable insights into the complex interplay between particles and fluids.

Topology modification based rezoning strategies for the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method on unstructured hexahedral meshes

Topology modification based rezoning strategies for the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method on unstructured hexahedral meshes

Research on Heat and Mass Transfer Performance of Corrugated Coils in Closed Cooling Towers

According to the characteristics of the flow in the corrugated pipe, Fluent is used to simulate the 3D numerical simulation of the fluid in the corrugated pipe and the ordinary straight pipe by using the RNG k-ε model. Water at a certain temperature is used as the medium. The flow velocity is 0.5 m/s, 0.75 m/s, 1 m/s, 1.25 m/s, 1.5 m/s, in-pipe characteristics with a pipe diameter of 25mm and a pipe length of 1030mm. The simulation adopts the unstructured hexahedral mesh in the simulation, and the SIMPLE algorithm is used for pressure correction; the algebraic equation is iteratively solved by the over-relaxation method. The temperature and velocity at different cross-sections when the flow and heat exchange enter the fully developed stage are obtained through simulation calculation, and they are compared with the related characteristics of flow and heat transfer in the light pipe. The cooling tower of the straight pipe is tested, and the results show that the heat transfer performance of the corrugated pipe is better than that of the ordinary straight pipe.

Spectral element method for 3-D controlled-source electromagnetic forward modelling using unstructured hexahedral meshes

SUMMARYFor forward modelling of realistic 3-D land-based controlled-source electromagnetic (EM) problems, we develop a parallel spectral element approach, blending the flexibility and versatility of the finite element method in using unstructured grids with the accuracy of the spectral method. Complex-shaped structures and topography are accommodated by using unstructured hexahedral meshes, in which the elements can have curved edges and non-planar faces. Our code is the first spectral element algorithm in EM geophysics that uses the total field formulation (here that of the electric field). Combining unstructured grids and a total field formulation provides advantages in dealing with topography, in particular, when the transmitter is located on rough surface topography. As a further improvement over existing spectral element methods, our approach does not only allow for arbitrary distributions of conductivity, but also of magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity. The total electric field on the elements is expanded in terms of high-order Lagrangian interpolants, and element-wise integration in the weak form of the boundary value problem is accomplished by Gauss–Legendre–Lobatto quadrature. The resulting complex-valued linear system of equations is solved using the direct solver MUMPS, and, subsequently, the magnetic field is computed at the points of interest by Faraday’s law. Five numerical examples comprehensively study the benefits of this algorithm. Comparisons to semi-analytical and finite element results confirm accurate representation of the EM responses and indicate low dependency on mesh discretization for the spectral element method. A convergence study illuminates the relation between high order polynomial approximation and mesh size and their effects on accuracy and computational cost revealing that high-order approximation yields accurate modelling results for very coarse meshes but is accompanied by high computational cost. The presented numerical experiments give evidence that 2nd and 3rd degree polynomials in combination with moderately discretized meshes provide better trade-offs in terms of computational resources and accuracy than lowest and higher order spectral element methods. To our knowledge, our final example that includes pronounced surface topography and two geometrically complicated conductive anomalies represents the first successful attempt at using 2nd order hexahedral elements supporting curved edges and non-planar faces in controlled-source EM geophysics.

Propagation of Solitary Wave Around Conical Island in Level-Set Finite Element Framework

Lee, H., 2021. Propagation of solitary wave around conical island in level-set finite element framework. In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Crisis and Integrated Management for Coastal and Marine Safety. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 114, pp. 16–20. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Though the solitary wave is a single wave, it consists of a complex spectrum of frequencies, which enables in-depth analysis and reliable generation both in the laboratory and in the numerical model. For these reasons, solitary waves are known to be a good candidate for the description of waves including tsunamis since they effectively model the important effects of the long wave on the coasts very well. In addition, it is supposed to propagate over constant depth without appreciable changes, allowing for consistent referencing of its offshore or incident wave height. In this study, the level-set scheme, which is combined with the incompressible Navier-Stokes solver based on the fractional step algorithm in the framework of the finite element method, was applied to the modeling of wave propagation and runup on a circular conical island. Unstructured hexahedral meshes were generated for this purpose and MPI (Message Passing Interface) based parallel algorithms were developed to accelerate the computation. The physical behavior of waves are discussed in detail and the numerical results (e.g., runup heights) are compared with the experimental data. The good agreements were observed.

A high-order stochastic Galerkin code for the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations

We present a Stochastic Galerkin (SG) scheme for Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) of the compressible Navier-Stokes and Euler equations. For spatial discretization, we rely on the high-order Discontinuous Galerkin Spectral Element Method (DGSEM) in combination with an explicit time-stepping scheme. We simulate complex flow problems in two- and three-dimensional domains using curved unstructured hexahedral meshes. The dimension of the stochastic space can be arbitrarily large. In order to treat discontinuities and to ensure hyperbolicity, we employ a multi-element approach in combination with a hyperbolicity-preserving limiter in the stochastic domain and a Finite Volume subcell shock capturing scheme in physical space. Special emphasis is put on code performance and massive parallel scalability. We demonstrate the versatility and broad applicability of our code with various numerical experiments including the supersonic flow around a spacecraft geometry. By this, we wish to contribute to the path of the Stochastic Galerkin method towards practical applicability in research and industrial engineering.

Modelling of 3D viscous fingering: Influence of the mesh on coreflood experiments

The modeling of Viscous Fingering (VF) is of interest to the study of multiphase flow in porous media, especially in the O&G industry, where this phenomenon is one of the root causes of high-water production and low sweep efficiency. In this study, 3D coreflood experiments found in the literature were simulated with CFD, and nine different structured and unstructured meshes were compared to determine which one gives the best description of this phenomenon. The meshes included the structured orthogonal mesh, commonly used in reservoir simulation, up to unstructured hexahedral, polyhedral, and tetrahedral meshes, among others. On the other hand, the CFD model, which was based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model and the porous media model, was validated against experimental data for the oil recovery profile with an absolute error below 7% for the best cases. It was found that VF is severely affected by the type of mesh and the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) number used. It was concluded that the unstructured polyhedral and structured hexahedral meshes gave the most reliable description of the finger growth dynamics and oil recovery compared to experimental data. Finally, a mesh independence test using the Grid Convergence Index (GCI) methodology, along with a CFL number analysis, allowed to determine that the modeling of this phenomenon should be made using an average CFL number of 0.25.

A preconditioned lattice Boltzmann flux solver for steady flows on unstructured hexahedral grids

The lattice Boltzmann flux solver (LBFS), first introduced by Shu et al. (2014) on structured meshes, allows fluid flow problems to be solved on unstructured meshes discretised by the finite volume method. The solver calculates the macroscopic fluxes at the cell interfaces from a local reconstruction of the lattice Boltzmann solution. In this paper the LBFS is extended to three-dimensional unstructured hexahedral meshes and a preconditioned lattice Boltzmann flux solver (PLBFS) is presented. The PLBFS involves applying the preconditioning technique proposed by Guo (2004) to the LBFS and is achieved by modifying the equilibrium distribution function used to calculate the macroscopic fluxes at the cell interface. When the PLBFS is applied to steady flow problems, it is shown that convergence is significantly accelerated and the accuracy of predictions with unstructured grids is greatly improved when compared to the LBFS. This paper also introduces a strategy for choosing the optimal value of preconditioning factor with unstructured hexahedral meshes.

Refinable tri-variate C1 splines for box-complexes including irregular points and irregular edges

C1 splines over box-complexes generalize C1 degree 3 (cubic) tensor-product splines. A box-complex is a collection of 3-dimensional boxes forming an unstructured hexahedral mesh that can include irregular points and irregular edges where the layout deviates from the tensor-product grid layout. For example, an edge shared and enclosed by five boxes is irregular. Where the mesh is locally regular, the restriction of the space to each box is a polynomial piece of the C1 tri-cubic tensor-product spline, by default initialized as a C2 tri-cubic. Boxes containing irregularities have their polynomials binarily split into 23 pieces to isolate the irregularity. The pieces join with matching derivatives. The derivatives are zero at irregularities, but these singularities are removable by a local change of variables. The space consists of 23 linearly independent functions per box and is refinable.

Interpolatory Catmull-Clark volumetric subdivision over unstructured hexahedral meshes for modeling and simulation applications

Volumetric modeling is an important topic for material modeling and isogeometric simulation. In this paper, two kinds of interpolatory Catmull-Clark volumetric subdivision approaches over unstructured hexahedral meshes are proposed based on the limit point formula of Catmull-Clark subdivision volume. The basic idea of the first method is to construct a new control lattice, whose limit volume by the Catmull–Clark subdivision scheme interpolates vertices of the original hexahedral mesh. The new control lattice is derived by the local push-back operation from one Catmull–Clark subdivision step with modified geometric rules. This interpolating method is simple and efficient, and several shape parameters are involved in adjusting the shape of the limit volume. The second method is based on progressive-iterative approximation using limit point formula. At each iteration step, we progressively modify vertices of an original hexahedral mesh to generate a new control lattice whose limit volume interpolates all vertices in the original hexahedral mesh. The convergence proof of the iterative process is also given. The interpolatory subdivision volume has C2-smoothness at the regular region except around extraordinary vertices and edges. Furthermore, the proposed interpolatory volumetric subdivision methods can be used not only for geometry interpolation, but also for material attribute interpolation in the field of volumetric material modeling. The application of the proposed volumetric subdivision approaches on isogeometric analysis is also given with several examples.

Magnetotelluric multiscale 3-D inversion reveals crustal and upper mantle structure beneath the Hangai and Gobi-Altai region in Mongolia

SUMMARY Central Mongolia is a prominent region of intracontinental surface deformation and intraplate volcanism. To study these processes, which are poorly understood, we collected magnetotelluric (MT) data in the Hangai and Gobi-Altai region in central Mongolia and derived the first 3-D resistivity model of the crustal and upper mantle structure in this region. The geological and tectonic history of this region is complex, resulting in features over a wide range of spatial scales, which that are coupled through a variety of geodynamic processes. Many Earth properties that are critical for the understanding of these processes, such as temperature as well as fluid and melt properties, affect the electrical conductivity in the subsurface. 3-D imaging using MT can resolve the distribution of electrical conductivity within the Earth at scales ranging from tens of metres to hundreds of kilometres, thereby providing constraints on possible geodynamic scenarios. We present an approach to survey design, data acquisition, and inversion that aims to bridge various spatial scales while keeping the required field work and computational cost of the subsequent 3-D inversion feasible. MT transfer functions were estimated for a 650 × 400 km2 grid, which included measurements on an array with regular 50 × 50 km2 spacing and along several profiles with a denser 5–15 km spacing. The use of telluric-only data loggers on these profiles allowed for an efficient data acquisition with a high spatial resolution. A 3-D finite element forward modelling and inversion code was used to obtain the resistivity model. Locally refined unstructured hexahedral meshes allow for a multiscale model parametrization and accurate topography representation. The inversion process was carried out over four stages, whereby the result from each stage was used as input for the following stage that included a finer model parametrization and/or additional data (i.e. more stations, wider frequency range). The final model reveals a detailed resistivity structure and fits the observed data well, across all periods and site locations, offering new insights into the subsurface structure of central Mongolia. A prominent feature is a large low-resistivity zone detected in the upper mantle. This feature suggests a non-uniform lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary that contains localized upwellings that shallow to a depth of 70 km, consistent with previous studies. The 3-D model reveals the complex geometry of the feature, which appears rooted below the Eastern Hangai Dome with a second smaller feature slightly south of the Hangai Dome. Within the highly resistive upper crust, several conductive anomalies are observed. These may be explained by late Cenozoic volcanic zones and modern geothermal areas, which appear linked to mantle structures, as well as by major fault systems, which mark terrane boundaries and mineralized zones. Well resolved, heterogeneous low-resistivity zones that permeate the lower crust may be explained by fluid-rich domains.

A grid convergence index study of mesh style effect on the accuracy of the numerical results for an indoor airflow profile

The Grid Convergence Index () method requires at least three systematic mesh refinements, each requiring the numerical solution to be in the asymptotic range. When the observed order of accuracy differs from the formal order of accuracy, a lack of numerical precision exists which may result in erroneous conclusions. The aim of the work in this paper is to evaluate the effect the mesh resolution for structured hexahedral, unstructured hexahedral and tetrahedral mesh has on the observed order of accuracy and the accuracy of the numerical solution of the mean air flow velocity profile in indoor environments. The value was calculated based on the recommendation of the lower limit of the observed order of accuracy. For the structured hexahedral mesh, with successive grid refinements the observed order of accuracy converges close to the formal order of accuracy, while for the two other unstructured meshes it converges more gradually. The lowest value was obtained when the observed order of accuracy has reached its highest level of accuracy. In this study the turbulence model was adopted, and when the obtained numerical results were compared with another published numerical study, the comparison showed that the structured hexahedral mesh with turbulence model produced a similar result to that produced from unstructured hexahedral mesh using the turbulence model.

The space of C1-smooth isogeometric spline functions on trilinearly parameterized volumetric two-patch domains

We study the C1-smooth isogeometric spline space over a specific class of unstructured hexahedral meshes, namely over the class of trilinearly parameterized volumetric two-patch domains. Recently, the structure of this space was experimentally analyzed in Birner et al. (2018) by numerically computing a basis and the dimension of this space. In this work, we develop the theoretical framework to explore the C1-smooth isogeometric space. Amongst others, we use the framework to prove the numerically obtained dimension from Birner et al. (2018) and to describe a simple explicit basis construction which consists of locally supported functions.

Steady Flow in a Patient-Averaged Inferior Vena Cava-Part II: Computational Fluid Dynamics Verification and Validation.

The embolus trapping performance of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters critically depends on how emboli flow through the IVC and, thereby, on the underlying hemodynamics. Most previous studies of IVC hemodynamics have used computational fluid dynamics (CFD), but few have validated their results by comparing with quantitative experimental measurements of the flow field and none have validated in an anatomical model of the IVC that includes the primary morphological features that influence the hemodynamics (iliac veins, infrarenal curvature, and non-circular vessel cross-section). In this study, we perform verification and validation of CFD simulations in a patient-averaged anatomical model of the IVC. Because we are most interested in the fluid dynamics that influence embolus transport and IVC filter embolus trapping, we focus our analyses on the velocity distribution and the amount of swirl and mixing in the infrarenal IVC. A rigorous mesh refinement study is first conducted at the highest flow rate condition to verify the computed solutions. To validate the CFD predictions of the flow patterns, we then compare with particle image velocimetry (PIV) data acquired in the same model in two planes (coronal and sagittal) within the infrarenal IVC at two flow rates corresponding to rest and exercise conditions. Using unstructured hexahedral meshes ranging in size from 800,000 to 102.5 million computational cells, we demonstrate that a coarse mesh may be used to resolve the gross flow patterns and velocity distribution in the IVC. A finer mesh is, however, required to obtain asymptotic mesh convergence of swirl and mixing in the IVC, as quantified by the local normalized helicity, LNH, and the volume-averaged helicity intensity, [Formula: see text]. Based on the results of the mesh refinement study, we use a moderately fine mesh containing approximately 26 million cells for comparison with experimental data. The validation study demonstrates excellent qualitative agreement between CFD predictions and PIV measurements of the velocity field at both conditions. Quantitatively, we show that the global relative comparison error, E, between CFD and PIV ranges from 3 to 11%. By performing sensitivity studies, we demonstrate that the quantitative discrepancy is attributable to a combination of uncertainty in the inlet flow rates and uncertainty associated with precisely aligning the PIV data with the CFD geometry. Overall, the study demonstrates mesh-convergent CFD simulations that predict IVC flow patterns that agree reasonably well with PIV data, even at exercise conditions where the flow in the IVC is extremely complex.

A particle localization algorithm on unstructured curvilinear polynomial meshes

Many particle-based methods require a coupling between particle motion and fluid flows or fields. The particle motion is approximated in phase space, while the fluid flows or fields are calculated on a fixed Eulerian frame of reference. In this work, we present algorithms for locating and tracing particles through curvilinear and unstructured hexahedral meshes. Special attention is given to accurately compute the intersections of particles with polynomial curvilinear faces. We derive two localization algorithms, which locate particles either by tracing in physical space or restricting the tracing step to boundary faces and determining the particles position in reference space. The proposed algorithms are validated by three-dimensional charged particle simulations in electromagnetic fields.

An entropy stable nodal discontinuous Galerkin method for the resistive MHD equations. Part I: Theory and numerical verification

The first paper of this series presents a discretely entropy stable discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for the resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations on three-dimensional curvilinear unstructured hexahedral meshes. Compared to other fluid dynamics systems such as the shallow water equations or the compressible Navier–Stokes equations, the resistive MHD equations need special considerations because of the divergence-free constraint on the magnetic field. For instance, it is well known that for the symmetrization of the ideal MHD system as well as the continuous entropy analysis a non-conservative term proportional to the divergence of the magnetic field, typically referred to as the Powell term, must be included. As a consequence, the mimicry of the continuous entropy analysis in the discrete sense demands a suitable DG approximation of the non-conservative terms in addition to the ideal MHD terms.This paper focuses on the resistive MHD equations: Our first contribution is a proof that the resistive terms are symmetric and positive-definite when formulated in entropy space as gradients of the entropy variables, which enables us to show that the entropy inequality holds for the resistive MHD equations. This continuous analysis is the key for our DG discretization and guides the path for the construction of an approximation that discretely mimics the entropy inequality, typically termed entropy stability. Our second contribution is a detailed derivation and analysis of the discretization on three-dimensional curvilinear meshes. The discrete analysis relies on the summation-by-parts property, which is satisfied by the DG spectral element method (DGSEM) with Legendre–Gauss–Lobatto (LGL) nodes. Although the divergence-free constraint is included in the non-conservative terms, the resulting method has no particular treatment of the magnetic field divergence errors, which might pollute the solution quality. Our final contribution is the extension of the standard resistive MHD equations and our DG approximation with a divergence cleaning mechanism that is based on a generalized Lagrange multiplier (GLM).As a conclusion to the first part of this series, we provide detailed numerical validations of our DGSEM method that underline our theoretical derivations. In addition, we show a numerical example where the entropy stable DGSEM demonstrates increased robustness compared to the standard DGSEM.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF UNSTEADY THREEDIMENSIONAL DETACHED FLOW AROUND THE REFERENCE AHMED CAR MODEL

For the numerical simulation of the flow around simplified Ahmed Car type vehicle the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations of a viscous incompressible fluid were applied. To close the system of equations, the Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model was used. The numerical solution of the governing equations was obtained by the control volume method. The numerical technique is implemented in program-methodical ware, written in the Fortran language. The computational domain around the Ahmed Car body is divided into control volumes by an unstructured hexahedral mesh consisting of 3.5 million cells. Calculations of two variants of the reference geometry - with the rear slant angle of 25° and 35° were carried out. The Reynolds number based on model length was equal to 2.6 million. The calculation results were visualized, analyzed and compared with results of other authors. The distributions of the velocity modulus, the pressure and the streamlines in the Ahmed Car symmetry plane, the distribution of the pressure and friction coefficients along the model surface, the distribution of the velocity vector in the cross section behind the Ahmed Car body were represented. The visualization of the return-flow region behind the rear surface of the model and the trailing vortex obtained by the isosurface of the velocity invariant Q was performed. For comparison, the results of other authors are presented: the velocity distribution in the longitudinal section and the pressure distribution along the Ahmed Car from the work of Banga S., the distribution of the velocity vectors in the cross section behind the Ahmed Car body from the works of Minguez M. and Lienhart H. The simulation results completely reproduce all known features of the flow structure around the Ahmed Car body. The aerodynamic characteristics of Ahmed Car were obtained. The drag coefficient was 0.255 and 0.268 for the rear slant angle of 25° and 35° respectively, which agrees well with the results of other numerical and experimental studies. The obtained results indicate the practical applicability of the chosen method and the developed program-methodical ware for the tasks of the ground vehicle aerodynamics.

An enhanced un-split face-vertex flux-based VoF method

Multiple advancements of the dimensionally un-split, flux-based geometrical Volume-of-Fluid method on unstructured meshes are proposed. A second-order accurate interface reconstruction algorithm for both two-and-three dimensions is developed on unstructured hexahedral meshes. A new triangulation algorithm is developed that results in an absolute increase in accuracy and can be directly applied to other geometrical Volume-of-Fluid methods on both structured and unstructured meshes. A second-order accurate interpolation of point displacements is proposed for unstructured meshes. A global parallel error re-distribution algorithm is developed, with no negative effects on the L1 error convergence and computational costs. All algorithms are parallelized using the message passing parallel programming model, with a minimal parallel communication overhead. The results show L1 errors to be exactly numerically bounded, second-order convergent and lower than the errors reported for other contemporary methods, volume conservation that is near machine tolerance, as well as execution times comparable to those of methods developed on structured Cartesian meshes, regardless of the increased algorithmic complexity introduced by the connectivity of unstructured meshes.

Truncated hierarchical tricubic [formula omitted] spline construction on unstructured hexahedral meshes for isogeometric analysis applications

We present a new method for truncated hierarchical tricubic spline (TH-spline3D) construction to enable adaptive isogeometric analysis on unstructured hexahedral meshes. Taking the input unstructured hexahedral mesh as the control mesh, we first develop blending functions with the aid of tricubic Bernstein polynomials. This development is an extension of defining bicubic Bernstein polynomial blending functions over quadrilateral meshes. We further build the hierarchical structure and apply the truncation mechanism to the developed blending functions for highly localized refinement. During the refinement of TH-spline3D, high-level blending functions are added in the solution space, whereas certain low-level ones are discarded or truncated depending on the high-level subdomain. The blending functions are piecewise polynomials that form a partition of unity. Their support overlapping is also reduced due to the truncation mechanism, resulting in sparser stiffness matrices compared to the classical hierarchical refinement. TH-spline3D supports Bézier extraction such that it can be easily incorporated into existing finite element frameworks. Several examples are used to demonstrate the analysis suitability and efficiency of the proposed method.

High-Order Implicit Large-Eddy Simulations of Flow over a NACA0021 Aerofoil

In this study the graphical-processing-unit-accelerated solver PyFR is used to simulate flow over a NACA0021 aerofoil in deep stall at a Reynolds number of 270,000 using the high-order flux reconstruction approach. Wall-resolved implicit large-eddy simulations are undertaken on unstructured hexahedral meshes at fourth- and fifth-order accuracy in space. It was found that either modal filtering or antialiasing via an approximate projection is required in order to stabilize simulations. Time-span-averaged pressure coefficient distributions on the aerofoil and associated lift and drag coefficients are seen to converge toward experimental data as the simulation setup is made more realistic by increasing the aerofoil span. Indeed, the lift and drag coefficients obtained by fifth-order implicit large-eddy simulation with antialiasing via an approximate projection agree better with experimental data than a wide range of previous studies. Stabilization via modal filtering, however, is found to reduce solution accuracy. Finally, performance of various PyFR simulations is compared, and it is found that fifth-order simulations with antialiasing via an projection are the most efficient. Results indicate that high-order flux reconstruction schemes with antialiasing via an projection are a good candidate for underpinning accurate wall-resolved implicit large-eddy simulation of separated, turbulent flows over complex engineering geometries.