Unsteady Equilibrium Research Articles

Eduction of Transitional Equilibrium in Vodkas by Means of 1H NMR Spectroscopy

The aim of this publication is to identify transitional equilibrium of hydroxyl proton of ethanol and water in various vodkas and flavored vodkas produced in Ukraine. The methods used in the work is 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This work has established fundamentally new aspects related to an internal mechanism of transitional thermodynamic equilibrium in the finished product $ v odka or flavored vodka. Transitional equilibrium is characterized by the presence of two separate signals H2O and EtOH. Also the transitional equilibrium assumes a presence of a subtle signal of EtOH. Presence of this signal characterizes transition from steady to unsteady equilibrium.

Hybrid projective synchronization and control of the Baier–Sahle hyperchaotic flow in arbitrary dimensions with unknown parameters

The problem of hybrid projective synchronization (HPS) strategies and control for the Baier–Sahle hyperchaotic flow in arbitrary dimensions with unknown parameters is considered. Based on the Lasalle invariance principle and adaptive control method, adaptive controllers and parameters update laws are given for the HPS between two identical hyper-chaotic systems with fully unknown parameters. Using this method, the Baier–Sahle hyperchaotic flow in arbitrary dimensions is controlled to the unsteady equilibrium points. The Baier–Sahle hyperchaotic flow is a useful choice for this analysis, since it is a standard model of hyperchaos, yet it is simple enough to be analytically tractable. In particular, the Baier–Sahle hyperchaotic flow has been proposed as an N dimensional nonlinear system model giving the maximal number of positive Lyapunov exponents (N-2). Both a rigorous theoretical analysis and direct numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the control of hyperchaos in this model. The results suggest that the methods used here can be applied to more complicated models from which hyperchaos arises.

Eduction of Unsteady Equilibrium in Vodkas by Means of 1H NMR Spectroscopy

The aim of this publication is to identify unsteady equilibrium of hydroxyl proton of ethanol and water in various types of vodkas and flavored vodkas produced in Ukraine. The method used in the work is 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This work has established fundamentally new aspects related to an internal mechanism of unsteady thermodynamic equilibrium in the finished product $ vodka or flav ored vodka. Unsteady equilibrium is characterized by the presence of two separate signals of H2O and EtOH in hydroxyl group.

Mathematical methods in the theory of pure bending of rectangular beams made of weakening material with symmetric stress-strain diagram

The problem of pure bending of a beam with rectangular cross-section is considered. The beam is made of the material with a diagram having the falling branch. The stress-strain state of the beam in both steady and unsteady equilibrium positions is determined by the Newton-Kantorovich method and the method of simple iterations. The analysis of pure bending stability is carried out using the catastrophe theory methods and the method of investigating stability in the first approximation. It is shown that the divergence of simple iterations corresponds to the moment of stability loss.

Control and synchronize a novel hyperchaotic system

The control and hybrid projective synchronization (HPS) strategies for a novel hyperchaotic system are investigated. Firstly, the novel hyperchaotic system is controlled to the unsteady equilibrium point or limit cycle via only one scalar controller which includes two state variables. Secondly, based on Lyapunov's direct method HPS between two novel hyperchaotic systems is studied. A new nonlinear feedback vector controller is designed to guarantee HPS, which can be simplified ulteriorly into a single scalar controller to achieve complete synchronization between two novel hyperchaotic systems. Finally, numerical simulations are given to verify the effectiveness of these strategies. The proposed methods have certain significances for reducing the cost and complexity for controller implementation.

Designing performance incentives, an international benchmark study in the water sector

Cross-country comparisons avoid the unsteady equilibrium in which regulators have to balance between economies of scale and a sufficient number of remaining comparable utilities. By the use of data envelopment analysis, we compare the efficiency of the drinking water sector in the Netherlands, England and Wales, Australia, Portugal and Belgium. After introducing a procedure to measure the homogeneity of an industry, robust order-m partial frontiers are used to detect outlying observations. By applying bootstrapping algorithms, bias-corrected first and second stage results are estimated. Our results suggest that incentive regulation in the sense of regulatory and benchmark incentive schemes have a significant positive effect on efficiency. By suitably adapting the conditional efficiency measures of Daraio and Simar (Advanced robust and nonparametric methods in efficiency analysis. Springer, New York 2007) to the bias corrected estimates of Simar and Wilson (Manage Sci, 44(1): 49–61, 1998), we incorporate environmental variables directly into the efficiency estimates. We firstly equalize the social, physical and institutional environment, and secondly, deduce the effect of incentive schemes on utilities as they would work under similar conditions. The analysis demonstrates that in absence of clear and structural incentives the average efficiency of the utilities falls in comparison with utilities which are encouraged by incentives.

Designing Incentives in Local Public Utilities: An International Comparison of the Drinking Water Sector

Cross-country comparisons avoid the unsteady equilibrium in which regulators have to balance between economies of scale and a sufficient number of remaining comparable utilities. By the use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), we compare the efficiency of the drinking water sector in the Netherlands, England and Wales, Australia, Portugal and Belgium. After introducing a procedure to measure the homogeneity of an industry, robust order-m partial frontiers are used to detect outlying observations. By applying bootstrapping algorithms, bias-corrected first and second stage results are estimated. Our results suggest that incentive regulation in the sense of regulatory and benchmark incentive schemes have a significant positive effect on efficiency. By suitably adapting the conditional efficiency measures to the bias corrected estimates, we incorporate environmental variables directly into the efficiency estimates. We firstly equalize the social, physical and institutional environment, and secondly, deduce the effect of incentive schemes on utilities as they would work under similar conditions. The analysis demonstrates that in absence of clear and structural incentives the average efficiency of the utilities falls in comparison with utilities which are encouraged by incentives.

Equilibrium points and bifurcation control of a chaotic system

Based on the Routh–Hurwitz criterion, this paper investigates the stability of a new chaotic system. State feedback controllers are designed to control the chaotic system to the unsteady equilibrium points and limit cycle. Theoretical analyses give the range of value of control parameters to stabilize the unsteady equilibrium points of the chaotic system and its critical parameter for generating Hopf bifurcation. Certain nP periodic orbits can be stabilized by parameter adjustment. Numerical simulations indicate that the method can effectively guide the system trajectories to unsteady equilibrium points and periodic orbits.

Politica e governo nel Nuevo Mondo: Francisco Toledo, viceré del Perù (1569-1581)

Italian researchers have written little about the early modern period in Latin America, as Francesca Cantù notes in her prologue. She points to this volume as a strong contribution in this slim field. Politica e governo nel Nuevo Mondo connects with recent scholarship that has portrayed the Habsburg monarchy as a “Monarquía compuesta” (John Elliot) and that has come to review the debate about the structure and model of the Hispanic government during the early modern age. The author analyzes the government of Viceroy Toledo as part of the periphery of the empire (a concept first proposed by Giuseppe Galasso) in relation with the theory of the “practice of empire” (defined in the 1950s by Helmut C. Koenigsberger). At the same time, this study is also related to the fruitful recent Spanish historiography that has brought to light the deep change that the territories of the Hispanic monarchy underwent during the reign of Philip II, as part of a more general process of political centralization.The methodological approach breaks away from institutional political history and instead focuses on a complete reconstruction of the dynamics of power. In other words, the study does not limit itself to the description of the impact that the viceroy’s government had on institutions but instead analyzes how Philip II’s administration was leading to the consolidation of the monarchy’s centralizing project in the colonial territories. That meant that Toledo had to adapt metropolitan economic and political demands to the local reality of the Peruvian territory.To demonstrate this, Merluzzi offers ample support from official and private documents housed in both Spanish and Peruvian archives. This documentation is complemented by analysis of contemporary chronicles, such as those penned by Luis de Capoche and Francisco de Gamboa. Notably, the author also provides a throrough and up-to-date bibliography.The book analyzes the genesis of Viceroy Toledo’s reform program and how it is directly linked to the policies developed in the metropolis following the visit of Juan de Ovando to the Consejo de Indias (1567) and the reports drawn up by the Junta Magna (1568). In this context, the author emphasizes the special nature of Toledo’s assignment, which he mainly undertook during the first half of his governing term (1568 – 72). In fact, Merluzzi shows how the viceroy enjoyed a higher degree of independence in his second term (1573 – 81). Toledo had then to maintain an “unsteady equilibrium” (p. 15) between the authorities in Madrid and those in the Indies as a direct result of the difficulty inherent to the application of crown reforms and demands in the Andean region.According to Merluzzi, this attitude is clearly related to Toledo’s way of understanding the practice of government as a result of acquiring a progressive knowledge of the territory. This concern “to know in order to govern” (p. 81) persuaded him not only to undertake a general visit but also to search for collaborators among the best Peruvian experts. In becoming increasingly aware of the idiosyncrasies of that periphery of the empire, the viceroy gained a perspective on local matters different from that generally shared by most metropolitan bureaucrats. The project undertaken by Toledo in his long 12 years of viceregal administration involved several aspects. For example, the reform led to the application of economic measures, such as establishing tax rates for native communities and creating the “mita” to solve the problem of labor supply to the colony’s mines. The reorganization of the church in Peru through the application of Trent’s diocesan model is another significant aspect of this project. But above all, Merluzzi underlines that the main aim of the reforms was the consolidation of crown sovereignty in the political and ideological sense, rather than in the administrative order. This engaging argument distances the author from previous scholarship on Toledo, in understanding the Toledean reforms as a part of a more ambitious project. Evidently, political and administrative centralization brought reorganization in the political order. But, at the same time, the resistance to change among the colonial bureaucrats was not only due to jurisdictional disagreement but also to a deeper confrontation between two ways of understanding royal authority. The new political centralization established under Philip II gave way to a conflict between the crown and the viceregal society, especially in those sectors that had held power since the conquest and first colonization of the territory.Merluzzi’s critical review of the Peruvian government under Viceroy Toledo gives us a new look at an essential period that allows us to better understand the Hispanic administration in the Indies. For this reason, the book constitutes an essential reading for any specialist on the subject.

On convection in a fluid filling the cavity of a moving solid body

The problem of simultaneous motion about a fixed point O of a solid body and unevenly heated viscous incompressible fluid completely filling a finite cavity of the body is considered in linear formulation. The center of mass of the system body plus fluid in the state of mechanical equilibrium is assumed to coincide with point O. The theorem on solvability of the Cauchy problem for small unsteady equilibrium perturbations is proved, and normal perturbations and the spectrum of the problem arising in the analysis of such perturbations are investigated. It is shown that the whole spectrum consists of normal eigenvalues and lies in some half-band containing the real axis. It is shown that the respective system of root vectors is complete. Properties of the spectrum and the dependence on Rayleigh numbers are investigated. Rayleigh numbers for which the real parts of eigenvalues are positive,i.e. when the generated oscillating normal perturbations are damped in time, are evaluated in the case of the fluid being heated from below and above.

Social Norms and Aberrations: Violence and Some Related Social Facts

Much excellent philosophical anthropology has shown that certain sorts of behavior must be considered unacceptable because incompatible with social cohesion. Violence, cruelty, rudeness, and other behavior which indicates lack of respect for persons tear at the fabric of society, and it may be supposed that for any group there is a point beyond which the accumulation of acts of violence, cruelty, or even rudeness, implies distintegration, below which point there is stability, and around which point crisis or an unsteady equilibrium exists. By a series of small and plausible transitions the putative empirical generalization, or regularity, represented in such terms may be transformed into a statement about the normative attitudes of persons in stable groups. The generalization may in the first place be more strongly construed as a statement of law governing any society. The weakening of bonds between persons implied by the prevalence of behavior of the kinds in question means that societies not only do not but cannot survive a certain excess of it. Such a natural law may in turn be reflected internally by certain regulations-civil laws and customs-prohibiting such behavior, or, more strongly, by internalized rules with which most persons not only act in accordance but also accept as stipulating what one ought to do or avoid. The observable frailty of social constitutions is thus reflected from within as a family of obligations -of differing strength depending upon the seriousness of the kind of behavior-to refrain from violence, cruelty, rudeness, and similar acts, at least so long as there are no alternative means to an important and justifiable end. Such behavior may have its place, but that place must be an unusual one, a situation involving imminent disaster or an intolerable condition responsive only to extreme measures. To pass from regulations to internalized rules in this way is to suggest that the essentially prudential considerations upon which reasonable regulations are based are reinforced by conceptual ones which make it impossible rationally to value violation of such regulations. That such reinforcement occurs is undeniable, but it is not well understood why, or universally believed that, resistance to it is irrational.