Unstable Substrate Research Articles

Rock and roll: experiments on substrate movement and coral settlement

Rubble is ubiquitous on coral reefs and can aggregate into fields, forming a significant component of the reef substrate. Rubble fields often remain unconsolidated, with the component rubble pieces subject to movement that is dependent on hydrodynamic forcing, rubble size, shape, and other factors. Settlement of corals to rubble fields has long been assumed, but the dynamic movement of rubble pieces has been presumed to deter settlement and is thought to contribute to high post-settlement mortality. Rubble often forms on coral reefs following severe disturbances, and is predicted to increase under climate change, with the potential to impact settlement and recruitment-dependent recovery processes. Through a series of laboratory and field experiments, we demonstrate that corals from broadcast spawning species on the Great Barrier Reef will settle on unstable substrates, even those in constant motion. We also observed more coral spat on settlement tiles suspended in the water column than those fixed to the reef using a common approach to censusing settlement. Sampling of natural rubble on the reef 50 days after a mass-spawning event confirmed the presence of similar numbers of coral settlers on rubble and on tiles fixed to the reef. These results suggest that rubble fields are places of significant settlement for broadcast spawning corals. Suspended tiles were also surprisingly effective in collecting coral settlers, demonstrating that a change in sampling protocol can produce significant variation in settlement data and strengthening the argument for standardisation of settlement-monitoring protocols, particularly at a time of growing need for reliable metrics. These results also suggest that movement of rubble is not precluding settlement outright, but rather post-settlement processes (i.e. competition, predation, shading or burial by shifting rubble) are limiting recruitment to rubble patches. Consequently, rubble stabilisation may increase the survival of spat that have settled in these environments.

Biogeographic and co-occurrence network differentiation of fungal communities in warm-temperate montane soils

Studying the biogeographic patterns of fungal communities across altitudinal and soil depth gradients is essential for understanding how environmental variations shape the diversity and functionality of these complex ecological assemblages. Here, we evaluated the response and assembly patterns of fungal communities to altitude and soil depth, and the co-occurrence patterns influencing soil fungal metabolic preferences on Dongling Mountain. We observed significant variations in fungal β-diversity, driven by elevation and soil depth, with climatic parameters (MAT and MAP) and nutrient concentrations (TOC, TP, and TN) serving as prominent influencers. Additionally, we found that the multiple substrate-induced respiration rate of fungi degrading various carbon substrates was diminished in high-altitude and subsurface soils compared to low-altitude and surface soils. Stochastic processes play a more important role in controlling fungal community assembly than deterministic processes, with dispersal limitation emerging as the main driver of community assembly. While greater network complexity was evident in the topsoil compared to the subsoil, both layers harbored altitude-sensitive OTUs (asOTUs) that belonging to distinct modules. Moreover, fungal groups sensitive to the same altitude exhibited similar metabolic preferences. The asOTUs designated for lower altitude areas favored unstable carbon substrates (glucose and sucrose), while those designated as higher altitude areas exhibited a preference for recalcitrant carbon (xylan and lignin). This evidence suggests that soil fungal communities respond to environmental changes by trading off their life strategies and metabolic characteristics.

Evidence of oxygen vacancy-mediated ultrahigh SERS sensitivity of Niobium pentoxide nanoparticles through defect engineering: theoretical and experimental studies.

Oxygen vacancy engineering in metal oxide-based semiconductors has emerged as an important area of research for sensing applications, such as Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), gas sensing, etc. It has the potential to replace high-cost and unstable noble metal-based substrates in the near future. However, improving the SERS enhancement factor in semiconductor-based substrates remains a challenge. In the present study, we demonstrate that oxygen vacancy engineering in Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) enables ultrahigh SERS sensitivity. Oxygen vacancies were induced and manipulated in the Nb2O5 nanoparticles via a facile high-energy ball milling method and post-growth oxygen annealing. A high enhancement factor (EF) of 5.15 × 107 was obtained for the Methylene Blue (MeB) molecule on the oxygen-deficient substrate with the lowest detection limit of 10-8 M, which is 2 orders of magnitude lower than the pristine substrate. Through a careful analysis of the experimental data and theoretical calculations, we investigated the underlying mechanism behind the high EF in SERS and showed that the SERS performance is directly proportional to the oxygen vacancy concentration in the Nb2O5 nanoparticles. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggests a strong coupling of the vibronic states and an increased charge transfer (CT) efficiency in the Nb2O5-MeB complex mediated through the vacancy-induced trap states in the defective Nb2O5 structure. Finite element method (FEM)-based simulations revealed a field enhancement factor of ∼4.17 × 102 that contributed to the SERS EF, while the remaining is contributed to the oxygen vacancy-mediated charge transfer, i.e., a factor of ∼1.23 × 105 is due to the high CT efficiency, the highest among the reported values. We believe that these findings offer valuable insights into the fabrication of defect-tailored cost-effective semiconductor-based SERS substrates for ensuing applications, such as trace dye detection.

Sedimentological and ichnological variations in fluvio‐tidal translating point bars, McMurray Formation, Alberta, Canada

ABSTRACTSedimentological and ichnological descriptions of fluvio‐tidal translating point bars are rare, and complex physico‐chemical processes make highly detailed but concise facies descriptions challenging. Herein, mesofacies are defined to describe and interpret three ancient translating point bars from the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Alberta, Canada. Twenty‐three mesofacies are defined, based on their recurring sedimentological and ichnological characteristics. These mesofacies form the building blocks of beds and bedsets that make up three depositional facies. Facies 1 reflects sand dune migration at the channel base, which grades into inclined heterolithic stratification of Facies 2 and 3. Facies 2 occurs in the centre and seaward portions of the translating point bars and records tide‐dominated deposition of sand and muddy sand during periods of reduced river discharge. Ichnological suites and bioturbation intensities in these beds reflect persistent but variable brackish‐water conditions, fluctuating deposition rates and the deposition of mud. Mud beds are derived from flows with high suspended‐sediment concentrations. Tidally derived mud beds are typically bioturbated with trace fossil suites indicative of slow deposition rates and brackish‐water conditions. Mud deposited during elevated river discharge is burrowed after the dewatering of the bed. Facies 3 occurs at the landward apex of the translating point bar and is marked by sand‐rich and mud‐rich dune deposits with abundant soft‐sediment deformation, indicative of elevated flow velocities and deposition rates. Bioturbation is rare and sporadically distributed owing to unstable substrates. The distribution of the facies reflect the hydrodynamic variations that occurred vertically and laterally across the bar in response to temporal variations in fluvial and tidal flow interaction, as recorded by their mesofacies. The detailed facies analysis strongly suggests that deposition of the three McMurray Formation translating point bars occurred in proximity to the turbidity maximum zone of a fluvio‐tidal channel system.

Complex repolarization dynamics in ex vivo human ventricles are independent of the restitution properties.

The mechanisms of transition from regular rhythms to ventricular fibrillation (VF) are poorly understood. The concordant to discordant repolarization alternans pathway is extensively studied; however, despite its theoretical centrality, cannot guide ablation. We hypothesize that complex repolarization dynamics, i.e. oscillations in the repolarization phase of action potentials with periods over two of classic alternans, is a marker of electrically unstable substrate, and ablation of these areas has a stabilizing effect and may reduce the risk of VF. To prove the existence of higher-order periodicities in human hearts. We performed optical mapping of explanted human hearts obtained from recipients of heart transplantation at the time of surgery. Signals recorded from the right ventricle endocardial surface were processed to detect global and local repolarization dynamics during rapid pacing. A statistically significant global 1:4 peak was seen in three of six hearts. Local (pixel-wise) analysis revealed the spatially heterogeneous distribution of Periods 4, 6, and 8, with the regional presence of periods greater than two in all the hearts. There was no significant correlation between the underlying restitution properties and the period of each pixel. We present evidence of complex higher-order periodicities and the co-existence of such regions with stable non-chaotic areas in ex vivo human hearts. We infer that the oscillation of the calcium cycling machinery is the primary mechanism of higher-order dynamics. These higher-order regions may act as niduses of instability and may provide targets for substrate-based ablation of VF.

Development of a N6-methyladenosine-directed single quantum dot-based biosensor for sensitive detection of METTL3/14 complex activity in breast cancer tissues

The METTL3/14 complex is an important RNA N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase in organisms, and the abnormal METTL3/14 complex activity is associated with the pathogenesis and various cancers. Sensitive detection of METTL3/14 complex is essential to tumor pathogenesis study, cancer diagnosis, and anti-cancer drug discovery. However, traditional methods for METTL3/14 complex assay suffer from poor specificity, costly antibodies, unstable RNA substrates, and low sensitivity. Herein, we construct a single quantum dot (QD)-based förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor for sensitive detection of METTL3/14 complex activity. In the presence of METTL3/14 complex, it catalyzes the methylation of adenine in the substrate probe, leading to the formation of m6A that protects the substrate probes from MazF-mediated cleavage. The hybridization of methylated DNA substrate with biotinylated capture probe initiates polymerization reaction to obtain a biotinylated double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with the incorporation of numerous Cy5 fluorophores. Subsequently, the Cy5-incorporated dsDNA can self-assembly onto the 605QD surface to form the 605QD-dsDNA-Cy5 nanostructure, causing FRET between 605QD donor and Cy5 acceptor. This biosensor has excellent sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.11 × 10−17 M, and it can measure the METTL3/14 complex activity in a single cell. Moreover, this biosensor can be used to evaluate the METTL3/14 complex kinetic parameters and screen potential inhibitors. Furthermore, it can differentiate the METTL3/14 complex expression in healthy human tissues and breast cancer patient tissues, providing a powerful tool for cancer pathogenesis study, clinical diagnosis, prognosis monitoring, and drug discovery.

Biomass and domestic waste: a potential resource combination for bioenergy generation and water treatment via benthic microbial fuel cell.

The benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) is one of the most efficient types of bioelectrochemical fuel cell systems. Modern bioelectrochemical fuel cells have several drawbacks, including an unstable organic substrate and a microorganism-unfriendly atmosphere. The recent literature to encounter such issues is one of the emerging talks. Researchers are focusing on the utilization of biomass and waste to encounter such challenges and make the technique more feasible at the pilot scale. This study investigated the combination of local bakery waste as an organic substrate with lignocellulosic biomass material. The whole experiment was conducted for 45days. At an external resistance of 1000 ῼ and an internal resistance of 677 ῼ, the power density was found to be 3.51 mW/m2. Similarly, for Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Ni2+, and Co2+, the degradation efficiency was 84.40%, 81.21%, 80%, 89.50%, and 86.0%, respectively. The bacterial identification results showed that Liquorilactobacillus nagelii, Proteus mirabilis, Pectobacterium punjabense, and Xenorhabdus thuongxuanensis are the most prominent species found on anode biofilm. The method of electron generation in this study, which includes the degradation of metal ions, is also well described. Lastly, optimising the parameters showed that pH 7 provides a feasible environment for operation. A few future suggestions for practical steps are enclosed for the research community.

Morphology of Metapodiophalangeal Joints and Mobility of Finger and Toe in Bovids

Bovid morphologies differ depending on body size and habitat. We hypothesized that bovids also vary their mobility of fingers and toes depending on body size and habitat. In this study, we compared the shape of the distal ends of the metapodial bones and the proximal facet of the proximal phalanges to examine the metapodiophalangeal joint gaps and simulated the three-dimensional motion of the bovid metapodiophalangeal joints during the opening and closing states through CT scans to investigate whether the mobility of the finger and toe is affected by body size and habitat. The results showed that species with gaps in the metapodiophalangeal joints had higher mobility and that species living in mountains had larger gaps. This suggests that bovids living in unstable terrains can move better on unstable substrates due to their increased mobility of digit. Similarly, our results indicate that smaller bovids are more likely to display variations in the mobility of digits than larger-sized bovids since greater body size reduces the range of mobility to avoid dislocation risk. Our results show that bovids have been able to be flexible to a range of body sizes and habitats by varying the size of their metapodiophalangeal joint gaps.

Algorithm for Ultrasonic Wire Bond Outlier Classification

Wedge bonders use ultrasonic energy to bond metal wires onto metal substrates in a process that takes milliseconds. In high-volume production, failures cause downtime and costs. On-line monitoring systems are used to reduce the failures and determine the root cause. We developed and tested an algorithm to classify outliers in ultrasonic wire bond production. The algorithm is used in large wire wedge bonders to measure and analyze process signals and detect and classify bond outliers. It helps bonder operators, production supervisors and process engineers to detect process deviations and fix the underlying root causes. The algorithm measures bond signals, such as deformation, ultrasonic current, and ultrasonic frequency. Bonds are automatically divided into subgroups based on bond order and process parameters, and the signals within a subgroup are then normalized. For outlier classification, the features are extracted from the normalized signals and combined into failure class values. The failure classes such as contamination, no wire, high deformation, misaligned wire, and unstable substrate, are calculated independently. We measured the detection rates for large wire aluminum bond failure classes and demonstrate how the algorithm calculates failure class values from the signals. Additionally, we show how new signal features and failure classes can be defined to detect production-specific or rare failure classes.

Reduction of Sulfoxides in Multigram Scale, an Alternative to the Use of Chlorinated Solvents

In this manuscript, we describe the use of ethyl vinyl ether/oxalyl chloride as the reducing mixture for sulfoxides. The reaction is based on the high electrophilic character of chlorosulfonium salts, formed in situ by the reaction of oxalyl chloride and the sulfoxide. Thereafter, the nucleophilic vinyl ether acts as a chlorine scavenger, affording the corresponding sulfide. The method is applicable on a big scale and may be applied to highly functionalized sulfoxides. Chromatographic purification is only needed in exceptional cases of unstable substrates, and the final sulfide or the corresponding salt is usually obtained after simple evaporation of volatiles. The sole contaminants of this method are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and small (five-carbon maximum) aldol products, which are formed during the reaction process.

The 26S Proteasome Switches Between ATP‐Dependent and Independent Mechanisms in Response to Substrate Ubiquitination

The Ubiquitin‐Proteasome System is responsible for the bulk of protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. Proteins are generally targeted to the 26S proteasome by the attachment of polyubiquitin chains. A number of proteins also contain ubiquitin‐independent degrons (UbID) that allow for proteasomal targeting without the need for ubiquitination. UbID substrates are degraded less processively than ubiquitinated substrates, but the mechanism underlying this difference remains unclear. We therefore designed two model substrates containing both a ubiquitination site and a UbID for a more direct comparison. We found UbID degradation to be overall less robust with complete degradation only occurring with relatively unstable substrates (those that were at least transiently unfolded as determined by protease sensitivity). Surprisingly, UbID degradation was unaffected by the non‐hydrolyzable ATP analog ATPγS, which halts ATP‐dependent engagement and translocation of substrates. Furthermore, ubiquitin‐dependent degradation proceeded in a strikingly similar fashion to UbID degradation in the presence of ATPγS, suggesting the 26S proteasome may have a “default” ATP‐ and ubiquitin‐independent mechanism that is capable of unfolding and degrading less‐stable proteins.

Assessing Tolerance to the Hydrodynamic Exposure of Posidonia oceanica Seedlings Anchored to Rocky Substrates

Among a suite of abiotic and biotic factors, the hydrodynamic regime strongly influences the success of seagrass recruitment through sexual propagules. Uprooting of propagules by drag forces exerted by currents and waves is one of the main causes for the failed establishment and the consequent recruitment. Substrate type and stability play a key role in determining the success of colonization through sexual propagules, as seedling establishment probabilities proved to be significantly higher on rocky bottoms than on unstable unconsolidated substrates. In this research, the current and wave flow intensity thatPosidonia oceanicaseedlings anchored to rocky substrates can withstand before uprooting were evaluated and the influence of substrate complexity on seedling anchorage success and anchorage strength was investigated.P. oceanicaseedlings withstood the current velocity of 70 cm s–1and increased orbital flow velocities up to 25 cm s–1. Seedling adhesion strength ranged from 3.92 to 29.42 N. Results of the present study corroborate the hypothesis that substrate complexity at scales relevant to the size of propagules is a crucial feature forP. oceanicaseedling establishment. The intensity of unidirectional and oscillatory flow that seedlings can withstand without being dislodged assessed in this study support the hypothesis thatP. oceanicasexual propagules, once adhered to a consolidated substrate, are able to tolerate high hydrodynamic stress. The results of the present study contribute to re-evaluation of the habitat requirements ofP. oceanica, assessing the range of hydrodynamic conditions that this species can tolerate during the early stages of its life history.

Cyclic ecological replacement of brachiopod assemblages in the top-Eifelian Dobruchna Brachiopod Shale Member (Skały Formation) of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland)

The palaeoecology of fossiliferous shales, belonging to the upper part of the Dobruchna Brachiopod Shale Member (= set XIV) of the Skały Formation (northern Holy Cross Mountains), was studied quantitatively in a succession in the transient (1989) trench A, 5.6 m thick, near the village of Skały. The top-Eifelian strata, recording the carbonate crisis during the global Kačák Bioevent, are well known for having a particularly diverse brachiopod fauna. The four brachiopod assemblages, recognised herein, were mainly controlled by the evolving bottom-sediment properties of the outer carbonate ramp basin. Soft, unstable substrates were inhabited by the poorly-diversified Poloniproductu s assemblage, associated with a distinctive, ‘incumbent’ set of largely semi-infaunal, generalist species. The pioneer community, as a result of progressive consolidation of bioclast-enriched sediment, evolved toward a more diverse biota. This consequent stabilisation of the substrate resulted in the progressive growth of crinoid thickets or bryozoan-dominated biostromes and patches, associated with rich, subordinate, sessile and vagile benthos. In this stage, diverse brachiopod assemblages were dominated by the pedunculate, eurytopic, ribbed spiriferide Eleutherokomma or specialized orthides ( Aulacella , Costisorthis ) in the Dobruchna Mbr, and by the expansive, large, free-lying orthotetide Xystostrophia in the overlying set XV of the Skały Fm The cyclic ecological replacement, with the characters of ecological succession in the final phase, was evidently stimulated by an irregular transition from soupy muds to a mosaic of bioclast-rich and firmer, biogenic sediments, within the cyclic pattern of distal tempestite sedimentation. The three episodes of variously reduced deposition rate, recorded in the more diverse benthos, culminated in the pioneer bryozoan/coral reef growth and abundance of epibionts, alternating with times of destructive storm activity and deposition from suspension clouds in the muddy habitats.

Decreasing molecular diversity of soil dissolved organic matter related to microbial community along an alpine elevation gradient

Characterization of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) and understanding of the interactions between soil microbial communities and DOM molecules along elevation gradients in alpine ecosystems are still limited. To unravel these interactions and how they change along alpine elevation gradients, we sampled topsoil in the Sygera Mountains (Tibet, China) at elevations between 3800 and 4600 m. The molecular characteristics of soil DOM were determined using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and soil microbial composition was identified by high-throughput sequencing. Among the seven components of DOM, the lignins/CRAM (carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules)-like structure dominated at all elevations, followed by tannins, while the relative abundance of unstable substances, including lipids, aliphatic/protein, and carbohydrates, was lower. As elevation increased, the molecular diversity, degree of oxidation, aromaticity, and unsaturation of soil DOM decreased. The abundance and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi also generally decreased with elevation. Both bacteria and fungi play an important role in the degradation of DOM molecules, but bacteria appear to have greater degradation ability. Among them, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes mainly promote the degradation of lignins/CRAM-like structure molecules, while Basidiomycota mainly degrade more unstable substrates. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed complex correlations between specific microbial groups and DOM molecules. Our results suggest that more active cycling of soil DOM could occur in alpine ecosystems due to climate warming, as the result of increased vegetation productivity and litter input in response to rising temperature promoting the relative abundance of microbial groups capable of degrading lignins/CRAM-like structures in soil DOM.

Ultrasonic Wire Bond Outlier Classification

Abstract K&S developed and tested the Advanced Process Diagnostics (APD) algorithm to classify bonding outliers in ultrasonic wire bond production. APD is a software feature, part of Kulicke & Soffa wedge bonders to measure and analyze process signals and detect and classify bond outliers. APD helps bonder operators, production supervisors and process engineers to detect process deviations and fix the underlying root causes. APD measures bond signals, such as deformation, ultrasonic current and ultrasonic frequency. Bonds are automatically divided into subgroups based on bond order and process parameters and the signals within a subgroup are then normalized. For outlier classification, the features are extracted from the normalized signals and combined into failure class values. The failure classes, such as contamination, misaligned wire and unstable substrate, are calculated independently. Within the APD feature, a user can define limits for the failure class values and define bonder actions based on the severity of the detected outlier. We measured the detection rates for large wire Al bond failure classes and demonstrate how APD calculates failure class values from the signals. Additionally, we show how new signal features and failure classes can be defined to detect production specific or rare failure classes. Finally, we present outlier classification performance metrics against large production data sets.

Mechanical and topographic factors influencing lava dome growth and collapse

Lava dome collapse hazards are intimately linked with their morphology and internal structure. We present new lava dome emplacement models that use calibrated rock strengths and allow material behaviour to be simulated for three distinct units: (1) a ductile, fluid core; (2) a solid upper carapace; and (3) disaggregated talus slopes. We first show that relative proportions of solid and disaggregated rock depend on rock strength, and that disaggregated talus piles can act as an unstable substrate and cause collapse, even in domes with a high rock strength. We then simulate sequential dome emplacement, demonstrating that renewed growth can destabilise otherwise stable pre-existing domes. This destabilisation is exacerbated if the pre-existing dome has been weakened following emplacement, e.g., through processes of hydrothermal alteration. Finally, we simulate dome growth within a crater and show how weakening of crater walls can engender sector collapse. A better understanding of dome growth and collapse is an important component of hazard mitigation at dome-forming volcanoes worldwide.

Molecular characterization of mouse CREB3 regulatory factor in Neuro2a cells.

We performed expression and functional analysis of mouse CREB3 regulatory factor (CREBRF) in Neuro2a cells by constructing several expression vectors. Overexpressed full-length (FL) CREBRF protein was stabilized by MG132; however, the intrinsic CREBRF expression in Neuro2a cells was negligible under all conditions. On the other hand, N- or C-terminal deletion of CREBRF influenced its stability. Cotransfection of CREBRF together with GAL4-tagged FL CREB3 increased luciferase reporter activity, and only the N-terminal region of CREBRF was sufficient to potentiate luciferase activity. Furthermore, this positive effect of CREBRF was also observed in cells expressing GAL4-tagged cleaved CREB3, although CREBRF hardly influenced the protein stability of NanoLuc-tagged cleaved CREB3 or intracellular localization of EGFP-tagged one. In conclusion, this study suggests that CREBRF, a quite unstable proteasome substrate, positively regulates the CREB3 pathway, which is distinct from the canonical ER stress pathway in Neuro2a cells.

Microbial Fuel Cell: Recent Developments in Organic Substrate Use and Bacterial Electrode Interaction

A new bioelectrochemical approach based on metabolic activities inoculated bacteria, and the microbial fuel cell (MFC) acts as biocatalysts for the natural conversion to energy of organic substrates. Among several factors, the organic substrate is the most critical challenge in MFC, which requires long-term stability. The utilization of unstable organic substrate directly affects the MFC performance, such as low energy generation. Similarly, the interaction and effect of the electrode with organic substrate are well discussed. The electrode-bacterial interaction is also another aspect after organic substrate in order to ensure the MFC performance. The conclusion is based on this literature view; the electrode content is also a significant challenge for MFCs with organic substrates in realistic applications. The current review discusses several commercial aspects of MFCs and their potential prospects. A durable organic substrate with an efficient electron transfer medium (anode electrode) is the modern necessity for this approach.

City membrane training platforms. Health-promoting Spatial Instalations for Children and Teenagers

This article is inspired by the research on membrane training platforms, which has been conducted by the author for over two years. Currently, they are at the stage of building an experimental prototype in a real scale. These studies are the result of cooperation between the Wrocław University of Technology and the Center "Lunares Space - simulated space base" in Piła and the cooperation with the Academy of Physical Education in Wrocław regarding training devices. The membrane training platform is a spatial membrane, mesh, rope or belt installation, stretched elastically on a light and economical, spatial rod structure. A membrane is understood as a bi-curved surface, which is an unstable substrate, generating significant deformations under a load from a human walking on it - simulating walking "in deep snow" or in conditions of reduced gravity. The author's experience, gained in the course of this scientific work, gave him the idea of applying a similar idea to health-promoting urban installations intended for children and adolescents. The author presents this concept against the background of currently known devices with a similar function and character. At the same time, he shows arguments in favor of the implementation of this unconventional proposal, justifying in detail the need to develop this type of activity for children and adolescents, and even for the elderly. The presented proposals for new functional and spatial forms, intended for location in open space, are based on the use of low-cost, single-layer, octagonal and hexagonal bar systems, designed in such a way as to form closed systems, well absorbing forces from polypropylene nets, tapes or membranes stretched inside. According to the author, apart from their functional tasks, these objects could create intriguing, attractive architectural forms, enriching the city space.

Чек-лист синтаксонов Российской Арктики: текущее состояние классификации растительности

Чек-лист синтаксонов Российской Арктики: текущее состояние классификации растительности