Unspecified Conditions Research Articles

Effects of Unspecified Experimental Conditions in ISO 17497-1 on the Scattering Coefficients Measured in a Scale Model

This study extends the authors' previous investigation on the measurement of random-incidence scattering coefficients in a reverberation room [Acta Acustica United with Acustica 94 (2008) 769-773]. The present study further investigates the effects of some unspecified experimental conditions in ISO 17497-1 on the measured scattering coefficients; these conditions include the sample diameter, the addition of an edge strip around the sample perimeter, the air gap below the turntable, and the absorption of the test sample. The results of scale-model measurements indicate that the sample diameter, air gap below the turntable, and absorption of the test sample have significant effects on the measured scattering coefficient, particularly for values obtained in the mid-and high-frequency bands. The edge effect is minimized by using an edge strip around the sample perimeter; the edge strip has a considerable influence on the scattering coefficients in the highest frequency bands.

Self-assessed health of young-to-middle-aged adults in an English-speaking Caribbean nation.

Background:Gender differences in self-assessed health in young-to-middle-aged adults are understudied in the English-speaking Caribbean nations.Aims:The aims of the current research are to (1) provide demographic characteristics of young adults, (2) examine the self-assessed health of young adults, (3) identify social determinants that explain good health status for young adults, (4) determine the magnitude of each social determinant, and (5) reveal gender differences in self-assessed health.Materials and methods:This study extracted a subsample of 3,024 respondents from a larger nationally cross-sectional survey of 6,782 Jamaicans. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS v 16.0. Descriptive statistics were used to provide demographic information on the sample. Chi-square was used to examine the association between nonmetric variables, and an independent sample t-test was used to test the relationships between metric and dichotomous categorical variables. Logistic regression examined the relationship between the dependent variable and some predisposed independent variables.Results:One percent of the sample claimed injury and 8% illness. Self-reported diagnosed illnesses were influenza (12.7%), diarrhea (2.9%), respiratory disease (14.1%), diabetes mellitus (7.8%), hypertension (7.8%), arthritis (2.9%), and unspecified conditions (41.2%). The mean length of illness was 26 days (SD = 98.9). Nine social determinants and biological conditions explained 19.2% of the variability of self-assessed health. Biological conditions accounted for 78.1% of the explanatory model.Conclusion:Injury accounts for a miniscule percentage of illness and so using it to formulate intervention policies would lack the necessary depth to effectively address the health of this cohort.

不特定荷重を考慮した構造物の最適形状設計 : 多項式系による形状表現とクレーンフック設計への適用

不特定荷重を考慮した構造物の最適形状設計 : 多項式系による形状表現とクレーンフック設計への適用

A systematic review of remedies and indications of the use of homeopathic Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) in dental practice

Objective Homeopathic treatment in dental practice has only insufficiently been appraised. Based on the findings of a formerly conducted comprehensive literature review of case reports of homeopathic remedies in dental care [1] , this work investigates the use of homeopathic Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) in dental practice. Material and methods The following electronical databases were used to find articles on homeopathy in dentistry: Medline, CAMbase and the electronic archives of the journals Zeitschrift fur klassische Homoopathie and Allgemeine Homoopathische Zeitung (Erfahrungsschatz Homoopathie). The search terms used were homeopath* AND (dental OR dentistry) and their translations in German and French. Finally, we searched our CAM library for literature not listed in the above-mentioned databases. The results were full text-screened and filtered for the mentioning of Hypericum. Results We found 423 citations of 89 homeopathic remedies relevant for the use in dental practice. Among these, preparations of Mercurius (37 citations; 8.7%) and Acidum nitricum (23 citations; 5.4%) were mentioned most frequently. Hypericum was only mentioned in 9 cases (2.1%). However, with 8 citations the main indication was “tooth pain (ICD10: K08.8) and unspecified haemorrhagic conditions and prevention (ICD10: D69.9; 1 citation)”. Thus, Hypericum is the most frequently mentioned homeopathic remedy for pain, in particular for preparation or grinding trauma. Surprisingly, we found a high divergence in indications of Hypericum: while case reports suggest its use in neuropathic pain conditions, studies tend to investigate the efficacy of Hypericum mainly in post extraction pain and swelling. Discussion Although the identified case reports suggest a high therapeutic potential of Hypericum for neuropathic pain, this effect up to now was not proven in clinical studies. Based on our results, studies on Hypericum in dental care going beyond the indication of post-extraction pain are highly encouraged.

Health of females in Jamaica: using two cross-sectional surveys.

Background:The 21st Century cannot see the examination of health status of elderly, population, children and adolescents; but not for females.Aims:current study are 1) to examine the health conditions; 2) provide an epidemiological profile of changing health conditions in the last one half decade (2002-2007); 3) evaluate whether self-reported illness is a good measure of health status; 4) compute the mean age of females having particular health conditions; 5) calculate the mean age of being ill compared with those who are not ill; and 6) assess the correlation between health status and income quintile.Methods and Results:In 2002, a subsample of 12,675 females was extracted from the sample of 25,018 respondents and for 2007; a subsample of 3,479 females was extracted from 6,783 respondents.Results:There is reduction in the mean age of females reported being diagnosed with chronic illness such as diabetes mellitus (60.54 ± 17.14 years); hypertension (60.85 ± 16.93 years) and arthritis 59.72 ± 15.41 years). The greatest decline in mean age of chronically ill diagnosed females was in arthritic cases (by 7.41 years). Concurrently, the mean age of females with unspecified health conditions fell by (33%, from 54.62 ± 21.77 years in 2002 to 36.42 ± 23.69 years in 2007).Conclusion:Although healthy life expectancy for females at birth in Jamaica was 66 years, improvements in their health status cannot be neglected as there are shits in health conditions (to diabetes mellitus) as well as the decline in ages at which females are being diagnosed with particular chronic illnesses.

Commentary: The federal ‘Prenatally and Postnatally Diagnosed Conditions Awareness Act’

The recently enacted federal law, the 'Prenatally and Postnatally Diagnosed Conditions Awareness Act' (United States Public Law 110-374) seeks to improve opportunities for parents and pregnant women to anticipate and understand the likely life course of children born with Down syndrome and other (unspecified) conditions. The law is in part a response to the continued growth of prenatal screening and testing. For example, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Practice Bulletin 77 recommends that 'Screening and invasive diagnostic testing for aneuploidies be available to all women who present for prenatal care before 20 weeks of gestation regardless of maternal age.' Emerging technologies anticipate an era in which the scope of prenatal screening and testing will be much larger than it is today. Inevitably, more women will find themselves facing the hard question of whether to continue or end a pregnancy in which a fetus has been found to have a significant abnormality. While the new federal law is not likely to have a major impact on obstetric practice, it may be a harbinger of renewed wide-scale public debate concerning the ethics of prenatal screening.

Descriptive analysis of the prevalence and the molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium complex-infected pigs that were slaughtered on the main island of Okinawa

Recent genetic studies have revealed that several epidemiological factors affect Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in pig populations. However, mechanisms underlying the spread of MAC infection among hog farms have not been clarified. In consideration of this situation, we cross-sectionally investigated the mechanisms underlying the spread of MAC on the island of Okinawa. Pigs slaughtered (n=706,763) and 331 hog farms on Okinawa were surveyed during the years 2002-2004. Two outbreaks of MAC infection were occurred in several farms during survey period. Bacteria were isolated from randomly selected pigs and genotype of isolates was determined by using genetic finger printing methods with the insertion sequence (IS) 1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Most isolates had large numbers of IS1245 copies, while strains with low copy numbers of IS1245 and isolates without IS1245 were seen in few farms. MACs strains were repeatedly isolated from pigs of the affected farms during the survey period. Those farms with an identical pig rearing systems showed synchronic changes in the prevalence of MAC infection. An industrial farm without an outbreak had an independent pig flow, but maintained distinct MAC strains. Multivariate analysis did not reveal independent factors for the prevalence of the MAC infection. These findings suggest that there were three clusters distinguished genetically in the main island of Okinawa, which were potentially spread by common pig flow. However, the outbreaks occurred because of unspecified conditions on each farm environment.

Why borderline personality disorder is neither borderline nor a personality disorder

AbstractObjectives Borderline personality disorder is the most well‐studied personality disorder in psychiatry. Despite its great influence in the study of these conditions, it has not been properly recognized that borderline personality disorder is atypical.Design A critical analysis of the differences between borderline and other personality disorders is made.Method A comparison is made between borderline personality disorder and other personality disorders with respect to diagnostic criteria, relationship to normal personality variation and treatment options.Results Analysis of the operational criteria for borderline and schizotypal personality disorders shows that these are the only personality disorders that are dominated by discrete symptoms rather than traits. Cluster analysis of a data set of personality traits obtained between 1976 and 1978 (before borderline personality disorder became fashionable in the UK) could find no profile that supports the existence of a borderline personality disorder grouping, and the study of published papers on treatment in personality disorder shows a 3 : 1 ratio for borderline personality disorder compared with all other personality disorders combined, approaching 9 : 1 when unspecified (probably mainly borderline) conditions are taken into account.Conclusions Borderline personality disorder is incorrectly classified as a personality disorder and does an injustice to those who suffer from it. It is better classified as a condition of recurrent unstable mood and behaviour, or fluxithymia, which is better placed with the mood disorders than in odd isolation as a personality disorder. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Computational and Ground‐Based Experimental Investigations of the Effects of Specified and Unspecified (Free) Pressure Conditions at the Condenser Exit for Condensing Flows in Terrestrial and Microgravity Environments

Reported experimental and computational results confirm that both the flow features and heat transfer rates inside a condenser depend on the specification of inlet, wall, and exit conditions. The theoretical and experimental results presented in this paper allow us to propose important exit condition based categorization of these flows. Of these, category II flows are defined to be cases for which exit pressures are left unspecified. However it is shown here that steady flows under specified exit pressure conditions (category I flows) are more stable and can be more easily achieved under all conditions (normal or zero-gravity). Existence of self-selected exit pressure conditions for unspecified exit condition cases (category II flows) are more difficult to achieve and are often limited to gravity driven flows. In practice, however, special hardware arrangements are required for repeatable realization of both these categories of flow. If this is not so, one often has an inadvertent category I flow (flows with specified exit pressure) without the explicit knowledge of the exit pressure value. For microgravity situations, the remedy is to run condensers under suitably specified inlet and exit pressures (category I conditions) as well as a proper cooling strategy (i.e., proper wall temperature variations).

Gatekeepers and the Gateway – a Mixed-Methods Inquiry into Practitioners' Referral Behaviour to the Gateway Clinic

The Gateway Clinic is a specialist NHS service in South London providing acupuncture and Chinese medicine. The clinic receives a diverse range of referrals from an expanding population of local general practitioners (GPs). This study explores the referral behaviour of GPs and other primary care users of the Gateway Clinic. A pragmatic mixed-methods approach was used, combining mapping of GPs' usage of the Gateway as taken from the clinic's database between the years 2000 and 2005, a questionnaire survey of the referring primary care practitioners in 2005, and data, including a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts from semi-structured interviews of a purposive sample of those GPs who refer. Doctors in the community refer a wide range of health problems to the Gateway Clinic. The most common referrals were musculoskeletal conditions (38-44%), general and unspecified conditions (11-14%), blood and immune system conditions (6-12%), psychological conditions (8-13%), neurological conditions (6-9%), gynaecological conditions (5-6%) and digestive conditions (5-6%). The health problems referred by local healthcare practitioners correlate strongly with the patient profile seen in private acupuncture practice. Between 2000 and 2005 numbers of healthcare practitioners increased by 218% resulting in a 300% increase in patient referrals made to the clinic; the mean frequency of referral per practitioner increased by 71%. Analysis of the qualitative data suggests that positive clinical experience encourages GPs to increase the range of conditions they refer leading to the development of informal referral guidelines. The Gateway Clinic has become an increasingly popular referral resource. The influences that drive referral to the clinic are multiple and follow "tacit guidelines". GPs select patients on the basis of their individual clinical experience, informed by positive patient feedback and often only after more conventional medical treatment options have been exhausted.

Characterisation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coliO157 strains isolated from humans in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand

BackgroundShiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important cause of bloody diarrhoea (BD), non-bloody diarrhoea (NBD) and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). In Argentina and New Zealand, the most prevalent STEC serotype is O157:H7, which is responsible for the majority of HUS cases. In Australia, on the other hand, STEC O157:H7 is associated with a minority of HUS cases. The main aims of this study were to compare the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of STEC O157 strains isolated between 1993 and 1996 from humans in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand, and to establish their clonal relatedness.ResultsSeventy-three O157 STEC strains, isolated from HUS (n = 36), BD (n = 20), NBD (n = 10), or unspecified conditions (n = 7) in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand, were analysed. The strains were confirmed to be E. coli O157 by biochemical tests and serotyping. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the stx1, stx2 and rfbO157 genes and a genotyping method based on PCR-RFLP was used to determine stx1 and stx2 variants. This analysis revealed that the most frequent stx genotypes were stx2/stx2c (vh-a) (91%) in Argentina, stx2 (89%) in New Zealand, and stx1/stx2 (30%) in Australia. No stx1-postive strains were identified in Argentina or New Zealand. All strains harboured the eae gene and 72 strains produced enterohaemolysin (EHEC-Hly). The clonal relatedness of strains was investigated by phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The most frequent phage types (PT) identified in Argentinian, Australian, and New Zealand strains were PT49 (n = 12), PT14 (n = 9), and PT2 (n = 15), respectively. Forty-six different patterns were obtained by XbaI-PFGE; 37 strains were grouped in 10 clusters and 36 strains showed unique patterns. Most clusters could be further subdivided by BlnI-PFGE.ConclusionSTEC O157 strains isolated in Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand differed from each other in terms of stx-genotype and phage type. Additionally, no common PFGE patterns were found in strains isolated in the three countries. International collaborative studies of the type reported here are needed to detect and monitor potentially hypervirulent STEC clones.

Generalized Euler—Lagrange Equations and Transversality Conditions for FVPs in terms of the Caputo Derivative

This paper presents extensions to the traditional calculus of variations for systems containing Fractional Derivatives (FDs) defined in the Caputo sense. Specifically, two problems are considered, the simplest Fractional Variational Problem (FVP) and the FVP of Lagrange. Both specified and unspecified end conditions and end points are considered. Results of the first problem are extended to problems containing multiple FDs. For the second problem, we present a Lagrange type multiplier rule. For both problems, we develop generalized Euler—Lagrange type necessary conditions and the transversality conditions, which must be satisfied for the given functional to be extremum. The formulations show that one may require fractional boundary conditions even when the FVP has been formulated in terms of Caputo Fractional Derivatives (CFDs) only, and that the Riemann—Liouville Fractional Derivatives (RLFDs) automatically appear in the resulting equations. The relationships between the RLFDs and the CFDs are used to write the resulting differential equations purely in terms of the CFDs. Several examples are considered to demonstrate the application of the formulations. The formulations presented and the resulting equations are very similar to the formulations given for FVPs defined in terms of the RLFDs and to those that appear in the field of classical calculus of variations. The formulations presented are simple and can be extended to other problems in the field of fractional calculus of variations.

Fractional variational calculus in terms of Riesz fractional derivatives

This paper presents extensions of traditional calculus of variations for systems containing Riesz fractional derivatives (RFDs). Specifically, we present generalized Euler–Lagrange equations and the transversality conditions for fractional variational problems (FVPs) defined in terms of RFDs. We consider two problems, a simple FVP and an FVP of Lagrange. Results of the first problem are extended to problems containing multiple fractional derivatives, functions and parameters, and to unspecified boundary conditions. For the second problem, we present Lagrange-type multiplier rules. For both problems, we develop the Euler–Lagrange-type necessary conditions which must be satisfied for the given functional to be extremum. Problems are considered to demonstrate applications of the formulations. Explicitly, we introduce fractional momenta, fractional Hamiltonian, fractional Hamilton equations of motion, fractional field theory and fractional optimal control. The formulations presented and the resulting equations are similar to the formulations for FVPs given in Agrawal (2002 J. Math. Anal. Appl. 272 368, 2006 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 39 10375) and to those that appear in the field of classical calculus of variations. These formulations are simple and can be extended to other problems in the field of fractional calculus of variations.

A general finite element formulation for fractional variational problems

This paper presents a general finite element formulation for a class of Fractional Variational Problems (FVPs). The fractional derivative is defined in the Riemann–Liouville sense. For FVPs the Euler–Lagrange and the transversality conditions are developed. In the Fractional Finite Element Formulation (FFEF) presented here, the domain of the equations is divided into several elements, and the functional is approximated in terms of nodal variables. Minimization of this functional leads to a set of algebraic equations which are solved using a numerical scheme. Three examples are considered to show the performance of the algorithm. Results show that as the number of discretization is increased, the numerical solutions approach the analytical solutions, and as the order of the derivative approaches an integer value, the solution for the integer order system is recovered. For unspecified boundary conditions, the numerical solutions satisfy the transversality conditions. This indicates that for the class of problems considered, the numerical solutions can be obtained directly from the functional, and there is no need to solve the fractional Euler–Lagrange equations. Thus, the formulation extends the traditional finite element approach to FVPs.

Internal Condensing Flows inside a Vertical Pipe: Experimental/Computational Investigations of the Effects of Specified and Unspecified (Free) Conditions at Exit

Reported experimental and computational results confirm that both the flow features and heat-transfer rates inside a condenser depend on the specification of inlet, wall, and exit conditions. The results show that the commonly occurring condensing flows’ special sensitivity to changes in exit conditions (i.e., changes in exit pressure) arises from the ease with which these changes alter the vapor flow field in the interior. When, at a fixed steady mass flow rate, the exit pressure is changed from one steady value to another, the changes required of the interior vapor flow toward achieving a new steady duct flow are such that they do not demand a removal of the new exit pressure imposition back to the original steady value—as is the case for incompressible single phase duct flows with an original and “required” exit pressure. Instead, new steady flows may be achieved through appropriate changes in the vapor/liquid interfacial configurations and associated changes in interfacial mass, heat-transfer rates (both local and overall), and other flow variables. This special feature of these flows has been investigated here for the commonly occurring large heat sink situations, for which the condensing surface temperature (not heat flux) remains approximately the same for any given set of inlet conditions while the exit-condition changes. In this paper’s context of flows of a pure vapor that experience film condensation on the inside walls of a vertical tube, the reported results provide an important quantitative and qualitative understanding and support an exit-condition-based categorization of the flows. Experimental results and selected relevant computational results that are presented here reinforce the fact that there exist multiple steady solutions (with different heat-transfer rates) for multiple steady prescriptions of the exit condition—even though the other boundary conditions do not change. However, for some situations that do not fix any specific value for the exit condition (say, exit pressure) but allow the flow the freedom to choose any exit pressure value within a certain range, experiments confirm the computational results that, given enough time, there typically exists, under normal gravity conditions, a self-selected “natural” steady flow with a natural exit condition. This happens if the vapor flow is seeking (or is attracted to) a specific exit condition and the conditions downstream of the condenser allow the vapor flow a range of exit conditions that includes the specific natural exit condition of choice. However, for some unspecified exit-condition cases involving partial condensation, even if computations predict that a natural exit-condition choice exists, the experimental arrangement employed here does not allow the flow to approach its steady natural exit-condition value. Instead, it only allows oscillatory exit conditions leading to an oscillatory flow. For the reported experiments, these oscillatory pressures are induced and imposed by the instabilities in the system components downstream of the condenser.

A physically important class of integrals expressed as a parameter derivative

The paper deals with a class of integrals, the integrands of which contain the square of a solution of a second-order linear, ordinary differential equation. Such integrals often arise in quantum mechanics as normalization integrals or expectation values. A generalized, unified procedure for rewriting such an integral, associated with a differential equation of the Sturm-Liouville type with unspecified boundary conditions, as a parameter derivative is presented. The formula thus obtained can be used for the evaluation of various integrals of physical interest. As an application we present a simplified derivation of a formula given by de Alfaro and Regge, in which the quantal normalization integral is expressed in terms of the Jost function. Other applications to integrals involving special functions and to integrals associated with the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation are also presented. Furthermore, it is explained why an approximate formula for expectation values is much more accurate than one can expect from the usual, crude derivation of it, and why certain attempts to improve that derivation have failed.

Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women in New Zealand: Comparative Well-Being, Comorbidity, and Impact on Work and Other Activities

This article reports the findings of a population-based study in New Zealand that investigated comparative well-being, comorbidity, and the impact of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) on activities. Chronic pelvic pain was defined as lower abdominal pain that is associated with neither the menstrual cycle nor sexual activity. A postal questionnaire was administered to a random sample resulting in a study group of 1,160. The negative impact of CPP on women's general well-being is significant. They were more likely than women without CPP to have other long-standing illnesses, other unspecified conditions involving pain or fatigue, and sleep patterns were more seriously disturbed. Pain restricted their activities. Comparisons with the limited data available from other studies are made.

Is frequent attendance in primary care disease-specific?

Sociodemographic characteristics of frequent attenders in general practice are known. It is not known whether frequent attendance is linked to specific diseases. To investigate whether frequent consultation in primary care is related to specific morbidities and whether this relationship is influenced by the general practice which the patient attends. One-year survey of consultation data. Nine general practices in North Staffordshire, UK. 1000 adults aged 18 years and over who had consulted primary care at least once during the study year were randomly selected from each practice and grouped into frequent (high and very high), medium and low frequency consulters. Type of morbidity coded at each consultation and number of repeat consultations for each morbidity (based on Read Code Chapters). All morbidity Chapters were associated with frequent consultation. Frequent consultation was also associated with repeated consultation within most morbidities. Stronger associations were seen with mental disorders, blood disorders, circulatory disorders, digestive disorders, endocrine diseases and with causes of injury and poisoning. Some variation between practices in the morbidities associated with frequent consultation were apparent; particularly for skin diseases and unspecified conditions. Frequent consulters in primary care are not restricted to particular groups of morbidities. There is some aspect of frequent consultation that is a characteristic of individuals regardless of the symptoms with which they consult. Some morbidities are more prominent than others in this group of consulters, and this may help guide practice policies and future research into frequent consulters.

HHV6 quantification by real-time-PCR in different body compartments

A lysate of human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV6) infected HSB2 cells was used as antigen for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of IgG and IgM antibody to HHV6. 78 clinical samples were tested for the presence of HHV6-specific IgM. Nine specimens, all from children under 4.5 years of age, were found to be reactive indicating probable acute infection with HHV6. Sera from 12 healthy adult blood donors and from 88 of 90 adults over the age of 35 with unspecified health conditions tested negative for HHV6 IgM, indicating a minimum specificity estimate of nearly 98% in these patients. Cross-reactivity of antibody to other herpes viruses with the HHV6 ELISA antigen was not detected. Six hundred and ninety-six serum samples from individuals of different age groups were examined for IgG antibody status. In 94% of these samples, IgG antibody was detected. Our data suggests that most Canadians possess antibody to HHV6 by 1 yr of age and that on average, antibody levels remain high through early adulthood but begin to decline with advancing age. The ELISA described is a reliable test for the measurement of IgG and IgM antibodies for both clinical diagnosis and epidemiological studies.

Fibromyalgia syndrome

Nowadays, fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) should be diagnosed according to established criteria in order to differentiate it from other specified or unspecified pain conditions. Various underlying reasons for pain exist and possible correlations with FMS should be thoroughly discussed with the patient. Recent pathophysiological examinations suggest that fibromyalgia syndrome may constitute a disorder of the central nervous system, especially of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-axis, and/or of the autonomous nervous system and of pain regulating nerves. The most common co-morbidity comprises sleep disturbances. The patients' complaints usually prevail over a long period of time. There is a variety of trigger factors for the development of fibromyalgia syndrome, which leads to the suggestion that a number of fibromyalgia-syndrome subgroups exist. A genetic disposition is a topic of ongoing discussion. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome should be multidisciplinary. Drug therapy is often disappointing. Extensive patient information, therapeutic devotion and means of physical therapy seem to be more efficient, providing a multitude of therapeutic options. Both fibromyalgia syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome have to be accepted as medical entities, treated efficiently and studied scientifically. By these means, patients suffering from fibromyalgia syndrome, will not be lost to non-established forms of therapy.