Saponification Value Research Articles

Phytochemical and biological investigation of Astragalus Caprinus L

Backgroundcultivated and wild plants are used to treat different ailments. The Astragalus genus is found in temperate and dry climates; thus, it is found in Egypt and the arab world. Astragalus caprinus has a good amount of bioactive chemicals, which may help explain its therapeutic effects in reducing the risk of consequences from disease.MethodThe phytochemical investigation of the herb and roots of Astragalus caprinus L. included the analytical characterization for the petroleum ether components by GC/MS, unsaponifiable matter (unsap. fraction), and fatty acids (FAME) investigation by GLC analysis. Main flavonoids were chromatographically isolated from ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts. In vitro antimicrobial activity has been tested against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans for different plant extracts, the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, the fungus Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, and the Escherichia coli bacterium. Metabolite cytotoxicity was examined using the MTT assay against HepG-2 (human liver carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast carcinoma).ResultsIdentifying the important components of the herb and root petroleum ether extracts was achieved. Using column chromatography, luteolin, cosmosiin (apigenin-7-O-glucoside), and cynaroside (luteolin-7-O-glucoside) were separated and identified using UV, NMR, and Mass Spectroscopy. Root extracts displayed potential antimicrobial activity against most of the tested pathogens. Both extracts (herb and roots) were active against the MCF-7 cell line and HepG-2 cell line with IC50 62.5 ± 0.64 and 72.4 ± 2.3 µg/ml, and 75.9 ± 2.5 and 96.8 ± 4.2 µg/ml, respectively.ConclusionAstragalus caprinus seems to be a promising source of bioactive compounds that could potentially aid in preventing disease complications and address common health issues in developing countries. Moreover, the various parts of this plant could be utilized as natural raw materials for producing health-boosting products that could address common health issues in developing countries.

Effects of natural and mechanical drying processes on unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, estradiol, and physicochemical properties of Rana chensinensis ovum

Although Rana chensinensis Ovum (RCO) is enriched with high nutritional value, its quality varies due to the different drying methods used by farmers. This study aims to explore the impact of natural and mechanical drying methods on the nutritional compositions and physicochemical properties of RCO. Five different drying methods were studied, including blast drying (BD), mild breeze light drying (MBLD), natural air drying (NAD), vacuum heat drying (VHD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD). The quality assessment was based on unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content, iodine value, estradiol, vitamin E, saponification value, thiobarbituric acid value (TBA), acid value, and antioxidant properties. The results showed that VFD had higher UFA content and lower acid value (139.950 ± 0.397 mg · g−1) and TBA value (0.097 ± 0.003) than others. VFD and NAD had higher iodine values (147.166 ± 1.475 and 146.803 ± 1.209, respectively) than others. There were no significant differences in estradiol, vitamin E, peroxide value and the clearance rates of ABTS+ free radicals and DPPH• free radicals with different drying methods. The findings will provide valuable insights into the industrialization of RCO.Graphical

Physicochemical properties, profile of volatiles, fatty acids, lipids and concomitants from four Kadsura coccinea seed oils

The Kadsura coccinea fruit is a wild fruit that may be eaten and used medicinally. Its seeds are rich in nutrients but are typically thrown away without processing.The physicochemical characterization, volatiles, fatty acids, lipids and concomitants of cold-processed seed oils from four kinds of K. coccinea were evaluated. The average kernel yield and oil yield of K. coccinea seeds were 68.21 % and 30.44 %, respectively. The seed oil contains a moderate level of total phenolics (368.99–503.99 mgGAE/100 g), total flavonoids (95.01–126.18 mg RE/100 g), and β-sitosterol (1498.8–1712.7 mg/kg) with higher iodine value, lower acid value, saponification value and shorter induction time. GC analysis reveals appreciable amounts of linoleic acid (64.91–68.05 %) and squalene in seed oil. GC–MS analysis showed that the major volatile compounds were γ-muurolene (27.25–31.7 %), β-himachalene (19.51–20.37 %) and β-curcumene (15.78–16.78 %). Moreover, 16 terpenoids, 14 phenolics were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. These results suggest that K. coccinea seed seems an promising alternative oilseed with biological ingredients for food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

Natural variability in yield and properties of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile kernel oil from different locations in Nigeria

Balanites aegyptiaca known as the desert date is an underutilized and neglected wild fruit tree/shrub of the arid and semi-arid zones with high economic potential. This study, therefore, was conducted to investigate the yield, physico-chemical and phytochemical properties, proximate and mineral composition of desert date kernel oil from different locations. Oil was extracted using the soxhlet apparatus, while hexane served as solvent. Standard procedures were used to determine the yield and properties of desert date kernel oil. The data obtained were subjected to the analysis of variance (p< 0.05). Oil yield (%) was found to range from 21.09±1.04-43.95±1.85 and varied significantly among the locations. Acid and saponification values (mg KOH/g) increased significantly from 2.11±0.07 to 1.36±0.07 and 76.35±0.22 to 179.85±0.90, respectively. The refractive index ranged from 1.36±0.15 to 1.48±0.06, while the iodine value (mg KOH/g) varied significantly from 67.07±1.53 to 85.33±2.52. Saponins, tannins, and phenol were discovered to vary significantly among the locations, and range from 3.82±0.30 -5.83±0.45 (mg/100 g), 1.31±0.10 - 1.68±0.03 (mg/100 g) and 1.51±0.05 - 2.09±0.06 (mg/100 g), respectively. The broad variability observed in the properties of desert date kernel oil among locations indicates the feasibility of improving kernel oil yield and properties through selection

Quality assessment of commercially refined sunflower oil found in the market of Pokhara, Nepal

Sunflower oil is widely used for home cooking and the food industry. Food safety concerns are always there while consuming oil daily, so people want their purchased and consumed oil to be safe. The main aim of the research is to demonstrate and compare the data of different parameters obtained from laboratory experiments following the standard methods suggested by FSSAI-2016 (Food Safety and Standard Authority of India), A.O.A.C. (Association of Analytical Chemists) and the standard values given by D.F.T.Q.C. (Department of Food Technology and Quality Control), Nepal in 2075 B.S for edibleness of sunflower oil. Here, we show the standard methods to test the different parameters, i.e., moisture content, acid value, density, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and unsaponifiable matter of edible sunflower oil. The dataset of preliminary and physiochemical analysis were within the limits of D.F.T.Q.C. standards for edible and refined sunflower oil, where moisture content was 0.05±0.01, refractive index was 1.4676±5.7735E-05, peroxide value was 2.65±0.098, acid value was 0.071±0.0026, iodine value was 128.02±0.007, saponification value was 189.92±1.094 and unsaponifiable matter was 2.53±0.7. This study concludes that all the selected samples of sunflower oils are in the permissible range according to the D.F.T.Q.C. directory (2075). It indicated that selected sunflower oil types have regulatory standards for public consumption concerning health risks under study from the Pokhara market.

Production of biodiesel from palm kernel oil through base-catalyzed trans-esterification process

Growing concerns about environmental problems associated with fuels have engineered so much research into biofuels, such as biodiesel. However, continuous and large-scale production of biodiesel from edible oil could result in serious food security problems if cheap and viable alternatives are not made available. To solve this problem, oil was obtained from non-food/ underutilized seeds of palm kernel using Soxhlet apparatus. Physicochemical properties and fatty acids composition of these oils were determined using standard analytical and instrumental methods. Biodiesel was processed from these oils via sequential base (KOH) homogeneous catalysis. Fuel properties of biodiesel from the oil were determined using standard methods and the results obtained were compared with standards. Oil yields were found to be 37.6% for palm kernel seed respectively. Physicochemical properties of palm kernel oil respectively are: saponification value:(115.00)mg KOH/g, acid value(4.488)mgKOH/g, free fatty acid value (2.244)mg/KOH/viscosity:(29)mm2/s, moisture content: (0.46)%, peroxide value:(3.12)meqkg-1,refractive index:(1.455), specific gravity (0.899)g/cm. Fuel properties of biodiesel from palm kernel seed oil respectively are: Kinematic viscosity at 40oc: (nil) mm2/s, smoke point (100oc), flash point(90oc),fire point:(150oc),pour point(nil) and cloud point:(nil).The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel produced showed that the flash point, viscosity, density, ash content, percentage carbon content, specific gravity and the acid value fell within American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications for biodiesel. Therefore, the biodiesel produced from the oil significantly met standard quality requirements.

Physico-Chemical and Safety Evaluation of Palm Oil Processed, Sold and Consumed in Afikpo North and South, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

This study investigates the quality and safety of palm oil produced, marketed, and consumed in the Afikpo North and South Local Governent Area (LGA) of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. This research aimed at characterizing the physicochemical properties of palm oil and assess its compliance with standards. Parameters such as Free fatty acids (FFA), Iodine values (IV), Peroxide values (PV), Saponification values (SV), Moisture contents (MC), Impurity contents (IC) were meticulously analyzed. Results indicate that all the samples evaluated had their values within CODEX Alimenterium and Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) standards, implying that the samples are of good qualities, safe and suitable for home and industrial purposes. The research contributes to the understanding of quality of palm oils produced, marketed and consumed in Afikpo North and South LGA of Ebonyi State, Nigeria and emphasized the need for stringent quality control measures to safeguard consumers’ health. It provides a foundation for policymakers and stakeholders in the palm oil industry to implement strategies that enhance the quality and safety of palm oil in Nigeria.

Oilseed viability: A crucial factor for the success of the biodiesel industry

The oil derived from the seeds of the pongamia plant (Pongamia pinnata) has the potential to produce biodiesel. However, pongamia oil's high viscosity and conradson carbon residue make it unsuitable to use directly as a fuel in the already existing diesel engines. As a result, the experiments were carried out to determine the effectiveness of employing pongamia seeds with varying levels of seed viability for biodiesel production through transesterification process. The study looked at the relationship between seed physiological characteristics and extracted oil qualities in view of production of biodiesel through single step trasesterification process. The decreased seed viability was reflected in feedstock qualities such as free fatty acids (FFAs), saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), cetane number (CN), and antioxidant enzyme activity. The pongamia seed lot exhibited >60 % germination rates contained oil with low FFAs, low SV and high IV. The oil's low free fatty acid content (1.8 %) aids biodiesel production via a single-step alkali-based trans-esterification method. Thus, seed lots with higher viability enhance fuel properties, but decreasing FFAs in pongamia oil increases fuel production capabilities of seeds. Seeds with good viability exhibited lower oil oxidation potential due to higher antioxidant enzyme activity. The rapid viability evaluation test kit can be used at any stage of seed storage to determine whether oilseeds are suitable for biodiesel production. These findings will enable energy plantation growers to increase their profits by providing the biodiesel sector with high-quality feedstock.

Quantity and Quality Evaluation of Girardinia Diversifolia and Girardinia Bullosa Seed Oil

Kenya imports more than 65% of its edible oil requirements. This is due to low oil production and limited sources that cannot adequately meet the high demand by the ever-increasing population. This study aimed to determine the fatty acid profile and assess the quantity and quality of Girardinia diversifolia and Girardinia bullosa seed oil. Its quality was assessed in terms of iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), acid value(AV), peroxide value(PV), unsaponifiable matter, refractive index (RI), specific gravity(SG) and moisture content and volatile matter. The percentage oil content (18.4 to 21.2/100g dry) was low relative to most common edible oil plants. The highest moisture content recorded was 39.60 with the lowest being 31.24g/ 100g air-dried seeds. The RI ranged from 1.4662-1.4704. The IV ranged from 166-192. The PV was in the range of 8.68 to 13.6. The SV (164-179) was comparable to that of corn oil (187-147). The AV varied from 4.58-7.22. The percent unsaponifiable matter of the oil varied from 2.14-4.10. The fatty acids detected in the oil were decanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 9-octadecaenoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, eicosanoic acid and heneicosanoic acid. The results showed that Girardinia oil is stable in the first two hours of heating. The results indicated that the oil had a high content of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, and this guarantees the possibility of using the oil in the food industry.

Food safety and surveillance studies on the quality of traditional cold-pressed edible vegetable oils

This study has been conducted to investigate quality and safety of cold-pressed vegetable oils processed at cottage level industries. A total number of 75 samples of coconut, groundnut, and sesame oils collected from different districts of Tamil Nadu, analyzed to ascertain its quality and safety in compliance with the Food Safety Standard Regulations (FSSR) of FSSAI, 2011. Physico – chemical, fatty acid profile, vitamin and trace elemental analysis were carried out. Results revealed that though some of the oils samples are complied with the specification as per the standard, but on the other side 80% of the collected samples were found to fail in meeting at least for one parameter as per the requirements. Results are in deviations for the parameters such as refractive index, specific gravity, iodine value, and saponification value are also noticed and few samples are reported positive results for the presence of mineral oil and argemone oil and possibilities for adulteration. Notably, 15 samples were found to comply with the requirements for physiochemical parameters, fatty acid profiles and trace element levels which are found below permissible limits (≤0.05 mg/kg). Vitamin E was detected only in coconut oil (0.1059 to 0.1622 mg/100g). Whereas, antioxidant assay and color, remained satisfactory. Overall, the study underscores the importance of consumer awareness and adherence to established standards to ensure the integrity and safety of edible oils, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and enforcement efforts to address identified shortcomings and uphold market integrity.

Unique formulation of edible blended oil from sesame and mustard seeds grown in Bangladesh

Edible oils are vulnerable to oxidation-induced degradation, leading to off-flavors, carcinogenic products, and reduced nutritional content. This work aimed to prepare a blended oil (BO) from indigenous mustard and sesame seeds to extend the oil’s shelf life and boost its nutritional value. Four blends were formulated with sesame oil (SO) and mustard oil (MO) in the ratios of SO50:MO50, SO60:MO40, SO70:MO30 and SO80:MO20. GCMS analyses showed that the SO80:MO20 blend had an erucic acid content of 4.22 %, which is below the internationally accepted limit of 5 %, and an ideal fatty acid ratio of 1:1.3:1; saturated fatty acid (SFA): monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA): polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), close to the WHO/FAO permissible limit. The blend SO80:MO20 was then assessed and related to single oil. The physicochemical properties of the blended oil were superior to those of the individual oils. BO exhibited higher levels of lignan (48.96 %) and tocopherol (13.58 %) than SO (48.89 % and 12.74 %) and MO (0.24 % and 6.22 %). Additionally, BO’s sterol content was 18.7 %, surpassing SO’s 14.7 % but falling short of MO’s 21.13 %. Moreover, BO’s flash point (318 °C) closely resembled that of SO (320 °C) and MO (316 °C). Aflatoxin and trace metal levels were detected and found to be well below than permitted ranges. The blend had a total antioxidantcapacity of 95 % with an IC50 value of 0.575 mg/mL, which was higher than that of the individual oils andcomparable to standards. Over 180 days of storage at room temperature, the moisture content, refractive index, free fatty acids, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, saponification value, iodine value, and totox value of the BO showed a slower increase compared to the individual oils. The estimated fatty acid ratio and enriched antioxidant in the blended oil enhanced its stability and nutritional potency over the individual oils. The results of this work may represent Bangladesh’s first unique oil blend composition.

Development of oleogel by structuring the blend of corn oil and sunflower oil with beeswax to replace margarine in cookies

Oleogel significantly affects the product's sensory properties, texture, and shelf life. The goal of this study was to create oleogel by combining corn oil and sunflower oil and utilizing beeswax as a structural agent. A variety of physicochemical analyses were done to evaluate the quality of oleogel, including peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, fatty acid, rheological parameters and firmness. Different percentages of oleogel, ranging from 0% to 75%, were used to substitute margarine in cookies. The cookies' quality was evaluated using proximate analysis, color analysis, texture analysis, calorific value, and sensory analysis. The study yielded substantial results by finding the ideal margarine-to-oleogel mix ratio, allowing for the manufacturing of high-quality cookies with a greater degree of unsaturation. Cookies with oleogel showed higher levels of unsaturation and better properties, making them the preferred option among consumers.

Extraction of Oil from Azadirachta indica and Moringa stenopetala Seeds and Evaluation of its Physicochemical Properties

Azadirachta indica and Moringa stenopetala trees have been regarded as underutilized, tropical plants, fast-growing, drought-tolerant, robust, oleaginous, and evergreen perennial trees growing widely in various regions of Ethiopia. Almost every part of these plants (i.e., roots, stems, foliage, seeds, and barks) can be used as food additives and as raw materials for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, soap, and biofuel processing industries. This study aimed at the extraction and characterization of oil from A. indica and M. stenopetala seeds using the solvent method. The Box-Behnken Design was employed in the experimental design and result analysis. The particle size (0.2, 0.5, 0.8 mm), solvent-to-solute ratio (3:1, 6:1, 9:1), and extraction time (2, 5, 8 hrs) were experimental variables with three levels of low, medium, and high, whereas, the extraction temperature was kept uniform. Seventeen experiments were conducted for each species thereby developing the quadratic models with a P-value < 0.0001(significant). The quality and adequacy of the models were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% least significant difference. Results of the physicochemical determination of oils were triplicated and obtained as mean ± standard deviation. The determined physicochemical properties of A. indica and M. stenopetala seed oils were kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, pH value, refractive index, acid value, free fatty acid, saponification value, iodine value, and peroxide value. The obtained experimental results showed that the extracted oils from A. indica and M. stenopetala seeds exhibit good oil quality, and hence, they can be employed for commercial and industrial purposes, and the generation of renewable energy (biofuel).

Chemical Composition and Storage Stability of Crunchy Snacks Produced from Corn, Red Kidney Beans and Onion Flour

Corn flour is a very important ingredients in producing crunchy snacks. However, the use of other plant sources to supplement corn flour in producing crunchy snacks is not uncommon. This study thus investigated the chemical composition and storage stability of crunchy snack produced from corn, red kidney beans and onion flour. Three samples EOD: Corn: Red Kidney Bean: Onion (70:25:5%); XYZ: Corn: Red Kidney Bean: Onion (70:20:10%); FAV: Corn: Red Kidney Bean: Onion (70:15:15%) and a control ABC: Oyato crunchy snack, were analysed for proximate, mineral, free fatty acid (FFA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), saponification value (SV), peroxide value (PV), Microbial population and Sensory properties. Proximate Composition; moisture content ranged from 4.03 - 15.33% and crude protein content ranged from 3.33 – 9.52% among the samples. Mineral Composition; P, Ca, Na and Cd ranged between, 31.52 – 51.63 mg/100g, 3.57-4.53 mg/100g, 181.80-314.40 mg/100g, and not detected respectively for the samples. FFA had first month 2.45 – 5.33% and second month 3.14 – 5.33%. Storage stability; TBA first month had 0.18 to 0.51 mgMDA/Kg and second month 1.67 – 2.36 mgMDA/Kg; SV first month had 7.04 - 68.85 mgKOH/g and second month 7.65 to 103.70 mgKOH/g; PV first month had 3.50 to 20.00 meq/Kg and second month 8.50 to 21.50 meq/Kg. The microbial population was relatively low and within safe limits, total viable and fungi count 1.5-7.0×102 Cfu/g and 2.5-9×102 cfu/g after the first month respectively; total viable and fungi count 9.0-45×102 cfu/g and 5.0-25×102 cfu/g after second month respectively. There were no significant differences (p< 0.05) in the crunchiness, mouthfeel and overall acceptability of formulated crunchy snack samples and the commercial crunchy snack. The crunchy snacks investigated in this study has a good sensory evaluation and storage stability.

Salvia fruticosa mill leaves: chemical assessment and antimicrobial activity of different extracts based on molecular docking study

The primary objective of this study is to identify and analyze the lipid and flavonoid components present in Salvia fruticosa Mill, as well as to assess its potential antibacterial activity. Introduction: Salvia fruticosa Mill (SF) is considered a significant medicinal plant that is found all over the world. Method: The essential lipid contents (fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter), the volatile oil from leaves, and the antibacterial activity of various extracts were all evaluated. The lipid components were extracted with n-hexane then fractionated. Four flavonoids, namely luteolin, cosmos, cynaroside, andorientin, were isolated from the alcoholic extract of the plant by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms by measuring the inhibition zone diameter using disc diffusion method. A molecular docking study was performed to assess the binding affinity of the flavonoids to the DNA gyrase enzyme, which is a crucial target for antibacterial drugs. Caryophyllene (18.70%), lab-13-ene,8,15-diol (15.93%), methyl linoleate (10.53%), and 1,8-cineole (8.24%) are the most prevalent components in the volatile oil, according to the GC/MS analysis. The lipid components were fractionated into three groups: the unsaponifiable fraction, the fatty acid OMe (FAME), and the insoluble fraction of the acetone (fatty alcohols and hydrocarbons). The obtained results show remarkable antifungal activity with chloroform extract against A. flavus and moderate activity against A. niger. Besides, the butanol and ethyl acetate extracts presented high activity against Sarcina sp. with inhibition zone of 22 mm. The microorganism B. cerus was affected moderately by ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts with inhibition zone of 14 and 12 mm, respectively. The methanol extract was active against C. albicans only. The fatty acids fraction inhibited the growth of A. flavus with inhibition zones of 8, 10 and 14 mm for different concentrations, respectively. The Docking results revealed that all compounds exhibited a promising interaction into the DNA-gyrase, which agrees with an experimental data got from the antibacterial activity assay. These results were obtained first for this plant, especially the results of molecular docking study in relation to antibacterial activity.

Sustainable production of liquid phenyl using oil extracted from discarded pupae of mulberry silk worms (Bombyx mori)

The mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae, typically discarded as waste by the silk industry, are a valuable source of oil. Using the Soxhlet extraction method, 30.4 % oil was recovered from the pulverized dried pupae. This oil exhibited a high iodine value of 120 gI2/100 g and a saponification value of 201 mg KOH/g, which qualified it for soap making in phenyl. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified five fatty acids in the oil: palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid. The composition was 38.80 % saturated fatty acids (SFA), 46.01 % monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and 15.20 % polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). A disinfectant liquid, phenyl, was formulated using this oil, leveraging its high oleic acid content (45.10 %) and favorable physicochemical properties. The antibacterial efficacy of the phenyl was tested against eight harmful bacterial strains. It showed significant activity against all tested bacteria, particularly gram-negative strains, with inhibition zones ranging from 20.25 to 28.0 mm, outperforming the positive control, chloramphenicol, which had inhibition zones of 15.45–19.40 mm. For gram-positive bacteria, the inhibition zones were 14.25–22.50 mm. The phenyl was most effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones of 28.0 mm and 23.50 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was highest for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli at 110 μL/mL, and for Staphylococcus aureus at 115 μL/mL. The prepared phenyl disinfectant proved to be efficient against a range of bacteria and can be used to sanitize various surfaces effectively.

Application of Aspen Plus to Modelling and Simulation of Neem Seed Oil Extraction

The demand for neem oil keeps on increasing due to its wide applications in pharmaceutical, agro–allied industries, cosmetics and soap production. To avoid wastage of material and safety of operation and personnel, the designed plant must be simulated to predict its performance before actual construction. The property method based on the non–random two–liquid (NRTL) model of Aspen Plus V12 was used to simulate the designed plant and its predicted performances were 87.13% and 99.60% for quantity of neem oil to be obtained from the evaporator and quantity of solvent (ethanol) recovery from the condenser as against 85.93% and 94.93% of the practical result with 1.38% and 4.69% errors respectively. The extracted oil has iodine, acid and saponification values of 60.10 g I2/100 g, 4.2 mg KOH/g and 210.0 mg KOH/g respectively. The fatty acid compositions of oil are oleic acid, 46.61%; stearic acid, 11.83%; palmitic acid, 16.54%; 11 – octadecenoic acid, 3.58%; cis–vaccenic acid, 5.90%; cyclopropaneoctanal, 11.19%; squalene, 0.21% and trimethylsilyl–di(timethylsiloxy)-silane, 4.14%. Based on the quality and fatty acid composition of the extracted neem oil, it is highly recommended for cosmetics and soap production.

Physicochemical properties and yield of Guizotia abyssinica seed oil grown in South Wollo of Ethiopia

Niger (Guizotia abyssinica) plants are cultivated in various parts of Ethiopia. However, there are no investigation on physical properties of oil extracted from niger and its yield. The current work investigated the yield and physicochemical analysis of oil extracted from it. The extracted oil amount (40%) is good when compared to the reported Ethiopian Niger seed oil yields. The physicochemical analyses of the oil were determined according to the standard procedures. Among the determined properties of the seed oil were moisture content (9.5 ± 0.40%), specific gravity at 250, (0.90 ± 0.02), acid value (1.20 ± 0.50 mg KOH/g oil), saponification value (175.0 ± 0.60 mg KOH/g oil), free fatty acid content (0.60 ± 0.25%), and ester content (173.8 ± 0.10 mg KOH/g oil). In conclusion, on the basis of investigated physicochemical properties it indicates that the oil extracted from seeds of G. abyssinica is a good quality of oil and have dietary recommendations. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 59(2), 67-72, 2024

Sustainable Technique for Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Seed Oil Extraction: Optimization and Characterization

N-hexane is a solvent that is frequently used in oil extraction processes. But there is enough data to demonstrate this solvent's harmful nature. In this study, the Soxhlet process was utilized to extract neem seed oil from neem seeds using a greener petroleum ether. We looked into how the temperature (25–125 °C) and time variation (30–50 min) affected the extraction process. When the temperature is held constant, it indicates a high yield (57.08%) at 150 minutes and a maximum yield (52%) at 125°C when the duration is held constant. An examination of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids' makeup was done using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The result of the GC-MS method showed a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (58.82%), which are important because they may provide health benefits when included in a balanced diet. Alkaloids, coumarins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids are all present, with the exception of tannins, according to the phytochemical analysis. This implies that the oil may have therapeutic value. The extracted oil exhibits the following characteristics: 3.53% moisture content, 1.70 mg KOH/g acid value, 0.81 density (g/cm3), 31.60 viscosity (mm2/s), 268 mg KOH/g saponification value, 3.71% ash content, and 119.8 mg I2/100g iodine value. These figures illustrate the oil's potential for use in a variety of multi-industrial applications; they are compliant with ASTM standards.

Nutritional assessment and GC analysis of rice bran and bran oil of north Bengal: A prominent nutritive byproduct

The rice bran (BRRI 28) and the bran oil of north Bengal have not been studied previously. The yield of the oil extracted from the bran was much higher (20.30 %) than some previously reported data. The fatty acid analysis by GC-FID found that the percentage of palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acids was higher than previously published data. Caprylic and behenic acids were also found in this rice bran oil, which was not reported in the previous work. The oleic acid content of the bran oil in this study was found to be 35.69 %, which is higher than other edible oils. The nutritional value of the bran such as carbohydrates, fats, fiber, and protein content was 38.78 %, 20.30 %, 1.42 %, and 9.45 % respectively. Moisture and ash content were found at 9.49 % and 20.5 % respectively. The important minerals were found like Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K, Na, etc. The higher saponification (110.13 mg KOH/g) value of the oil indicated that it could be used as raw materials in good quality soap. The low iodine (46.25 I2/100 g) value of the oil indicated that it was stable and could be used for cooking purposes. This research recommends this rice bran as a prominent nutritive byproduct.