Unrestricted Demand Research Articles

Microscopic and macroscopic flow models of traffic management

Today, the issue of video data processing is very urgent. For example, determining the purpose of human behavior, analyzing economic networks, identifying and eliminating traffic jams on the streets, etc. Nowadays, the increase in the number of vehicles moving on the roads creates traffic jams on the city streets. This makes it urgent to eliminate traffic jams, especially in tourist cities. First of all, the causes of traffic congestion should be identified, traffic congestion can have various causes, such as insufficient capacity, unrestricted demand, traffic light delays, pedestrians crossing the roads at the wrong place , wrong location of sidewalks and etc. Therefore, there is a need to simulate and optimize traffic control to better meet this growing demand. In this research paper, microscopic and macroscopic traffic flow models are reviewed and their properties are discussed to determine which one is suitable for use in this study.

Microscopic and macroscopic flow models of traffic management

Today, the issue of video data processing is very urgent. For example, determining the purpose of human behavior, analyzing economic networks, identifying and eliminating traffic jams on the streets, etc. Nowadays, the increase in the number of vehicles moving on the roads creates traffic jams on the city streets. This makes it urgent to eliminate traffic jams, especially in tourist cities. First of all, the causes of traffic congestion should be identified, traffic congestion can have various causes, such as insufficient capacity, unrestricted demand, traffic light delays, pedestrians crossing the roads at the wrong place , wrong location of sidewalks and etc. Therefore, there is a need to simulate and optimize traffic control to better meet this growing demand. In this research paper, microscopic and macroscopic traffic flow models are reviewed and their properties are discussed to determine which one is suitable for use in this study.

A Survey on Settling Gridlock Utilizing Picture Handling Methods and Improvement of an Android Application

Our current situation makes this a severe issue. Traffic congestion on both major and minor routes is constant. A strong traffic control system is necessary in order to address these problems. Human and material resources are lost as a result of poor traffic management. Due to these recurring issues, interest is growing in finding new ways to address the congestion issue. Inadequate capacity, unrestrained demand, and protracted delays caused by traffic signals are only a few of the factors that contribute to traffic congestion. Magnetic loop detectors, infrared sensors, wireless sensor networks, and other devices are all used in modern technology. As opposed to These frequently occurring problems are generating interest in solving the congestion problem through various methods and methods. Traffic congestion occurs for a variety of reasons, including insufficient capacity, unrestricted demand, and long delays due to traffic signals. Modern technology uses wireless sensor network systems, magnetic loop detectors, infrared sensors and more. On the other hand, video and image processing methods offer many advantages over traditional systems. This article summarizes an overview of all available existing methods compared to those used in this field of research. We summarize all the various research papers based on different methods for the development of intelligent traffic detection systems using image and video processing methods. A comparison and overview of all methods is presented in this overview document.

Traffic Signal Control System Based on Intelligent Transportation System and Reinforcement Learning

Traffic congestion has several causes, including insufficient road capacity, unrestricted demand and improper scheduling of traffic signal phases. A great variety of efforts have been made to properly program such phases. Some of them are based on traditional transportation assumptions, and others are adaptive, allowing the system to learn the control law (signal program) from data obtained from different sources. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a technique commonly used in previous research. However, properly determining the states and the reward is key to obtain good results and to have a real chance to implement it. This paper proposes and implements a traffic signal control system (TSCS), detailing its development stages: (a) Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) architecture design for the TSCS; (b) design and development of a system prototype, including an RL algorithm to minimize the vehicle queue at intersections, and detection and calculation of such queues by adapting a computer vision algorithm; and (c) design and development of system tests to validate operation of the algorithms and the system prototype. Results include the development of the tests for each module (vehicle queue measurement and RL algorithm) and real-time integration tests. Finally, the article presents a system simulation in the context of a medium-sized city in a developing country, showing that the proposed system allowed reduction of vehicle queues by 29%, of waiting time by 50%, and of lost time by 50%, when compared to fixed phase times in traffic signals.

Design and Development of Traffic Control System using Image Processing

Traffic congestion is now a big issue. Although it seems to penetrate throughout the world, urban towns are the ones which are most effected. And it is expanding in nature that it is necessary to understand the density of roads in real time to better regulate signals and efficient management of transport. Various traffic congestions, such as limited capacity, unrestricted demand, huge Red Light waits might occur. While insufficient capacity and unlimited demand are somehow interconnected, their delay in lighting is difficult to encode and not traffic dependant. The necessity to simulate and optimise traffic controls therefore arises in order to better meet this growing demand. The traffic management of information, ramp metering, and updates in real-time has been frequently used in recent years for image processing and monitoring systems. An image processing can also be used for the traffic density estimation. This research describes the approach for the computation of real-time traffic density by image processing for using live picture feed from cameras. It focuses also on the algorithm for the transmission of traffic signals on the road according to the density of vehicles and therefore aims to reduce road congestion, which reduces the number of accidents.

The 'Soda Tax' is Unlikely to Make Mexicans Lighter: New Evidence on Biases in Elasticities of Demand for Soda

Mexico's 'soda tax' has been predicted to reduce average weights by two to four pounds, based on extant estimates of an own-price elasticity of quantity demand for soda of between −1.0 and −1.3. These estimates ignore consumer responses on the quality margin and correlated measurement errors. We use Mexican household budget survey data and city-level soda prices to estimate unrestricted demand models that correct for both errors. The corrected own-price elasticity of quantity demand is just −0.2 to −0.3, so tax-induced soda price increases might cut average weights by less than one pound, which is too small to improve health.

Wind and Solar Energy for Reducing Electricity Deficits in Karnataka

Karnataka suffers from chronic electricity shortages and daily load-shedding, which are expected to persist despite planned additions of conventional power. Using four illustrative scenarios based on different assumptions, we estimate the additional contributions wind and solar power sources could make to reduce these deficits by FY2022. The method developed estimates expected hourly deficits in FY2022 from projected unrestricted demands and expected availability from conventional sources. We estimate that additional 8000-8700 MW (11 BU) of wind and 3300-3500 MW (5 BU) of solar power would reduce the annual deficit by approximately three-fourths. A recommended pumped hydro storage facility will reduce the deficits further by 10% and help in meeting the daily peaks in demand.

A practical approach to assessment of the base power contracts and peak power contracts for a distribution utility

Abstract Mix of long term and short term contracts are essential in the portfolio optimisation of the distribution utility for meeting the unrestricted demand of the consumers at the minimum cost. Opening up of power market and the increasing open access transactions in India has made it essential to the distribution utilities to have optimum operation strategy for keeping the competitiveness in the industry. Further, the distribution utilities in India are also mandated with universal supply obligation, due to which the meticulous planning in long term has become more significant for their survival itself. Another aspect to be considered is the social impact on the cost optimisation of electricity procurement as the electricity consumption has direct links to the industrialisation and living comfort of the people. The gestation period of conventional generators is more than five years. Transmission line construction also requires a time span of 3 to 4 years from concept to completion. The influx of renewable energy characterised by the short gestation period, poor predictability and high degree of forecast error are also to be considered. Hence the portfolio optimisation problem becomes more of a management decision than a technical solution of constraint based mathematical modelling. The basic requirement for application in the electricity industry is that the method shall be simple and robust. After considering the several options available the authors have identified modified load profile forecast as the most suitable means for long range forecast of demand. The model relies on the suppression of local peaks when the demand is unitised and then deriving the cardinal points on a linearised load curve from the energy forecast. The method was applied with the actual demand of Kerala and the results are found to be good.

Do Not Conform to the Patterns of this World! A Postcolonial Investigation of Performativity, Metamorphoses and Bodily Materiality in Romans 12

The coexistence of radically resistant body theology and unrestricted demands for submission in Rom. 12 and 13 presents a unique and unsettling dilemma for feminist and postcolonial exegetes and theorists. With a critical discussion of postcolonial hybridity theory and a turn towards – and back to – performativity this paper pushes the deviant metaphoricity in Rom. 12 from a shadowy existence to the centre stage and thereby redevelops Pauline concepts of perpetual bodily transformations as a challenge to reified body ideologies. We demonstrate how the marginalized, subjugated and colonized body experience of St. Paul becomes a resource for opening, materialized and pervasive stimuli that go beyond essentializing identitarian and excluding body configurations.

Conflict resolution through ecosystem-based management: the case of Swedish moose management

Swedish moose (Alces alces) management has over the years transformed from a situation similar to what Hardin (1968) defined as a tragedy of the commons - i.e. where open access and unrestricted demands lead to over-exploitation - into a situation characterized by an abundance of moose. While high numbers of moose are preferred by hunters, they damage forests through grazing, causing conflicts between hunters and forest owners. In an attempt to resolve these disputes, the Swedish government is introducing a new local ecosystem-based management system. This paper analyzes this shift from managing a single resource to the broader perspective of ecosystem management and discusses to what extent it will contribute to conflict resolution. The results suggest that some of the problems highlighted may be solved through the implementation of an ecosystem management system. However, several challenges remain to be tackled, such as how to establish robust partnerships between forest owners and hunters for managing moose on land with a fragmented property rights structure. This can lead to different and conflicting objectives and, consequently, difficulties in reaching collective action.

Conflict resolution through ecosystem-based management: the case of Swedish moose management

Swedish moose (<em><span class="italic">Alces alces</span></em>) management has over the years transformed from a situation similar to what <a class="bibr" href="/index.php/ijc/editor/proofGalleyFile/349/339#r21">Hardin (1968)</a> defined as a tragedy of the commons – i.e. where open access and unrestricted demands lead to over-exploitation – into a situation characterized by an abundance of moose. While high numbers of moose are preferred by hunters, they damage forests through grazing, causing conflicts between hunters and forest owners. In an attempt to resolve these disputes, the Swedish government is introducing a new local ecosystem-based management system. This paper analyzes this shift from managing a single resource to the broader perspective of ecosystem management and discusses to what extent it will contribute to conflict resolution. The results suggest that some of the problems highlighted may be solved through the implementation of an ecosystem management system. However, several challenges remain to be tackled, such as how to establish robust partnerships between forest owners and hunters for managing moose on land with a fragmented property rights structure. This can lead to different and conflicting objectives and, consequently, difficulties in reaching collective action.

The Use of Self-Feeders in Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) Cultured Production

SUMMARY In aquaculture there is a need to better understand feeding rhythms in order to facilitate a good match between the timing of feed distributio n and fish biological rhythms. Further, feeding the fish at the appropriate time may reduce feed wastage in aquaculture systems. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the use of self-feeders in carp culture production. The basic idea with self-feeders is tha t the fish themselves control the feeding level, which is thereby set by their feeding motiva tion. To determine the limitations of the technique this work has focused on characterizing: (1) how self-feeding activity is related to food demand and (2) how the self-service food suppl y is related to growth and feed conversion ratios. For the feeding system to function correctly, carp must first learn how to operate it. Carp reared in cage in groups of 100 individuals re quire about 12 days reaching a stable level of self-feeding. Under large-scale rearing conditio ns (e.g. in cages with group sizes of 10002000 fish), however, learning seems to be of minor importance for the ability of fish to operate the system. When reared in small tanks in g roups of up to about 300 fish, self-feeding activity in carp is strongly influenced by the deve lopment of dominance hierarchies. Under such situations, a small number of fish will domina te the activation of the trigger and thereby have a disproportionately greater influence on the food supply of the group as a whole. Carp fed using the demand feeding technique and restricted rations had the best-feed conversion, with a mean value of 1.08 during the ex periment (feed conversion=kg food supplied/kg weight gain). The feeding of carp using the unrestricted demand feeding technique resulted in a feed conversion of 1.29 and using restricted timer-controlled feeding it was 1.16. The reward level (amount of food received in respon se to one trigger actuation) is the single most important factor requiring proper adjus tment in order to optimize growth and feed conversion ratios when using self-feeding systems. High-density conditions reduce the selffeeding activity of carp, and the recommended maximum rearing density is about 30 kg m 3 . An evaluation of growth and feed conversion data in dicates that self-feeders have the potential to function well with carp under commerci al rearing conditions.

Conjectures on the dynamic functional transformation of intelligent infrastructure

Although the technology of ‘Intelligent Infrastructure’ systems is kept absolutely at cutting edge, many of the presumptions about the transport problems they are intended to solve are outdated, in particular the relationship between demand and supply of facilities for movement, which is more complex and more volatile than is suggested in the methodologies which have dominated economic analysis. The conjectures in this paper are that, as a result, there could be a dynamic reorientation of the functions of technologies, which, conceived to solve one set of problems, will be progressively adapted to serve functions other than the original intention. The core driver of this process is the analysis of economic (and environmental) efficiency which leads to the replacement of ‘predict and provide’ as a way of meeting the unrestricted demand for travel, to ‘management for quality’ aimed at reducing traffic volumes, enhancing localities, and improving reliability. Three examples are suggested: the technology of real‐time information and route advice systems could evolve mainly to serve the policy of charging for road use; technologies intended to allow drivers to maintain high speeds in heavy traffic could be reversed, being used instead for the controlled reduction of speeds; technologies developed to maximise the traffic volumes able to use congested networks can be adapted to give selective improvements to priority classes of road user. The common theme is that technologies originally perceived as providing for an extrapolation of current patterns of demand and current views about the trends underpinning them, will instead be used as active instruments to modify those patterns and trends. This process may be seen as an example of ‘unintended effects’, though not necessarily undesirable ones: if shifts in the transport policy direction are well‐founded, the outcome of such a technological transformation might actually be more efficient, rather than less, than the pathway initially envisaged. Thus the way in which advanced information technology will impact on transport can be radically different from what was expected, because of fundamental changes (still uncompleted) in the policy context, which in turn derive from the dynamics of competitive but regulated markets in the context of high external costs. It is suggested that this proposition is a possible, perhaps likely, but not inevitable picture of the future development of transport technologies.

Multiobjective Management of Potomac River Consumptive Use

Multiobjective systems analysis is used to size reservoir storage and identify noninferior system operating rules that mitigate the impacts of consumptive appropriations. The marginal impacts of consumptive use are offset by adding reservoir storage to the system, balancing technical efficiency, economic efficiency, and equity. The “price” to receive a consumptive appropriation permit (augmentation storage) is effectively equal to the marginal cost of the new withdrawal. In this context, prices and costs are measured not in dollars, but in units of storage, days at minimum instream flow, and the other direct operating impacts of consumptive use. In return for “paying” the efficient marginal price to join the system, new appropriators become equal participants in a regionally coordinated operation, with equal reliability of meeting unrestricted demands. Parametric operating rules to size augmentation storage are developed as a multiobjective extension of firm yield analysis, applied to forecast-based operation of a multireservoir system. Examples drawn from Maryland’s Potomac River consumptive use regulation illustrate how operational definitions of equity and reliability offer a normative framework to manage risk-based appropriation within a permitted riparian regulatory system.

Demand feeding as a self-regulating feeding system for rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in net-pens

Rainbow trout with an initial weight of 1.1 – 1.2 kg were fed an extruded high energy food using demand feeding and timer-controlled feeding techniques, during 4 summer months, in full-scale netpen farming conditions. Unrestricted and restricted demand feeding techniques were tested. The time-rcontrolled feeding was tested at a corresponding restricted level. There were no statistically significant differences in growth rate between trout fed restricted and unrestricted rations using the demand feeding technique. Trout fed using the timer-controlled technique exhibited a significantly lower growth rate compared with fish fed using demand feeders. Trout fed using the demand feeding technique and restricted rations had the best feed conversion, with a mean value of 1.08 during the experiment (feed conversion = kg food supplied/kg weight gain). The feeding of trout using the unrestricted demand feeding technique resulted in a feed conversion of 1.49, and using restricted timer-controlled feeding it was 1.36. The feed conversion in the unrestricted demand feeding groups was correlated with water temperature, indicating that the ability of the trout to regulate the feeders at a level where food losses were minimized, was temperature dependent. It is suggested that the feeding of fish, using a timer-controlled technique and restricted food rations, with short and regular feeding intervals induces stress and high competition for food. This consequently leads to increased swimming activity and metabolic energy losses.

Functional Forms for Labor Supply and Commodity Demands with and without Quantity Restrictions

One of the most important current questions in economic analysis is whether or not labor markets clear in the short run. To answer this, it is necessary to be able to distinguish between restricted and unrestricted behavior by consumers supplying labor. This paper investigates the forms of preferences which lie behind linear models of labor supply, and derives the functional forms for commodity demands which accompany them, both with and without quantity restrictions in the labor market. Simple linkages between restricted and unrestricted demands are also considered as is the question of perfect aggregation over consumers in the presence of quantity restrictions.

Impossibility of Unrestricted Demand

Impossibility of Unrestricted Demand