Unresolved Disagreement Research Articles

Phase comparison and equation of state for Ta2O5

Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) is among the most technologically useful heavy transition metal oxides. Unfortunately, its crystal structure is the subject of long-standing and unresolved disagreement. Among other consequences, this uncertainty has made it impossible to formulate a robust high pressure equation of state for Ta2O5. Here, we report the results of high pressure x-ray diffraction experiments indexed against a comprehensive list of proposed Ta2O5 phases. Five of the proposed phases produce good matches to experimental observations, and the compressibility parameters for these phases are all consistent within uncertainty. This means that regardless of the particular phase chosen, the Ta2O5 equation of state can be described with bulk modulus K0=138±3.68 GPa and pressure derivative K0′=1.82±0.45 . Combining these experimental results with new density-functional theory calculations allows us to identify the λ phase as the best structural model of Ta2O5 at ambient conditions.

Relationship between self-efficacy, adversity quotient, COVID-19-related stress and academic performance among the undergraduate students: A protocol for a systematic review.

This systematic review aims to review research manuscripts during the COVID-19 pandemic that focus on the relationship between self-efficacy, adversity quotient, COVID-19-related stress and academic performance on a range of undergraduate student. The authors will perform comprehensive searches of published studies in electronic databases such as PMC, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Web of Science by using the following search terms: 'self-efficacy' AND 'adversity quotient' AND 'stress' AND 'academic performance' AND 'student' AND 'COVID-19 pandemic'. Only full-text articles in English language are included. Two reviewers will independently conduct the article selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Any possible disagreement will be resolved by discussion, and one arbitrator (NA) will adjudicate unresolved disagreements. This review will provide an updated overview of investigating the relationship between self-efficacy, adversity quotient, COVID-19-related stress and academic performance on a range of undergraduate student during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ultimately, based on this systematic review, we will recommend the direction for future research. The result of the study may help the researchers to find an updated overview of various studies in related topic. Data from published studies will be used. Therefore, ethical approval is not required prior to this systematic review. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.

Does Passive Social Media Use Harm Well-Being?

Abstract: Research into the effects of social media on well-being often distinguishes “active” and “passive” use, with passive use supposedly more harmful to well-being (i.e., the passive use hypothesis). Recently, several studies and reviews have begun to question this hypothesis and its conceptual basis, the active/passive dichotomy. As this dichotomy has become a staple of social media research but evidence challenging its validity is mounting, a comprehensive debate on its pros, cons, and potential future is needed. This adversarial review brings together two voices – one more supportive, and the other more critical – toward the active/passive model. In constructive dialogue, we summarize and contrast our two opposing positions: The first position argues that the active/passive dichotomy is a useful framework because it adequately describes how and why passive use is (more) harmful for well-being. The second position challenges the validity of the dichotomy and the passive use hypothesis specifically. Arguments are presented alongside (a) the empirical basis, (b) conceptualization, and (c) operationalization of active and passive use, with particular focus on the passive use hypothesis. Rather than offering a conciliatory summary of the status quo, the goal of this review is to carve out key points of friction in the literature on the effects of social media through fruitful debate. We summarize our main agreements and unresolved disagreements on the merits and shortcomings of the active/passive dichotomy. In doing so, this review paves the way for researchers to decide whether and how they want to continue applying this lens in their future work.

Dogma and Ecumenism: Vatican II and Karl Barth's Ad Limina Apostolorum ed. by Matthew Levering, Bruce L. McCormack, and Thomas Joseph White, O.P.

Reviewed by: Dogma and Ecumenism: Vatican II and Karl Barth's Ad Limina Apostolorum ed. by Matthew Levering, Bruce L. McCormack, and Thomas Joseph White, O.P. Gavin D'Costa Dogma and Ecumenism: Vatican II and Karl Barth's Ad Limina Apostolorum edited by Matthew Levering, Bruce L. McCormack, and Thomas Joseph White, O.P. (Washington, DC: Catholic University Press of America Press, 2020), ix + 369 pp. In May 1966 Karl Barth visited Rome. He was invited to reflect on the Second Vatican Council, to ask questions to leading curial figures, and peritus theologians, as well as Pope Paul VI. Barth's book Ad Limina Apostolorum: An Appraisal of Vatican II contains his questions and an account from Barth of his visit, along with some other important essays. It is still deeply challenging in its incisiveness, despite its brevity. I have always been struck by Barth's Marian criticisms that are so central to his viewpoint about divine agency and human cooperation. These give us an excellent insight into his ecclesiology. They represent the reasons for much of his questioning of various Roman Catholic positions on all sorts of matters. Eberhard Busch's diaries, while Barth's assistant during this period, form a fascinating complimentary account of the visit. These tell of the not-so-fruitful visit to Augustin Cardinal Bea and the great highpoint (for Barth) of his one-hour audience with Pope Paul VI. Barth was impressed by the Jesuits during his visit, but not so much by the Dominicans. He thought the latter had absorbed too many streams of liberal modernity. The two Dominicans participating in this book turn those tides. Indeed, all the authors could be located within the conserving wings of their ecclesial membership, which makes the volume all the stronger in raising serious unresolved disagreements and noting important common ground. It is testimony to Barth's enduring value that this volume seems so timely. The Barth Centre at Princeton and the Pontifical Faculty of the Dominican House in Washington were the sponsors of this collection. The volume is structured around five of the key documents commented on by Barth, with a Catholic and Reformed voice reflecting on both the particular document and Barth's input (with the exception of Francesca Aran Murphy, who deals with George Lindbeck rather than Barth), thereby simultaneously pushing forward the Catholic–Reformed engagement with the Council and with Barth. There is a preface with a penetrating introduction by Thomas Joseph White, O.P., and an irenic opening chapter by Matthew Levering on biblical renewal at Vatican II. Then follow the twin reflections on the five documents. First (and rightly so) comes the Dogmatic Constitution on Revelation, Dei Verbum. Katherine Sonderegger develops a nuanced reflection on the metaphor of Scripture as mirror of God (found in Dei Verbum), showing [End Page 971] a deep appreciation of currents within Dei Verbum that Barth had not detected, but which are more connective with his concerns and preoccupations. Lewis Ayres rather impishly takes what Barth saw as the main weakness of the text (its chapter 2: "Handing on Divine Revelation") and makes it the greatest strength. Ayers provides a deeply learned and original exploration of the concept of "tradition" as sacramental. In this duet, Barth comes out looking like he may have missed hearing the melodies while too closely studying the score. Then follow two profound essays on Lumen Gentium, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church. Christoph Schwöbel builds up a strong Protestant case for the necessary visible ecclesial identity of the Church, thus showing a deep convergence without denying differences that remain. White, in a deeply insightful and probing essay, goes to the heart of the ecclesiological difference between Barth and Yves Congar (and some other key Catholics at the time): the relationship between uncreated divine agency and created human agency, especially within the context of the post-apostolic Church. White suggests that, without some stable ecclesial mediations, there can be no proper relationship envisaged between the transcendent causality of God operating in Christ and the created, active cooperative acts with this grace. While building up both a metaphysical and a theological case against Barth's criticisms...

Communities of Disagreement

Abstract This guest column in Common Knowledge presents the concept of “communities of disagreement” to an international and interdisciplinary audience, perhaps for the first time. It takes as its starting point the contrast between agonistic and deliberative democratic theories, and it attempts to outline how democratic groups may live well with unresolved disagreement yet not give on up developing truth-sensitive decision-making processes. It argues against the widespread idea that shared values are the social glue of democratic communities. By developing arguments of Manfred Frank, the article outlines a model of the relationship between social context, interpretation, and information.

Cardiac Complications in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy of BNP and N-Terminal Pro-BNP.

IntroductionSerum brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels may be involved in detecting the breakdown of defense mechanisms in pregnant women. BNP and N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) levels can be used in emergency settings as a biomarker to rule out or confirm cardiac complications. The present study was conducted as an attempt to evaluate the performance of BNP and NT-proBNP as diagnostic tools for cardiac complications, including heart failure and pre-eclampsia, in pregnant and recently-delivered women.MethodsThis meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. To extract the data, articles meeting the inclusion criteria were directly reviewed by two of the authors. Disputes were resolved through discussion with all authors before data mining. In cases of unresolved disagreement, a third reviewer was consulted to achieve consensus. A quantitative analysis of the total bias of publications was performed using Stata software version 14.0, using funnel plots and Deek’s test.ResultsOverall, 13 unique studies were included in this review. The pooled sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values for diagnosing cardiac complications in pregnant women when BNP level was ≤ 100 ng/L, were determined to be 95, 62, 71 and 91%, respectively. The corresponding measures when the BNP levels were 100–500 ng/L were calculated to be 98, 92, 97 and 92%, respectively. The pooled sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values for diagnosing cardiac complications in pregnant women using NT-proBNP were 78, 74, 20.5 and 97%, respectively.ConclusionOur results suggest that both BNP and NT-proBNP levels can be used as diagnostic tools among pregnant and newly-delivered women to diagnose cardiac complications, including heart failure and pre-eclampsia. While BNP showed a relatively better diagnostic accuracy compared to NT-proBNP, it must be noted that the number of studies evaluating NT-proBNP included in this meta-analysis was low and the studies were inconsistent in terms of cutoff value. Further studies are required to confirm the prospective use of BNP and NT-pro BNP in assessing common symptoms that indicate cardiac complications during labor. Moreover, the clinical use of the NT-proBNP test in this field requires further study.

United Nations Mission Contribution Towards Conflict Resolution in Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, 1991-2019

This study looks into the UN Mission and Conflict Resolution in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 1991 to 2019. Since 1975, when Spain granted the region to Morocco and Mauritania, Western Sahara has been in a state of political turmoil. The analysis used a descriptive and historical research style. A total of fifteen military personnel who have served or are currently serving in MINURSO, as well as two related civilians, were interviewed via Skype, Whatsapp, Messenger, and face-to-face interviews, with additional information obtained from journals and published books. The philosophy embraced and deemed important for this analysis was the Paris-proposed Liberal Peace. For the analysis, two research questions and objectives were established. The data was analysed using a descriptive and contextual approach. According to the findings, the unresolved disagreements over the status of Western Sahara include, among other things, the weak performance of the UN mission mandate, regional dominance squabbles between Algeria and Morocco, and finally, the combined super powers' self-interest and struggle for supremacy, which makes the resolution of the Western Sahara conflict difficult. The study suggests, among other things, that the UN move forward with the Settlement Plan's transitional and referendum phases. Major powers should once again avoid prioritizing their self-interests to the detriment of the general welfare of the local population impacted by the Western Sahara conflict.

ІСТИНА, РЕАЛІЗМ, РЕЛЯТИВІЗМ: ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗОК І ВЗАЄМНА ВИЗНАЧАЛЬНІСТЬ

In the contemporary English-language philosophy the problems of truth, realism, and relativism appear actual and interconnected; this evidences reciprocal complementarity and definability between metaphysics, epistemology and methodologies of philosophical investigations. In the article relevant views of prominent today philosophers – Paul Boghossian, Crispin Wright, JC Beall – are comparatively analyzed. In the considered articles the ordinary view on dispute of inclinations is analyzed in competition with other possible interpretations. For example, one person likes stewed rhubarb, another – doesn’t. This is a case of true disagreement: each person maintains the position that another denies. Such disagreement Wright calls the dispute of inclinations; ordinary view on dispute of inclinations involves: really incompatible attitudes (contradiction), the faultlessness of each side, rational maintaining of the view in spite of obvious unresolved disagreement (sustainability). According to Boghossian the attitude of relativism involves tree components: metaphysical – denying of “absolute” facts of a certain type (from some specific investigative domain) in favor of relative; recommendational – permission to accept only appropriate relative propositions; limiting – about meanings which allow unexpected parameters that relativize. Beall advocates “Polarity View” and fruitfully applies it to analyze the ordinary view. Modeling of the former involves: concepts of truthmakers, positive and negative polarity, atomic facts, situational semantics. The formal modeling and philosophical explanation coincide. Each of the authors defends realism and correspondence understanding of truth (in particular truth as relation of proposition’s correspondence to a fact); and also opposes relativism. At the same time, relativism turns out to be an inevitable (at least implicitly inherent to all three authors) tendency, which testifies to at least the contextual (Boghossian) relativity of non-cognitive concepts or competencies (Wright); functional fixation of facts in their application (Beall).

Labouring under a delusion? Scotland’s national questions and the crisis of the Scottish Labour Party

ABSTRACT In recent years, the Scottish Labour Party has lost its once dominant position in Scottish politics. Its support has collapsed, and it now faces multiple political challenges, relating both to cleavages in Scottish politics over the constitution and Brexit, and to divisions within the party over its leadership and direction. Employing semi-structured elite interviews with key figures within the party hierarchy and focus groups with grassroots activists, this paper examines the causes of this crisis through an analysis of party members’ views. It identifies sources of the decline of Scottish Labour in unresolved disagreements over strategy and identity. Unable to coalesce around a distinctly Scottish strategy for competing in a multidimensional, multilevel political space with both civic nationalist challengers and conservative defenders of the constitutional status quo, in 2017, Scottish Labour reasserted a class-based identity, seeking to compete largely on the left–right economic dimension of politics. Instead of marking out a Scottish political identity, the Scottish Labour Party chose leftward national alignment with the Jeremy Corbyn leadership of the UK Labour Party. The electoral and political failure of this strategy offers important lessons for understanding the prospects of multilevel social-democratic parties.

Equity in teaching academic language—an interdisciplinary approach

ABSTRACTSome argue that supporting minoritized students’ “academic language” (AL) development fosters equity in education. Others contend that AL is hegemonic, and that attempts to teach it perpetuate inequities across racial, ethnic, social class, immigrant, and related sociocultural and linguistic student differences. In this article, we frame the topic of this special issue—interdisciplinary approaches to equity in teaching AL—and show how authors across positions and analytic methods examine the goals of teaching AL and recommend ways for educators to foster meaningful language awareness for students. Although substantive, unresolved disagreements between positions remain; we identify points of agreement as well, which we present to educators as interdisciplinary principles of equity in teaching. Namely, educators should 1) understand how language is more than just vocabulary; 2) recognize academic features in students’ everyday talk; 3) develop awareness of language and its contexts of use with students, and 4) foster critical language awareness.

Manent and Perreau-Saussine on MacIntyre’s Aristotelianism

This essay examines Pierre Manent’s and Émile Perreau-Saussine’s critique of Alasdair MacIntyre. Both criticize MacIntyre’s neo-Aristotelianism as an apolitical Aristotelianism, arguing that it is a deficient because it neglects Aristotle’s question of the best regime. In examining MacIntyre’s narrative biography of Justice O’Connor in Ethics in the Conflicts of Modernity, I show the merit of this critique, in that it obscures what the applications of MacIntyre’s Aristotelianism are in the modern polity. While MacIntyre is not without a strong reply to their objections, I conclude that the deeper, unresolved disagreement MacIntyre has with Manent and Perreau-Saussine is over how to characterize modernity.

What happens when the doctor denies a patient’s request? A qualitative interview study among general practitioners in Norway

Objective: To explore general practitioners (GPs’) experiences from consultations when a patient’s request is denied, and outcomes of such incidents.Design and participants: We conducted a qualitative study with semi-structured individual interviews with six GPs in Norway. We asked them to tell about experiences from specific encounters where they had refused a patient’s request. The texts were analysed with Systematic Text Condensation, a method for thematic cross-case analysis.Main outcome measures: Accounts of experiences from consultations when GPs refused their patients’ requests.Results: Subjects of dispute included clinical topics like investigation and treatment, certification regarding welfare benefits and medico-legal issues, and administrative matters. The arguments took different paths, sometimes settled by reaching common ground but more often as unresolved disagreement with anger or irritation from the patient, sometimes with open hostility and violence. The aftermath and outcomes of these disputes lead to strong emotional impact where the doctors reflected upon the incidents and sometimes regretted their handling of the consultation. Some long-standing and close patient–doctor relationships were injured or came to an end.Conclusions: The price for denying a patient’s request may be high, and GPs find themselves uncomfortable in such encounters. Skills pertaining to this particular challenge could be improved though education and training, drawing attention to negotiation of potential conflicts. Also, the notion that doctors have a professional commitment to his or her own autonomy and to society should be restored, through increased emphasis on core professional ethics in medical education at all levels.

Patient-perceived barriers and facilitators to increasing physical activity among patients with musculoskeletal disorders receiving outpatient physiotherapy: a qualitative investigation

Background: There is an increasing burden of musculoskeletal disorders among increasingly sedentary and aging populations internationally. Musculoskeletal conditions can impair people’s ability to undertake physical activity. A key step in the development of effective intervention strategies to assist inactive patients with musculoskeletal disorders to become more physically active is to understand their perceived barriers to undertaking physical activity in their daily lives. Whether perceived barriers are veritable or not, strategies that effectively address perceived barriers may facilitate improved physical activity outcomes among inactive patients. Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate perceived barriers and facilitators to undertaking physical activity reported by patients accessing outpatient physiotherapy clinics for musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: A questionnaire with open ended items was administered to patients n= 217 (73.3% of eligible patients) from three clinics that provide physiotherapy services for musculoskeletal disorders. The survey included questions to capture the clinical and demographic characteristics of the sample. It also comprised two open-ended questions requiring qualitative responses. The first asked the participant to describe factors that made physical activity more difficult, and the second asked which factors made it easier for them be physically active. Participants’ responses to the two openended questions were read, coded and thematically analysed independently by two researchers; with a third researcher available to arbitrate any unresolved disagreement. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 53 (15) years and 113 (52.1%) were male. A total of 112 (51.6%) participants reported having three or more health conditions,whilen= 140 (64.5%)were classified as overweight or obese. Five overarching themes describing perceived barriers for undertaking physical activity were ‘health conditions’, ‘time restrictions’, ‘poor physical condition’, ‘emotional, social and psychological barriers’, and ‘access to exercise opportunities’. Perceived physical activity facilitators were also aligned under five themes, namely ‘improved health state’, ‘social, emotional and behavioural supports’, ‘access to exercise environment’, ‘opportunities for physical activities’ and ‘time availability. Conclusion(s): It was clear from the breadth of responses that meaningful supports and physical activity promoting intervention approaches must be multidimensional. They should have the capacity to address a variety of physical, functional, social, psychological, motivational, environmental, lifestyle and other perceived barriers. It would appear that for such interventions to be effective, they should be flexible enough to address a variety of specific concerns. Participants were sampled from one geographical region and findings should not be extrapolated to dissimilar societies. Implications: Physiotherapy to reduce pain and improve function is likely to be an important catalyst in assisting inactive patients to become physically active. However, it is important that social, psychological, motivational, environmental and lifestyle related factors are considered when planning strategies to improve physical activity behaviours among patients with musculoskeletal disorders accessing physiotherapy interventions.

Regionalism versus Multilateralism: The Case of the European Union Trade Policy

In this article, we use a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the effects of possible agreements between the European Union (EU) and different partners, namely India, Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR), and the United States of America (USA).We evaluate the impact of the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) by themselves, assess their mutual compatibility, and compare them with a scenario including all bilateral agreements as well as a benchmark global free trade scenario. In 2006, the EU decided to abandon its moratorium on negotiating new FTAs. Since then, numerous negotiations have been started. In particular, the EU joined the scramble for preferential market access by launching bilateral negotiations with both individual countries and regional sub-groupings. The discriminatory character of these agreements is controversial in economics, not simply because of the classic 'Vinerian' view that they can divert rather than create trade, but also because of the unresolved disagreements on when a regional trade agreement is likely to precede, rather than preclude, more global agreements. In this article, we use a CGE model to assess the effects of possible agreements between the EU and different partners, namely India, Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR), and the USA. We evaluate the impact of the FTAs by themselves, assess their mutual compatibility, and compare them with a scenario including all bilateral agreements as well as a benchmark global free trade scenario. This allows us to provide a quantitative comparison of the most important arguments asserting that bilateral agreements advance or hinder multilateral trade relations.

Defining Translation Quality

Many problems in the translation industry revolve around customer dissatisfaction with someone’s translation quality and disputes between translators when one is revising the work of the other. To determine whether someone has attained translation quality, one must be able to measure it. To measure translation quality, one must be able to define it. And to define translation quality, one must be able to define both translation and quality. Our two prior articles have addressed these terms respectively. Those articles do not resolve disagreements about these terms; indeed, we authors have unresolved disagreements among ourselves. However, the articles outline how different definitions can radically affect people’s expectations about translation and quality. This third article builds on the first two and presents two contrasting definitions of translation quality, a narrow one and a broad one. The narrow definition matches with the narrow definition of translation in the first article and an emphasis on the transcendent view of quality in the second article, while the broad definition matches with the broad definition of translation the first article and an integration of the five approaches in quality management from the second article. The authors strongly disagree about which definition of translation quality is better for the translation industry. Rather than pretending to be the end of this discussion, it hopes to encourage a continuation of the debate that has taken place among the authors.

Asian Couples in Negotiation: A Mixed‐Method Observational Study of Cultural Variations Across Five Asian Regions

The purpose of this study was to explore variations in how contemporary couples from five different Asian regions negotiate disagreements. Video recordings of 50 couples (10 each from Japan, Korea, Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) discussing unresolved disagreements provided raw data for quantitative and qualitative analyses. First, teams of coders from each region used a common protocol to make quantitative ratings of content themes and interaction patterns for couples from their own region. An interregional panel of investigators then performed in-depth qualitative reviews for half of these cases, noting cultural differences not only in observed patterns of couple behavior but also in their own perceptions of these patterns. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed clear regional differences on dimensions such as overt negativity, demand-withdraw interaction, and collaboration. The qualitative results also provided a richer, more nuanced view of other (e.g., gender-linked) conflict management patterns that the quantitative analyses did not capture. Inconsistencies between qualitative and quantitative data and between the qualitative observations of investigators from different regions were most pronounced for couples from Korea and Japan, whose conflict styles were subtler and less direct than those of couples from the other regions.

Contesting Co-Inquiry

This article explores how social scientists, ethicists, and nanotechnologists construct research decisions together, while engaged in a Flemish participatory technology assessment on nanotechnologies. It finds that they routinely probe one another to make substantive contributions but avoid the argumentative initiative itself through various discursive strategies, such as reversing roles and delegating responsibility. It argues that these strategies emanate through the project’s methodology of co-inquiry, which depends on sharing and partnership, whereas some members resist participating on initiators’ terms. It links such “noncommunicative” action to unresolved disagreements between participants about project ends, conflicting approaches to decision making, and divergent appreciations of “uncertainty.”

The Oxford Handbook of Children’s Literature (review)

Reviewed by: The Oxford Handbook of Children’s Literature Joe Sutliff (bio) Julia L. Mickenberg and Lynne Vallone, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Children’s Literature. Oxford/NY: Oxford UP, 2011. With twenty-six original essays and an insightful introduction, Julia Mickenberg and Lynne Vallone’s Oxford Handbook of Children’s Literature is both more and less than a survey of the field. It highlights trends in the study of children’s literature and features thorough scholarship on many of the field’s major figures and texts, but it makes no attempt to cover every corner of a discipline whose interests reach across continents and centuries. The result is a collection of strong essays that will be useful for readers researching the topics of the individual chapters, as well as for people watching for large-scale directions in the field. The book’s editorial vision misfires only in rare cases. Each chapter, for example, begins with an italicized preamble that introduces the text or author under consideration and ends with a list of suggestions for further reading. In some cases, the reading lists feel half-heartedly assembled, offering titles that are either obvious or only superficially relevant to the chapter’s argument. The preambles regularly give information that is repeated in the chapters, sometimes word-for-word, which makes the role of the preambles uncertain and the experience of reading the preamble together with the chapter awkward. If the preambles and reading lists make less than ideal bookends to the essays, Mickenberg and Vallone make other choices that not only pay off, but lend the collection an air of confidence. Perhaps the most obvious of these is the thematic organization. Four “general rubrics,” each of them the title of one of the collection’s major sections, include what the editors identify as “key areas of inquiry in children’s literature study: Adults and Children’s Literature; Pictures and Poetics; Reading History/Learning Race and Class; and Innocence and Agency” (4). These categories are familiar enough to serve as easily acceptable cornerstones of the field, but they also point provocatively to some topics of unresolved disagreement. The final section, to take just one example, tackles both innocence and agency, terms typically understood to operate at odds with one another. In the individual essays and the section as a whole, that all-but-paradoxical pair of terms drives compelling arguments with wide implications for the field. Courtney Weikle-Mills’ chapter considers the New England Primer “as a transitional text between patriarchal subjecthood and modern subjectivity, oral and textual culture, and ancient and early modern understandings of [End Page 314] spirituality and the heart” (412), exploring “the debates within children’s literature studies between seeing children’s books as transmitting adult authority and as validating children’s potential for self-determination” (413). Karen Sánchez-Eppler’s essay on the creative play of real children who read The Swiss Family Robinson explains how to “use children’s writings as a means of understanding not only children’s perspectives on the specific books they read, but even more the role such reading plays in children’s imagination, activities, sense of self, and ultimately their participation in the social world ” (434). Sánchez-Eppler’s goal, arising from her own research on children’s diaries and record-keeping, resonates with Leslie Paris’s chapter on children’s participation in second-wave feminism in U.S. culture of the 1970s. Eric L. Tribunella’s queer reading of boy friendships (and adoration) in the Tom Brown books produces subtle insights on how fictional schoolboy crushes could script but not fully contain the “desires, pleasures, and relationships” of real schoolboys (456). Marah Gubar’s chapter on the play Peter Pan makes the refreshing, even exciting argument that “young people had more to do with the development of children’s theatre than we think, not only as intended and actual audience members, but also as active participants in a thriving tradition of private theatricals that helped inspire the production and shape the form and content of professional children’s plays” (477). Claudia Nelson’s essay on Sally Watson’s Jade connects with tomboy scholarship to explain how twentieth-century...

Moral disagreement concerning abortion

I use the example of abortion to show that there are some unresolvable moral disagreements. I list four sources of unresolvable moral disagreement: 1) differences in the rankings of the basic evils of death, pain, disability, loss of freedom, and loss of pleasure, 2) differences in the interpretation of moral rules, 3) ideological differences in the view of human nature and human societies, and 4) differences concerning who is impartially protected by the moral rules. It is this last difference that is the source of unresolvable disagreement concerning the moral acceptability of abortion. I examine the views of Don Marquis and Mary Ann Warren who present opposing arguments concerning the moral acceptability of abortion. I show that their failure to take account of this last difference leads to flaws in their arguments that show that neither has been successful in showing that their position is the uniquely correct one. This paper is a revision of Chapter 3, Moral Disagreement, of Bioethics: A Systematic Approach , Oxford University Press, 2006, by Bernard Gert, Charles M. Culver, and K. Danner Clouser, (Polish translation, stowo/obraz terytoria, 2009, Bioetyka. Ujecie systematyczne , translated by Marek Chojnacki) and of Moral Disagreement and Abortion Australian Journal of Professional and Applied Ethics Volume 6, Number 1, June 2004 by Bernard Gert.

Disagreement on Immunization Recommendations: An Analysis of Lay-Clinician Interaction

Although the health benefits of vaccines have been well established, immunization rates among adults at risk for complications of viral and bacterial infections falls far short of federal recommendations. Various factors have been attributed to this problem. In this paper we consider an understudied factor, that of clinician-lay interactions on and disagreements over immunizations. We draw on data collected as part of a larger study of vaccine uptake among chronically ill adults. Qualitative methods were used to analyze transcripts of audio recordings of lay-clinician interactions made during health visits of patients eligible for influenza and or pneumococcal pneumonia vaccines. Our analysis revealed that lay expressions of discord over immunization recommendations centered on vaccine delivery, health beliefs, and personal experiences. Strategies used to quell disagreements included posing questions, providing information, and giving advice. Impediments to bringing about agreement over vaccines involved organizational policies and lack of clinician engagement with patient resistance. Settled disagreements resulted in immunization delivery; patients were not immunized under conditions of unresolved disagreement. We suggest that clinicians may wish to remain alert to sources of disagreement and seek to resolve discord in the service of increasing immunization rates and preventing illness in high-risk adults.