Unrelated Examples Research Articles

The Undue Influence of Surveillance Technology Companies on Policing

Conventional wisdom assumes that the police are in control of their investigative tools. But with surveillance technologies, this is not always the case. Increasingly, police departments are consumers of surveillance technologies that are created, sold, and controlled by private companies. These surveillance technology companies exercise an undue influence over the police today in ways that aren’t widely acknowledged, but that have enormous consequences for civil liberties and police oversight. Three seemingly unrelated examples--stingray cellphone surveillance, body cameras, and big data software—demonstrate varieties of this undue influence. These companies act out of private self-interest, but their decisions have considerable public impact. The harms of this private influence include the distortion of Fourth Amendment law, the undermining of accountability by design, and the erosion of transparency norms. This Essay demonstrates the increasing degree to which surveillance technology vendors can guide, shape, and limit policing in ways that are not widely recognized. Any vision of increased police accountability today cannot be complete without consideration of the role surveillance technology companies play.

The role of the Miocene-to-Pliocene transition in the Eastern Mediterranean extrusion tectonics: Constraints from numerical modelling

In the Eastern Mediterranean, extension in the Aegean Sea and lateral Anatolian extrusion are contrasting and seemingly unrelated examples of continental tectonics developed during Tethys closure. We use numerical modelling to investigate the relation of the tectonic regimes to the underlying subduction dynamics, during subduction land-locking and slab break-off. We find that the tectonics has a two-phase evolution: 1) an incipient phase, with back arc spreading and transcurrent shear zone formation and lateral escape of a block in the upper plate interiors, and 2) a reorganisation phase, during which the transcurrent shear zone propagates and the extruding block internally stretches, progressively separating from the opening back arc domain, while the collisional margin reactivates into a transform plate boundary. The regimes are explained by two concurring plate margin processes: 1) mantle tractions following the subduction and retreat of a land-locked oceanic slab, and 2) stresses propagated through rigid indentation upon slab break-off. These have different spatial and temporal fingerprints: long-term trench retreat and convergence slow-down follow continental subduction, while stresses localise atop the newly formed slab edge upon slab break-off, fastening up margin reorganisation, driving faulting and extrusion, yet fading rapidly, forcing local tectonics rearrangement. A comparison with the Eastern Mediterranean allows an explanation for the time evolution of the tectonics here, and emphasises the role of the Miocene-to-Pliocene tectonics transition, previously not considered. This offers a novel key to the dynamics of the enigmatic evolution of this area.

Critical Thinking within the Current Framework of ESP Curriculum in Technical Universities of Russia

Over the last decade technical universities in the Russian Federation, the subject of English as a foreign language has been taught in such a way, where it appears separate from the main program content of engineering discipline. The text books used for language teaching contain contextually unrelated examples which demonstrate a given grammatical function applied to different imaginary situations. As a result of practicing language by means of such unrelated examples the subject of English language stands out from the rest of the subject area and viewed by many students as irrelevant. Meanwhile, in light of current state of international education and research, successful career in science and engineering requires appropriate control of English language and critical thinking. In our article we present a general overview of concepts of critical thinking and its components, its disposition in science and the humanities and provide general reflection of ESP integration in ESL and EFL.

Handling Algebraic Effects

Algebraic effects are computational effects that can be represented by an equational theory whose operations produce the effects at hand. The free model of this theory induces the expected computational monad for the corresponding effect. Algebraic effects include exceptions, state, nondeterminism, interactive input/output, and time, and their combinations. Exception handling, however, has so far received no algebraic treatment. We present such a treatment, in which each handler yields a model of the theory for exceptions, and each handling construct yields the homomorphism induced by the universal property of the free model. We further generalise exception handlers to arbitrary algebraic effects. The resulting programming construct includes many previously unrelated examples from both theory and practice, including relabelling and restriction in Milner's CCS, timeout, rollback, and stream redirection.

Structural patterns identified through a historical analysis of Anatolian stone constructions

This paper derives structural patterns through the analysis of ancient Anatolian structural configurations built up by stone. Related archaeological sources indicate that ancient Anatolian constructions incorporating only stone as the principal building material are infrequent. Almost all of the walls of the dwellings and monumental structures were composite. They were constructed by combinations of stone, timber and mud-brick. These combinations followed some timeless patterns which are based upon the principles of reinforcement and counter-balance. These patterns guided the physical configuration of structures. Non-composite stone constructions have been arranged in a variety of ways following the same structural principles which also inform the formation of composite structures. It is also seen that combinations of stone and brick follow the same structural principles and this system should also be outlined in order to grasp a more complete idea of the underlying structural patterns. The objective of this paper is presenting a general framework for architectural students and professionals for conceiving a set of chronologically detached constructions within a common structural vocabulary. When these seemingly unrelated examples of stone constructions are reviewed from this viewpoint, one may infer a historical contingency through which traditional building materials have been interrelated. At first examples are analyzed with respect to their underlying structural principles, and then through inductive method and synthesis, general patterns are proposed. The outcome is the identification of the structural patterns of stone in Anatolia, which are traceable and comparable across different architectural cultures and traditions. Key words: Architecture, structure, pattern, tradition, stone, Anatolia.

HLA-Cw*0409N is associated with HLA-A*2301 and HLA-B*4403-carrying haplotypes

The associations of HLA-B*4402 and HLA-B*4403 with alleles of HLA-A and HLA-Cw were investigated in panels of HLA-B*4403 and HLA-B*4402 homozygous individuals and in selected individuals carrying HLA-Cw*04 and HLA-B*4403. Some of these individuals were genotyped and also carried (HLA-DRB1*0701, DQB1*02). Among the latter, we studied individuals carrying the conserved extended haplotype (CEH) [HLA-Cw*04, B*4403, FC31, DRB1*0701, DQB1*02]. Four different common (HLA-Cw*, B*44) haplotypes were identified that extended to the HLA-A locus: HLA-A*0201, Cw*0501, B*4402; HLA-A*2902, Cw*1601, B*4403; HLA-A*2301, Cw*0401, B*4403; and HLA-A*2301, Cw*0409N, B*4403. We identified eight unrelated examples of the allele HLA-Cw*0409N. HLA-A*2301 was associated with both HLA-Cw*0401 and HLA-Cw*0409N, suggesting that HLA-Cw*0409N may have arisen from a mutation in a CEH. We estimate that approximately 2 to 5 in 1000 Caucasian individuals carry the allele HLA-Cw*0409N, making it one of the most frequent null HLA alleles known to date. Our findings demonstrate the first example of three different HLA-Cw-determined subtypes of a common or CEH carrying a shared HLA-B allele, in this case HLA-B*4403.

The epistemology of conceptual clustering: KBG, an implementation

This paper analyzes differences between a numeric and symbolic approach to inductive inference. It shows the importance of existing structures in the acquisition of further knowledge, including statistical confirmation. We present a new way of looking at Hempel's paradox, in which both existing structures and statistical confirmation play a role in order to decrease the harm it does to learning. We point out some of the most important structures, and we illustrate how uncertainty does blur but does not destroy these structures. We conclude that pure symbolic as well as pure statistical learning is not realistic, but the integration of the two points of view is the key to future progress, but it is far from trivial. Our system KBG is a first-order logic conceptual clustering system; thus it builds knowledge structures out of unrelated examples. We describe the choices done in KBG in order to build these structures, using both numeric and symbolic types of knowledge. Our argument gives us firm grounds to contradict Carnap's view that induction is nothing but uncertain deduction, and to propose a refinement to Popper's “purely deductive” view of the growth of science. In our view, progressive organization of knowledge plays an essential role in the growth of new (inductive) scientific theories, that will be confirmed later, quite in the Popperian way.

High resolution spectroscopy of atoms and molecules using synchrotron radiation: atomic mercury and mercury halides

We present recent experimental work on atomic and molecular spectra in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray ranges. To demonstrate the variety of problems we are working at in Bonn without discussing several unrelated examples we describe the investigation of just one system: excitation of mercury as a free atom or as part of a molecule. From our VUV work, we report a reinvestigation of the absorption spectrum of the first subvalence d-shell between 720 Å and 920 Å and, furthermore, some results on the d-shell excitation of mercury in dihalide molecules. From our soft X-ray work, we describe the M-shell excitation spectrum of mercury as a free atom and again the same spectrum for a mercury halide molecule. In both cases, the comparisons of atomic and molecular data provide new informations on the influences of a molecular surroundings on the electronic structure of an atom.

Recent Developments in Laser Surface Treatment

ABSTRACTSome unrelated examples are given where progress has been made in laser surface treatment in the last few years. These are large scale transformation hardening, reproducible surface melting of cast iron, surface alloying with a reaction with the surrounding atmosphere, fundamental studies of solidification and evaporation cleaning.

An investigation of the immune response of homozygotes for the Rh haplotype -D- and related haplotypes: Using cells of rare Rh phenotypes

Immune sera from people homozygous for the "deleted" gene complexes --D--, cD--, CwD--, . D . and (C)Div-- as well as heterozygous --D--/--- --- --- were studied by their reactions, and in some cases by absorption-elution tests, with cells of the following rare Rh types: two unrelated examples of homozygous . D .; three unrelated examples of Rhmod; homozygous R33; cDe with a very weak e; apparent CwD(e)/--D--. The results showed that these immune sera are clearly heterogeneous: this heterogeneity was not entirely due to the strength of the antibody (as determined by titration against CDe/cDE cells) or to the phenotype of the antibody maker. Absorption and elution tests using two of the immune sera and . D ./. D . cells demonstrated a "new" antibody, anti-Dav, for a high frequency Rh antigen in addition to anti-Rh17.

The Use of Ulex europaeus and Dolichos biflorus Extracts in Routine ABO Grouping of Blood Donors in Thailand.

Abstract. Six unrelated examples of Ohm, Ahm and Bhm have been detected in the Thai population by including Ulex anti‐H in ABO grouping. Dolichos anti‐A1 detected Cad(+) samples amongst the O and B donors to give a frequency of 0.26%.

The Use of Ulex europaeus and Dolichos biflorus Extracts in Routine ABO Grouping of Blood Donors in Thailand

Six unrelated examples of O^h(m), A^h(m) and Bhm have been detected in the Thai population by including Ulex anti-H in ABO grouping. Dolichos anti-A(1) detected Cad(+) samples amongst the O and B donors to give a frequency of 0.26%.

26 Deletion of Chromosome No. 18 (Long Arm). A New Syndrome

Four unrelated examples of partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome No. 18 have been briefly reported by us (Lancet ii: 641 [1966]). These patients have now been studied in detail.The typical features of this syndrome are mental retardation, short stature, impaired hearing with atretic or narrow ear canals, prominent antihelix, mild microcephaly, typical facies manifested by prominent forehead—perioral areas and deep set eyes, proximal implantation of the thumbs, increased number of whorl fingerprint patterns, hypotonia, vertical tali, fundoscopic anomalies and asymptomatic congenital heart anomalies.Relatives of three of the patients had normal chromosomes. The father and two siblings of the fourth patient had one metacentric No. 18, interpreted as a pericentric inversion. The deletion in this last patient probably arose by a crossover in the father between the metacentric and the normal No. 18 (‘aneusomy by recombination’).These four patients represent partial monosomy No. 18 but nonetheless the findings are not obviously the antithesis of the trisomy 18 syndrome.The retardation and morbidity associated with this chromosome disorder are less severe than those found with the usual autosomal trisomies. Since survival does not seem to be affected by this disorder, these patients will likely be found among older children. (SPR)