Unreasonable Beliefs Research Articles

Perceived Penalties for Sharing Patient Beliefs with Health Care Providers.

Health care interactions may require patients to share with a physician information they believe but is incorrect. While a key piece of physicians' work is educating their patients, people's concerns of being seen as uninformed or incompetent by physicians may lead them to think that sharing incorrect health beliefs comes with a penalty. We tested people's perceptions of patients who share incorrect information and how these perceptions vary by the reasonableness of the belief and its centrality to the patient's disease. We recruited 399 United States Prolific.co workers (357 retained after exclusions), 200 Prolific.co workers who reported having diabetes (139 after exclusions), and 244 primary care physicians (207 after exclusions). Participants read vignettes describing patients with type 2 diabetes sharing health beliefs that were central or peripheral to the management of diabetes. Beliefs included true and incorrect statements that were reasonable or unreasonable to believe. Participants rated how a doctor would perceive the patient, the patient's ability to manage their disease, and the patient's trust in doctors. Participants rated patients who shared more unreasonable beliefs more negatively. There was an extra penalty for incorrect statements central to the patient's diabetes management (sample 1). These results replicated for participants with type 2 diabetes (sample 2) and physician participants (sample 3). Participants believed that patients who share incorrect information with their physicians will be penalized for their honesty. Physicians need to be educated on patients' concerns so they can help patients disclose what may be most important for education. Understanding how people think they will be perceived in a health care setting can help us understand what they may be wary to share with their physicians.People think that patients who share incorrect beliefs will be viewed negatively.Helping patients share incorrect beliefs can improve care.

APPLICATION OF COMPARATIVE TEACHING METHOD BASED ON EMOTION REGULATION AND DRIVE IN SHIP AUXILIARY MACHINERY TEACHING

APPLICATION OF COMPARATIVE TEACHING METHOD BASED ON EMOTION REGULATION AND DRIVE IN SHIP AUXILIARY MACHINERY TEACHING

Unreasonable minds and imperfect self-defense

Western legal systems recognize the right to self-defense as a right of individuals, under certain circumstances, to use physical force to defend themselves from an aggressor. This right requires an honest and reasonable belief of the person asserting it regarding the circumstances in which force is used. Some jurisdictions also permit a defense of imperfect self-defense, allowing for reduced culpability for the crime of homicide if a person's beliefs are honest but unreasonable. If the unreasonable belief is based on a mental illness, however, the defense is disallowed in every jurisdiction in the United States. This development relies upon an untenable position that false beliefs produced by mental disorders should be excluded based on erroneous assumptions about psychotic illness. This article argues that the current precedent is incoherent with the core structure of criminal responsibility and in tension with current scientific understandings and should change to do justice.

Rape: An unreasonable belief in consent should not be a defence

Section 3 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 defines rape in the following terms: ‘Any person (‘A’) who unlawfully and intentionally, commits an act of sexual penetration with a complainant (‘B’), without the consent of B, is guilty of the offence of rape.’ This paper focuses on one component of the definition, namely fault. It is argued that a mistaken but unreasonable belief in consent should not be recognised as a defence and that a normative approach could soften the focus on the behaviour of the complainant and send a clear signal that our commitment to constitutional values requires us to take due care in our interactions with others. The argument is made with full awareness that law reform is a very small cog in addressing the scourge of rape.

Negligent Rape in Croatian Criminal Law: Was Legal Reform Necessary?

This paper discusses the issue of negligent rape and liability for unreasonable belief in the victim`s consent in the context of Croatian criminal law. Modern rape law presents many challenges to both lawmakers and judges, with criminalizing negligence being only one of those challenges. This became more interesting in Croatia after amendments to the Criminal Code in 2011 (in effect since 2013), that criminalized unreasonable mistake of facts in the crime of rape. Croatian rape law has undergone significant changes related to these amendments. However, this paper focuses only on the aspect of unreasonable mistake of consent, this being both the most controversial and of great practical importance. The first section describes the elements of rape according to the Croatian Criminal Code along with an interpretation of those elements in the jurisprudence of the Croatian Supreme Court. Special attention is placed on the problem of mens rea and (un)reasonable belief in consent. The discussion also identifies the reasons for reform and the impact of the Sexual Offences Act of England and Wales (2003), which served as a model for Croatian legislators. The second section analyzes the results of research conducted by Croatian judges on the relevant status of the mistake of facts defense, as well as the importance of the victim`s resistance in terms of achieving a conviction, with special regard to the rate of rape convictions in Croatian law. The third section reviews comparative regional laws (Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro) with the goal of positioning the new Croatian rape law in a regional context. The last section discusses the necessity of criminalization of the negligent form of rape from the perspective of trends and standards created in Croatian theory and jurisprudence in the years prior to this amendment of the law.

The Relationship between Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep and Sleep Structure in Patients with Insomnia: A Controlled Study

Sleep is the basic survival process of human beings. However, it is clinically observed that patients with insomnia are often accompanied by cognitive disorders related to sleep. The study explores the relationship between sleep structure changes and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes of patients with insomnia. In this study, 35 patients with insomnia disorders and 28 normal controls were evaluated as sleep attitude and belief scales and overnight-monitor polysomnography. The results show that there are significant differences in sleep parameters between the insomnia group and the control group (p p r = 0.34, p r = 0.34, p < 0.05). Therefore, this study draws the following conclusions: through the comparison, it is found that patients with insomnia disorders have unreasonable sleep beliefs, and the sleep structure is different from that of the normal control group. The unreasonable beliefs of insomnia patients are related to sleep efficiency.

Good Prejudice. A Passing Foray in Intellectual History

It is difficult, if not impossible, to pinpoint the exact time when the pejoration of “prejudice” occurred. Nor can “prejudice” be understood once and for all as being exclusively a poorly formed opinion, an unreasonable belief, a false judgement, a sentiment, an assumption dictated or corrupted by sentiment, a bad behaviour, or an admixture of them, at least as far as intellectual history is concerned. Though assuming only one particular meaning of the term ab initio may be very convenient, speakers, erudite ones included, have been using “prejudice” in many ways, the variety of which linguists and other researchers at large cannot but acknowledge and report to varying degrees. Unlike artificial technical terms—e.g. the classical legal interpretation of “praejudicium”—and like all important concepts of our natural languages—e.g. love, justice, beauty, education—“prejudice” too is polysemic, ambiguous, living, contestable and contested. Within the history of philosophy, moreover, it is even possible to find positive appraisals of the term itself and the present short text lists and comments on many of them.

Возможности генной инженерии: фантастика и реальность

&lt;p class="A"&gt;Завышенные ожидания от применения открытий современных генетиков, подогреваемые не всегда корректным освещением их в СМИ, а также в современной литературе и кино, особенно в произведениях научной фантастики, могут порождать необоснованные надежды, а впоследствии — разочарования, так как эмоционально негативно воспринимается именно разница между ожиданием и реальностью. Громкие заголовки публикаций в СМИ, рассказывающие об открытиях и успехах генной инженерии, призваны привлечь внимание читателя, однако в таких статьях редко указывается, что большей частью полученные знания представляют лишь этап на пути серьезного изменения медицинских практик, а ожидаемые результаты будут далеко не сразу.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="A"&gt;Недостаточная осведомленность о возможных последствиях применения технологий порождает противоречивые мнения от слепой нерассуждающей веры в этичность ученых и полной беспечности до алармизма с призывами ограничить или запретить все исследования, затрагивающие природу человека.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="A"&gt;Эти противоречия ярко отражаются в произведениях научной фантастики, образы которой можно рассматривать как своеобразное полупрозрачное зеркало, в котором видны очертания возможного будущего. Богатый, ценностно и эмоционально насыщенный нарратив, который нам предоставляют кино и литература, особенно в жанре научной фантастики, позволяет выделить острую этико-психологическую составляющую биоэтических проблем, которые вплетены в живую ткань повествования и могут многое поведать о возможных эмоциональных и социальных проблемах в будущем.&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

10. Political liberalism and the preventive containment of unreasonable beliefs and behavior

This paper examines the ways in which illiberal and unreasonable views can be legitimately contained in a politically liberal society, and discusses some of the pressing reasons to undertake, or abstain from, such measures. Theoretical background for the discussion is provided by Rawlsian political liberalism. The paper focuses on the particular justification for the preventive containment of unreasonable views offered by Jonathan Quong (2011). It is claimed that Quong’s approach raises some significant worries (not unrelated to the ‘third-order pathologies’ discussed above in Chapter 2). The suggestion is put forward that political liberals would do well to pay more attention to respect and relations of recognition.

Persistently Biased: The Devil Shift in Water Privatization in Jakarta

AbstractThis article operationalizes an underinvestigated element of the Advocacy Coalition Framework—the “devil shift”—on the controversial issue of water privatization. In doing so, it offers a methodological premise for investigating intractable opposition to policies that are politically salient and high in technical content. It uses the Q methodology on the case of Jakarta, Indonesia to uncover seven discourse coalitions within the anti‐privatization groups. They confirm two key hypotheses within the devil shift, namely the underestimation of a coalition's resources compared with their opponents and the exaggeration of opponents’ unreasonableness. Intriguingly, it finds that the “devil” is constructed in three different ways by this coalition—the profiteer, the Goliath, and the ineffectual governor. The narrative strength of the combination of these beliefs answers an apparent paradox in the devil shift viz that of rational actors persisting in unreasonable beliefs concerning their opponents. It also offers some specific solutions on how to deal with public hostility in water privatization in Jakarta.

自我效能感在大学生不合理信念与压力易感性中的中介作用

Objective : To explore Mediating Effect between the college students' irrational beliefs and stress susceptibility. Method : 920 students which from different type of universities were assessed with the stress susceptibility assessment scale, irrational beliefs questionnaire and self-efficacy questionnaire. Results and Conclusion : There was a close connection between pressure susceptibility and irrational belief . Whether the individual had high irrational beliefs or low irrational beliefs, maintained high self-efficacy had lower pressure of the individual susceptibility than the individuals with low self-efficacy. The individuals who holding the high pressure of irrational beliefs had lower stress susceptibility than the individuals who holding irrational beliefs, the individuals holding low irrational beliefs and high self-efficacy had the lowest stress susceptibility. Female college students stress susceptibility overall less than men, but in the case of individual holding higher unreasonable belief, the difference was not obvious.

Key Points from the Oral Arguments of the Scott Roeder Case

George Tiller was a Kansas abortionist who specialized in late-term abortions, which are legal under Kansas law only under special circumstances. Scott Roeder killed him, and on trial for murder, wished to plead that he was defending third persons against imminent and unlawful death at the hands of Tiller. He was prepared to present evidence to that effect to the jury, but the trial judge blocked both the plea and the evidence. If the evidence were persuasive, the jury could either have acquitted Roeder altogether, if they decided that his belief that he was defending third persons was reasonable, or convicted him just of voluntary manslaughter, if they decided he had a sincere but unreasonable belief. Since the blocked plea and evidence were Roeder’s only defenses, he was convicted of murder. He appealed to the Kansas Supreme Court, which had it oral argument on January 29, 2014. This paper discusses the oral argument.

The Paradox of Disallowing Duress as a Defence to Murder

The common law has long recognised that what would otherwise constitute murder should be reduced to the lesser offence of voluntary manslaughter in instances where the accused was induced to kill because of provocative conduct on the part of the deceased that does not amount to lawful excuse or justification such as self-defence or defence of others. In what is often termed as a reasonable concession to human frailty, the law has opted to treat those who kill under such circumstances as less morally blameworthy than those who kill in the absence of such provocation or other mitigating circumstances such as a genuinely held, albeit objectively unreasonable belief, that the use of deadly force was necessary in self-defence or the defence of another person. In sharp contrast, the common law has steadfastly declined to allow the defence of duress to be interposed in like manner as a partial defence to the crime of murder. The discussion to follow will examine whether this disparate treatment is justifiable in light of the stated underpinnings of these defences. The discussion will conclude by exploring various proposals for reform and the extent to which they are likely to result in sanctions that are commensurate with the relative degrees of moral culpability of those who seek to interpose these defences as complete or partial defences to the crime of murder.

Odredbe o organizaciji prethodnog krivičnog postupka nacrta ZKP Srbije iz aprila 2010. godine upoređene sa odgovarajućim odredbama italijanskog ZKP

The new Law on Criminal Procedure, third in a row in the last ten years, is being hastily prepared in Serbia. Like its unsuccessful predecessor, the Law on Criminal Procedure from 2006, which was canceled after long hesitation and was never applied in practice, the new Law should also introduce in our case law certain procedural institutions based on the ideas of the common-law legal culture. The most important feature among these institutions is the new organization of the preliminary criminal procedure in which the current court investigation would become the activity of a public prosecutor and police i.e., activity of administrative authorities. This transplantation experiment has been followed by a great confusion and lack of understanding from the start. The reform has started with an unreasonable belief that it will solve some of the most important difficulties that we have today in the criminal procedure, although it was not clear enough how did the new model of the non-court preliminary criminal procedure work in the law from which it was taken from or what kind of difficulties would occur in our law after we introduce it. When it became evident that the new investigation model cannot be introduced without adaptation, the new hybrid solutions were made, and the original was adapted to the domestic conditions, which in the author's opinion, threaten to endanger some of the basic principles of the traditional criminal procedure. Italy was the first European country that made such an experiment more than two decades ago, which cannot yet be definitely appraised from the aspect of efficiency. In Italy it provoked serious conflicts between their courts and parliaments, and frictions between new (transplanted) and inherited criminal procedural law. Those preliminary difficulties have been overcome though time by several interventions of the Constitutional court and parliament, which had amended the law several times and the Constitution itself. In this paper the author gives a comparative-legal review of the provisions of the Criminal Procedural Law from 1988 that relate to the organization of the preliminary procedure and correspondent provisions of the draft new Law on Criminal Procedure of Serbia, hoping that this analysis may be useful for the final review of the new Serbian Law on Criminal Procedure.

Expression of therapeutic misconception amongst Egyptians: a qualitative pilot study

BackgroundStudies have shown that research participants fail to appreciate the difference between research and medical care, labeling such phenomenon as a "therapeutic misconception" (TM). Since research activity involving human participants is increasing in the Middle East, qualitative research investigating aspects of TM is warranted. Our objective was to assess for the existence of therapeutic misconception amongst Egyptians.MethodsStudy Tool: We developed a semi-structured interview guide to elicit the knowledge, attitudes, and perspectives of Egyptians regarding medical research.Setting: We recruited individuals from the outpatient settings (public and private) at Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt.Analysis: Interviews were taped, transcribed, and translated. We analyzed the content of the transcribed text to identify the presence of a TM, defined in one of two ways: TM1 = inaccurate beliefs about how individualized care can be compromised by the procedures in the research and TM2 = inaccurate appraisal of benefit obtained from the research study.ResultsOur findings showed that a majority of participants (11/15) expressed inaccurate beliefs regarding the degree with which individualized care will be maintained in the research setting (TM1) and a smaller number of participants (5/15) manifested an unreasonable belief in the likelihood of benefits to be obtained from a research study (TM2). A total of 12 of the 15 participants were judged to have expressed a TM on either one of these bases.ConclusionThe presence of TM is not uncommon amongst Egyptian individuals. We recommend further qualitative studies investigating aspects of TM involving a larger sample size distinguished by different types of illnesses and socio-economic variables, as well as those who have and have not participated in clinical research.

Closing Comment: “Personal Enemies of God: Anticlericals and Anticlericalism in Revolutionary Mexico, 1915-1940”

In a contribution made some time ago, I stressed the diversity of factors which came together in the anticlerical constitutional articles and paragraphs that were approved during the Constituent Congress at Querétaro of 1916-17. The first of these factors—I argued—was the not unreasonable belief held by many Mexican revolutionaries that the Catholic Church had collaborated with the government of the military usurper, Victoriano Huerta, in 1913-14. In this regard, the political participation of the National Catholic Party had also been decisive in influencing anticlerical opinion.

The tenacity of unreasonable beliefs: fundamentalism and the fear of truth

Acknowledgments Chapter One WHY THIS BOOK? : AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL REFLECTIONS Chapter Two FAITH, REVELATION, AND REASON Chapter Three JEWISH BIBLICAL FUNDAMENTALISM Chapter Four CHRISTIAN BIBLICAL FUNDAMENTALISM Chapter Five MUSLIM KORANIC FUNDAMENTALISM Chapter Six ACQUIRING AND PROTECTING UNREASONABLE BELIEFS Chapter Seven ON DEFUNDAMENTALIZING FUNDAMENTALISTS Notes Bibliography Name Index Subject Index

A Theory of IPO Underpricing, Issue Activity, and Long-Run Underperformance

We present a dynamic model of an IPO market in which firms go public to raise capital for investment. The original shareholders have inside information with respect to the quality of their firm's investment opportunities, and they decide whether to go public, how much capital to raise and invest, and how to price the IPO. Outside investors are of one of two types: some investors know and understand even the not directly observable economic incentives of the original shareholders, whereas all other investors learn about the IPO market only from the publicly observable IPO market data. Market participation by the latter investors can upset the stationary rational equilibrium and give rise to a dynamic equilibrium that is characterized by: (1) IPO underpricing, (2) underperformance of IPO shares in the long run, and (3) cyclical variations in IPO volume. Learning investors upset the stationary equilibrium not because of ex ante unreasonable beliefs, but because they fail to condition their beliefs on variables that convey only redundant information in the stationary equilibrium. The model provides a joint explanation for the three empirically documented IPO market anomalies, and it yields a number of new testable empirical predictions.

Legitimate Expectations, Unreasonable Beliefs, and Legally Mandated Coverage of Experimental Therapy

Legitimate Expectations, Unreasonable Beliefs, and Legally Mandated Coverage of Experimental Therapy

Tightrope Walking

Traditionally, uniform and standardised IT-solutions in health care are considered mechanisms for increased control, efficiency and quality. Unfortunately, in spite of existing studies of the actual experiences of standardisation, such as how they come into being, and how they are intertwined with local practice, unreasonable belief in standardisation seems to prevail. Acknowledging the origin of standardisation and its local character, however, does not mean that standardisation is futile or should be avoided. It rather means that standardisation efforts should balance the management level’s need for increased coordination and control, and the local level’s need for flexibility. The aim of this paper is to strike this balance as it elaborates the implications and the ‘costs’ for local practice in order to make a standard work. Empirically, the paper draws on a standardisation effort of discharge letter production in the University Hospital of Northern Norway.