Unprofessional Attitudes Research Articles

Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Profesionalisme Dan Kepatuhan Dalam Penegakan Hukum Oleh Polisi

Acts of violence are often carried out by the police during the investigation process with the aim of obtaining a confession from the suspect. This phenomenon has become a common occurrence, which has been revealed through various studies. The causes include a lack of investigative supervisory institutions, a lack of legal instruments, protection from institutions, and an unprofessional attitude on the part of the police. This situation means that suspects do not have the opportunity to defend their rights, while perpetrators of violence remain unsanctioned. Professionalism is related to moral issues that are integrated into the code of ethics, and violations of the code of ethics indicate the existence of moral problems within the police force. Moral improvement among investigators is needed so that the investigation process can run well and in line with expectations.

Phenomenology & Ethnography: Examining Hospital Cultures and the Lived Experiences of Patients Interacting with Healthcare Professionals

This exploratory ethnographic and phenomenological study examined hospital cultures, primarily emergency rooms, and the lived experiences of patients interacting with healthcare professionals in the United States. The salient themes that emerged from the thematic analysis of the narratives shared by a woman living with asthma in conjunction with the lived experiences articulated by five other patients coming to emergency rooms for stomach pain/pregnancy, arthritis/joint pain, leg injury, depression, etc., were: 1) Long wait times, 2) Poor and Unprofessional Attitude, 3) Neglect, 4) Feeling Rushed, 5) Having to Ask for Care, 6) Discrimination, and 7) Support from Hospital Patient Advocates and Other Patients. While the patients in this study endured marginalization and microaggressions, those challenges often were overcome with assistance from hospital patient advocates as well as other patients. Ultimately, patients in this study empowered themselves to achieve their healthcare goals.

Hindering and Supporting Factors of Entrepreneurship Implementation for Nurses: A Narrative Review

Entrepreneurship in the nursing field is still rising giving greater opportunity for these nursing entrepreneurs. However, nurses need to identify the obstacles and the supports so that their businesses will run well and succeed. To identify the hindering and supporting factors for nurses in entrepreneurship. This study was a narrative review with literature research using electronic databases, which included Science Direct and PubMed between 2011-2021. The framework from the European Medical Writers Association developed by Ferrari was used to guide the study From the total of 11 identified and analyzed literatures, there were seven hindering factors (fear; knowledge and skill; prior working culture experience; decision-making policy and regulations; health insurance, colleague jealousy; and unprofessional attitudes) and two supporting factors (knowledge and skills; ability to seek opportunities). Conducting entrepreneurship in nursing still faces several obstacles but also has some supports, and therefore can be done by developing nurses’ self-potentials and professional attitudes.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SIDOARJO MATERNAL NEONATAL EMERGENCY SMS APPLICATION GATEWAY (SIMANEIS) IN IMPROVING HEALTH SERVICES

With the innovation of health services based on Sidoarjo Maternal Neonatal Emergency Sms Gateway (SIMANEIS), pregnant women, patients can go to the midwife, clinic and or PUSKESMAS first to get an initial diagnosis, which is then referred from the clinic or health center to the hospital through SIMANEIS so that when in the hospital can be handled immediately. However, the reality in the field is that the implementation of Si Maneis' innovation is still not effective due to the unprofessional attitude of the officers, the internet connection network that often errors. Based on these problems, the purpose of this study was to determine and describe the effectiveness of the Sidoarjo Maternal Neonatal Emergency SMS Gateway (SIMANEIS) Application in Improving Health Services. The research method used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data was collected by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. The research location is the RSUD Sidoarjo. Methods of data collection is done by using interviews, focused groups and discussion. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative analysis by Miles and Huberman (2014) consisting of four components, namely: data collection, condensation data, display data and conclusion and verifying drawings. The result of the research is that the resources and infrastructure have been effective. The number and quality of services produced in the implementation of maternal and child referral administrative services based on Sidoarjo Maternal Neonatal Emergency SMS Gateway (SIMANEIS) at the Sidoarjo Regional General Hospital is running effectively. Meanwhile, the suitability of the service results has been effective, as evidenced by the officers giving real-time action in less than 5 minutes when a patient comes without lingering in accordance with the time standard that has been set. The service procedure that must be passed is quite easy and fast to be carried out according to the SOP.

Ageing People Living with HIV/AIDS, PLWHA; More Dental Challenges; the Romanian Dental Professional's Point of View.

In Romania, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) were first acknowledged in 1989. Getting older with HIV/AIDS is now possible due to antiretroviral treatment, but it can bring dental problems due to HIV itself or to the reluctance of dental professionals to treat dental problems. Our study aims to assess the attitudes, knowledge, and practices of Romanian dental professionals regarding aging PLWHA. An analytical cross-sectional observational survey based on a self-administered questionnaire was conducted for Romanian dental professionals from October 2022 to January 2023. The responders' group profile was as follows: a mean age of 39.09 ± 0.36 years (limit: 19-75), a majority of 991 (90.01%) from urban dental offices, and 364 (33.06%) with more than twenty years' experience. A total of 517 (46.95%) responders had an unprofessional attitude and declared that, if possible, they would avoid taking part in performing dental treatments for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). There were 89 (8.08%) dental professionals that refused to work with PLWHA. Only 363 (32.97%) had worked with one previously. The dental professionals in rural areas refused PLWHA more frequently: 20% (N = 22) of rural dental professionals vs. 6.76% (N = 67) of urban dental professionals refused to work with PLWHA (OR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.16-.56). The logistic regression applied for the 1101 responders revealed after stepwise selection that the most influential factor for their refusal to work with PLWHA in our study group was being previously exposed to HIV during dental practice (OR = 14.45; 95% CI: 8.55- 24.42; p = 0.000). Dental educators and health care planners should promote the knowledge of prophylaxis and positive attitudes towards the treatment of PLWHA. Successful resolution of these concerns is time consuming and expensive but necessary if dentists are to satisfy their professional obligations to HIV/AIDS patients.

Impact of Teacher Education Level, Years of Teaching Experience and Teaching Behaviour as Determinants of Pupils’ Academic Achievement In Integrated Science in Eastern Sierra Leone 2005-2007

The study investigated “Impact of teacher education level, years of teaching experience and teaching behaviour as determinants of pupils’ academic achievement in integrated science in Eastern Sierra Leone between 2005 and 2007”. A descriptive research type of a survey design was employed for the study. The target population included: junior secondary school pupils, integrated science teachers and integrated science heads of department. Stratified sampling technique was adopted to select the junior secondary schools while purposive sampling technique was used to select sample sizes of 270 JSS pupils, 54 integrated science teachers and 27 Heads of Integrated science Department. The key instrument employed was Self-Administered Integrated Science Questionnaire form (SAISQ).The instrument was validated by a team of science experts in the Department of Science Curriculum Development Centre, Njala University. A reliability coefficient were computed and a Cronbach alpha constant of dependability values of 0.78 and 0.80 were obtained respectively for the instrument. Findings of the study revealed that the highest qualification obtained among the HODs is Bachelor of Science Education degree followed by those with HTC (Primary) and HTC (Secondary) respectively. The study further confirmed that majority of the integrated science teachers obtained HTC (Secondary) and B.Sc Ed. degree respectively. There is clear indication that a very good percentage of Integrated Science teachers of the survey are trained and qualified but they are qualified in other subjects areas, and are found teaching Integrated Science in the schools. There are few teachers trained for the primary schools and are also teaching in the junior secondary schools. Results of the study also confirmed that high concentration of the teachers with experiences fall within (10-14) years. Regarding the extent to which the unprofessional attitude are accepted, the result revealed that teachers conduct or attitude were never acceptable behaviour to the pupils. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that: Firstly, Government should employ trained and qualified teachers and others with experience in the schools. Secondly, school authorities should ensure that teachers make use of adequate teaching aids and encourage them to improvise equipment where necessary. Thirdly, Government should provide better conditions of service and incentives to retain the existing qualified teachers in the schools. Finally, academic performance of pupils should be a requirement for teachers’ promotion exercise. Keywords: School, Level, Achievement, Impact, Behaviour, experience

IMPLEMENTASI KEPROFESIONALITAS POLRI DALAM MELAKSANAKAN TUGAS BERDASARKAN PERATURAN KODE ETIK PROFESI POLRI

Violence is often carried out by the police during investigations to obtain confessions from suspects. This behavior has become a habit that can be shown from various research results, which is caused by the absence of an investigative supervisory agency, incomplete legal instruments, protection from institutions, and unprofessional attitude from the police. This situation causes the suspect to have no opportunity to fight for his rights and the perpetrators of violence are not touched. Professionalism is related to moral issues that are standardized into a code of ethics, and a violation of the code of ethics indicates that there are moral problems within the police. There needs to be a moral improvement on investigators so that the investigation can take place properly and correctly as expected. In addition, there are several regulations that regulate the police professional code of ethics, Peraturan Kapolri Nomor 14 Tahun 2011 Tentang Kode Etik Profesi Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia so that it cannot be applied arbitrarily and can carry out its duties properly in accordance with the police code of ethics.

Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude of Dental Students towards HIV and Its Oral Manifestations in Saudi Arabia-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: It is essential for practicing dentists to have adequate knowledge of HIV/AIDS and its implications in the dental practice. Their attitudes should also be up to the professional expectations. This study aimed to assess knowledge of HIV/AIDS infection and attitudes towards its patients among dental students in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A questionnaire was prepared and distributed among a sample of dental students in Saudi Arabia. Twenty questions related to knowledge, attitudes, and oral manifestation of HIV were presented. Results: A total of 405 questionnaires were completed (67% response rate). Participants showed low knowledge of safety regarding HIV (39.5%) and 44.2% indicated that they would take an HIV test after needle stick injury. The proportion of correct answers regarding transmission of HIV through saliva, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and aerosols by hand pieces was 41%, 37.5%, and 26.4%, respectively. Almost 50% of the surveyed dental students expressed unwillingness to treat HIV-positive patients. Poor knowledge was noted regarding oral manifestations of HIV (32.7%). Of the participants, 57.8% indicated that infection control procedures are very important for the treatment of HIV patients and 50.6% believed that a dentist can make a decision to reject the treatment of HIV patients. According to the participating dental students, the three major oral manifestations in HIV patients are hairy leukoplakia (47.4%), oral candidiasis (44.7%), and Kaposi’s sarcoma (43.5%). Conclusion: Inadequate knowledge and unprofessional attitude towards HIV/AIDS patients were identified among this group of dental students in Saudi Arabia. Dental educators and health care planners in Saudi Arabia should plan to promote the knowledge and attitudes of dental students in Saudi Arabia towards the treatment of HIV patients.

The Airblue Flight 202: Communication and Decision Making in Crisis

The case study on Airblue chronicles the events that led to the biggest plane crash in the aviation history of Pakistan. Airblue flight 202 destined from Karachi to Islamabad crashed while attempting to land under adverse weather conditions. The flight carried 146 passengers and 6 crew members; all died in the crash. Later investigations identified gross errors in judgment and decision making by the cockpit crew and unprofessional attitude as the sole cause of the crash. The case study documents the events that unfolded prior to the crash and identifies a number of major factors that are important while communicating and making decisions under critical situations. It touches upon the themes of superior-subordinate communication and relationships, empowerment, sense of responsibility under life-threatening situations, making sense of crises, the role of initiative, self-confidence, and reliance on others. The case is suitable to be taught on topics dealing with communication, decision making, teamwork, and leadership in crises, at the graduate level (MBA) and in executive training courses on team building, leadership and crisis management. It highlights the situations which emerge as crises and where teamwork is paramount for the effective achievement of goals. Furthermore, it focuses on the possible relapses when effective teamwork and communication are not in play.

Attitudes and barriers towards pursuing a surgical specialty in medical students and interns in Kuwait: A cross-sectional study

Surgery is a rewarding career yet; its popularity has been declining globally; therefore, placing the profession at risk. The objectives were to identify barriers and solutions to pursuing surgical-career for medical-students and interns in Kuwait. A cross-sectional anonymous-survey and a quasi-experimental research design was adopted to investigate perceived barriers to surgery and solutions among medical-students and interns. Two 5-point Likert scales presenting potential barrier & solutions were used. Further analysis explored differences related to gender, educational level, and graduates’ institution and comments collected for qualitative analysis. 362 responses collected, 207 students (62.9%), 122 interns (37.1%), and 33 others (9.12%) excluded. Total response rate of 49.6% and 51.2% interested in surgical specialty. A descriptive analysis (mean ± SD) was performed. Majority agreed/strongly agreed that long-working hours (4.2 ± 1.0), high stress levels (4.1 ± 1.0), quality of life (4.2 ± 1.0) difficulty in having child-care (3.8 ± 1.1) and pregnancy considerations (3.7 ± 1.1) constitute barriers towards selecting surgical specialty. Alarming observations of unprofessional attitudes of male surgeons, rendering surgery a harsh workplace. The most prominent solutions were working-hours reduction (4.3 ± 0.92), flexible maternity (4.4 ± 0.76)/ paternity leaves (4.2 ± 0.85) policies, research opportunities (4.4 ± 0.74), early student exposure to surgical workshops/discussions (4.13 ± 1.0), increasing mentors (4.1 ± 0.93), women role-models presence (4.0 ± 1.0), and payment increase (4.0 ± 0.92). In Kuwait, medical-students and interns perceived barriers and solutions mirrored those reported worldwide. Instituting effective solutions to dissolve barriers are essential to encourage recruitment in surgical specialties.

Changing Configurations in the Portrayal of Doctors in Graphic Narratives: A Study ofThe Bad DoctorandThe Lady Doctor

The figure of the doctor has always been surrounded by a heroic aura, warranted by the possession of hard-earned medical knowledge and the tenacious reliance on doctors’ ability to heal and emancipate from pain and suffering. However, recent literary and visual-cultural representations of doctors have unsettled the dominant and homogenized perception of physicians as heroes. Particularly, representations in mainstream books, popular media, and comics, which have predominantly offered unilaterally positive initial portrayals of doctors as superhuman figures, eventually provided people with more nuanced and realistic representations, disclosing the “undesirable and unprofessional attitudes” of physicians and their sufferings. Ian Williams’ graphic narratives The Bad Doctor (2014, Oxford: Myriad Editions) and The Lady Doctor (2019, Oxford: Myriad Editions) serve as a critical lens to reflect on the postmodern perspective of doctor as a “wounded healer” and illuminate the problematic view of physicians as heroes. Drawing instances from the aforementioned graphic narratives, this essay aims to provide a revisionary understanding of physicians from heroes to victims of larger-than-life forces such as bureaucracy and the demands of patients. The essay scrutinizes how the verbal-visual medium of comics facilitates the envisioning and enunciating of the troubled personal and professional lives of physicians and the complexities involved in the medical profession.

Factors affecting Maternal-care during labour at maternity centres of Karachi, Pakistan: Exploratory study.

Globally 529,000 women die every year due to harmful consequences of childbirth. This study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators that influence the provision of quality care during labour at maternity centres in Karachi, Pakistan. The qualitative exploratory study design was used to study such factors from public and private maternity health facilities of Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 12 in-depth interviews were conducted through purposive sampling by using validated semi-structured interview guide. Data was analysed using content analysis manually. Among major barriers, unhygienic environment, lack of basic equipment, supplies and medicine, unprofessional attitude of staff, physical infrastructre and shotrage of staff were explored. Among facilitators, caring and supportive attitude of healthcare personnel during labour were identified. These identified determinants would guide policy-makers, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) planners and health managers to take appropriate actions to enhance the quality of maternal care which will subsequently result in considerable reduction in maternal mortalities.

Pengalaman Perawat Dalam Memberikan Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Pasien Terinfeksi Covid - 19

Nurses as health workers have the most frequent contact with Covid-19 patients during nursing care. Anxiety, nurses' fear of the risk of contracting the Covid-19 virus can give birth to unprofessional attitudes and behaviors in providing nursing care to patients. This study aims to identify the experiences of nurses while caring for patients infected with Covid-19. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with five nurses at a hospital in Bengkulu. The results of the study found four main themes, namely knowledge of Covid-19, nurse professionalism, nurses' feelings while caring for patients, and efforts to prevent transmission. The results of the study found four main themes, namely knowledge of Covid-19 care, nurses' motivation, the psychological condition of nurses while caring for patients, efforts to prevent transmission and the role of nurses in providing nursing care carried out by nurses to the families of Covid-19 patients. The results of this study concluded that the need for research on the Application of the Family-Centered Nursing Model to the Implementation of Family Health Duties in Prevention of Covid-19 Transmission.Key Words: Nurses, nursing care, Covid - 19.

A question of addressing the real issues of the Nigerian Police operatives’ ineffectiveness for improved petormance

The Nigerian Police ineffectiveness in internal security services is a national challenge. The police have been labelled unfriendly and discredited by many due to their personal experiences and media reports. Research findings indicate that with the police, Nigerians are among the worst Police victims of human rights violations in Africa, due to corruption, unlawful and prolonged detention without trials and various unprofessional conduct. This investigation explores the issues of the Nigerian Police road traffic operatives along a heavy traffic highway in North Central Nigeria that qualify their unprofessional attitudes and behaviors, with possible insights to advance knowledge for policies towards improving service delivery. We collected data from police officers of two police formations in the research area, by quantitative survey. Also from the same two locations and another location, we collected qualitative data by applying in-depth analyses of opinion leaders. We applied Herzberg’s two factor theory and observed that lack of both motivators and hygiene factors seem to be impacting the operatives negatively hence they are not motivated to operate effectively. Data suggest that the Police immediate constraints are mainly hygiene factors (monetary rewards, welfare, tools, among others) which build up frustration and predispose them to oppression and extortion of road users, reflecting the overarching corrupt environment. The results support some earlier findings that both motivators and hygiene factors, not mainly motivators, drive employee motivation and performance. Policy implications include enhanced statutory spending and overhaul of the agency structure for improved employee performance.

Håp og livsmot i sykdomsfortellinger etter hjerneslag

Hope and life courage in illness narratives after stroke
 This essay illuminates the meaning of hope and life courage in the narratives of Tomas and Maria, a couple who had experienced the life changing consequences of Maria’s stroke. Hope is supported by the couple’s strong and loving relationship and by empathy and caring in their relationships with professional caregivers. In this way, the relational component of hope is revealed as the most important prerequisite for maintaining hope. The analysis demonstrates that life courage and hope are strongly needed for trust in the future and rehabilitation efforts. However, careless and unprofessional attitudes and practices of clinicians may lead to loss of control, poorer self-image and hopelessness. To support the hope of patients and relatives, clinicians must show caring attitudes and use both medical and humanistic knowledge. They should not devalue the phenomenon of hope as unrealistic.

Exploring the factors impacting on access and acceptance of sexual and reproductive health services provided by adolescent-friendly health services in Nepal.

Adolescent-friendly health programs have been in place in Nepal since 2008, yet uptake of the services for sexual and reproductive health remains suboptimal. For uptake of these services to improve, a rich understanding is needed of the factors impacting their acceptance and utilization from the perspectives of adolescents, health care staff, and key community informants. This study applied a qualitative research design involving six focus groups with 52 adolescents and in-depth interviews with 16 adolescents, 13 key informants, and 9 health care providers from six adolescent-friendly health facilities in Nepal. Thematic analysis was conducted for data analysis. The key themes identified as barriers include access issues due to travel, institutional health care barriers, perceived lack of privacy and confidentiality, and the unprofessional attitudes of staff towards the sexual health needs of adolescents. These themes are underpinned by gendered ideology and a moral framework around the sexual behavior of adolescents. Interview responses suggested that health care providers take a policing role in prescribing adolescents’ conformity to this moral framework in their delivery of reproductive health care and services. While physical access to health services may be problematic for some adolescents, this is not the priority issue. Attention needs to be given to increasing the capacity of health care providers to deliver services without imposing their own and socially sanctioned moral frameworks around adolescent sexual behavior. Such capacity building should include training that is experiential and emphasizes the importance of confidentiality and non-judgmental attitudes.

Views of Service Providers and Adolescents on Use of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services by Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

This review examines the literature on adolescents' and providers' views on access and use of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) information and services. The SRH services referred to in this study were predominantly family planning services, STI treatment including HIV testing and counselling services. The study design was a systematic review of empirical studies. Twenty-five databases were searched using a well-defined search strategy and Boolean operators. A total of 45 studies were included in the review, and the findings were reported thematically under four emerging themes. The review showed that adolescents and sexual health service providers had differing views on barriers and enablers to adolescent access to SRH services and often had contradictory views on key markers of youth-friendly services, service preferences, barriers and enablers of service use. While service providers perceived physical and financial barriers as fundamental, adolescents identified barriers emanating from providers' attitude as the key hindrance to their access and use of services. The review also revealed that the unprofessional attitudes of some service providers limit adolescents' access to SRH services. These findings serve as evidence to policy actors at all levels to consider attitudinal qualities of service providers when planning and designing sexual health services for adolescents.

Modifikasi Perilaku Aparatur Ala Skinner: Suatu Model Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Menuju Profesionalisme Birokrasi

Arah kebijakan reformasi birokrasi adalah meningkatkan profesionalisme aparatur negara dan perbaikan tata kelola pemerintahan. Pada kenyataannya, birokrasi di Indonesia belum bisa mewujudkan kondisi yang diinginkan. Berbagai fenomena yang terjadi seperti lambannya pelayanan publik dan birokrasi yang berbelit-belit menunjukkan ketidakprofesionalan sebuah birokrasi. Untuk mengubahnya, dibutuhkan pengelolaan SDM yang ada. Berdasarkan teori Skinner yang berasaskan psikologi behavioristik, peningkatan profesionalisme aparatur bisa dilakukan melalui modifikasi perilaku dengan menggunakan operant conditioning dengan memberikan stimulan yang berupa rasionalisasi, membentuk kultur birokrasi yang baru, peningkatan kualitas SDM dan pengawasan masyarakat.

Validity of In-Training Evaluation Report (ITER) in Saudi Pediatric Residency Training. Single center experience

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Objective: The study aimed to examine validity evidence of in-training evaluation report (ITER) at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH)'s pediatric residency program. Predictive validity of ITERs, to assess learner acquisitions of required competencies were studied. We used ITER scores to identify trainees with unprofessional conduct. Methods: One-year data for 35 residents in pediatric residency training program at KAUH were reviewed. Data were extracted from 360 ITERs completed by faculty members and specialists. ITERs' reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. ITERs scores were correlated with final Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE) and written exams scores. Professionalism composite scores from ITERs were compared with scores of trainees reported for unprofessional attitude. Results: Specialists had high variability in scoring competencies with average standard deviations (SD) of 0.85 compared with 0.15 by faculty. Reliability of ITER scores using Cronbach's alpha was 0.895. Good correlation was observed between competencies ranging between 0.86 to 0.29. There was fair correlation between ITER composite scores and those of final OSCE and written exams. There was no correlation between professionalism scores and residents reported for unprofessional conduct. Conclusion ITER scores had good validity and reliability despite variability observed between faculty and specialist when scoring competencies. ITERs failed to detect trainees with unprofessional conduct.

Perceptions of Unprofessional Attitudes and Behaviors: Implications for Faculty Role Modeling and Teaching Professionalism During Pathology Residency.

- Changes occurring in medicine have raised issues about medical professionalism. Professionalism is included in the Core Competencies and Milestones for all pathology residents. Previous studies have looked at resident professionalism attitudes and behaviors in primary care but none have looked specifically at pathology. - To examine behavior and attitudes toward professionalism within pathology and to determine how professionalism is taught in residency programs. - Surveys were sent to all College of American Pathologists junior members and all pathology residency program directors, and responses were compared. - Although no single behavior received the same professionalism rating among residents and program directors, both groups identified the same behaviors as being the most unprofessional: posting identifiable patient information or case images to social media, making a disparaging comment about a physician colleague or member of the support staff on social media or in a public hospital space, and missing work without reporting the time off. Faculty were observed displaying most of these behaviors as often or more often than residents by both groups. The most common means to teach professionalism in pathology residencies is providing feedback as situations arise and teaching by example. Age differences were found within each group and between groups for observed behaviors and attitudes. - As teaching by example was identified as a common educational method, faculty must be aware of the role their behavior and attitudes have in shaping resident behavior and attitudes. These results suggest a need for additional resources to teach professionalism during pathology residency.