Unpredictable Performance Research Articles

Multimedia Recognition of Piano Music Based on the Hidden Markov Model

Piano performance is an art with rich artistic elements and unpredictable performance skills. It is an important carrier for playing beautiful piano sounds. The generation of musical tension and expression of piano performance is a vivid display of piano performance skills. In piano performance, we should pay attention to the cultivation and flexible application of performance skills. In order to ensure the richness and artistry of piano performance, it is fully based on the artistic characteristics of piano performance. Through in-depth analysis of the principle of the hidden Markov model, it is applied to the multimedia recognition process of piano playing music. In the process of obtaining the template, the fundamental frequency of the piano playing music differs greatly, and the piano playing music appears during the performance process. For the problem of low recognition rate, this paper proposes a multimedia recognition method for piano music. Finally, the analysis of experimental results shows that the method proposed in this paper has a 16% higher recognition rate than the traditional method, and it has a certain value in the multimedia recognition of piano music.

Effect of Korean Advanced Life Support Education on Non-Technical and Technical Skills of Nursing Students: A Pilot Study.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Korean Advanced Life Support (KALS) education program on the non-technical skills and technical skills of nursing students. This one-group pretest–posttest experimental study included 46 participants who were fourth year nursing students at Shinsung University located in Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do Province, Republic of Korea. Data were collected in April 2021 and analyzed via SPSS/WIN 25.0, using a paired samples t-test. The current study results report a significant improvement in the non-technical skills from 30.58 to 47.16 points (t = −5.892, p < 0.001). Furthermore, KALS training improved communication confidence from 23.45 to 35.77 points (t = −6.563, p < 0.001), critical thinking tendency from 96.71 to 107.16 points (t = −3.352, p = 0.002), and self-efficacy in performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation from 33.56 to 49.81 points (t = −13.242, p < 0.001). Lastly, technical skills also improved from 18.35 to 27.94 points (t = −28.439, p < 0.001). Therefore, the findings indicate that KALS education was effective in improving the non-technical and technical skills of these nursing students. However, this study did not analyze the effect of the stress level experienced by the study participants in emergency situations on their non-technical and technical skill performance. Thus, future studies should verify the effect of external stressors, caused by unpredictable emergencies, on non-technical and technical skill performance.

Enhanced Cas12a multi-gene regulation using a CRISPR array separator.

The type V-A Cas12a protein can process its CRISPR array, a feature useful for multiplexed gene editing and regulation. However, CRISPR arrays often exhibit unpredictable performance due to interference between multiple guide RNA (gRNAs). Here, we report that Cas12a array performance is hypersensitive to the GC content of gRNA spacers, as high-GC spacers can impair activity of the downstream gRNA. We analyze naturally occurring CRISPR arrays and observe that natural repeats always contain an AT-rich fragment that separates gRNAs, which we term a CRISPR separator. Inspired by this observation, we design short, AT-rich synthetic separators (synSeparators) that successfully remove the disruptive effects between gRNAs. We further demonstrate enhanced simultaneous activation of seven endogenous genes in human cells using an array containing the synSeparator. These results elucidate a previously underexplored feature of natural CRISPR arrays and demonstrate how nature-inspired engineering solutions can improve multi-gene control in mammalian cells.

Manufacturing of Human Tissues as off-the-Shelf Grafts Programmed to Induce Regeneration.

Design criteria for tissue-engineered materials in regenerative medicine include robust biological effectiveness, off-the-shelf availability, and scalable manufacturing under standardized conditions. For bone repair, existing strategies rely on primary autologous cells, associated with unpredictable performance, limited availability and complex logistic. Here, a conceptual shift based on the manufacturing of devitalized human hypertrophic cartilage (HyC), as cell-free material inducing bone formation by recapitulating the developmental process of endochondral ossification, is reported. The strategy relies on a customized human mesenchymal line expressing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), critically required for robust chondrogenesis and concomitant extracellular matrix (ECM) enrichment. Following apoptosis-driven devitalization, lyophilization, and storage, the resulting off-the-shelf cartilage tissue exhibits unprecedented osteoinductive properties, unmatched by synthetic delivery of BMP-2 or by living engineered grafts. Scalability and pre-clinical efficacy are demonstrated by bioreactor-based production and subsequent orthotopic assessment. The findings exemplify the broader paradigm of programming human cell lines as biological factory units to engineer customized ECMs, designed to activate specific regenerative processes.

Deciphering distinct biological control and growth promoting potential of multi-stress tolerant Bacillus subtilis PM32 for potato stem canker.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01067-2.

ARTISTIC SYNTHESIS IN CHESS SONNET

The article focuses on one of the visual types of syncretic poetry — chess poems. Years ago Anatolii Moisiіenko initiated the chess poetry genre in Ukrainian literature; in a number of critical papers, he presented the specifics of construction and functioning of such artistic structures, which are basically characterized by the symbiosis of proper poetry and chess composition. In this article, the author uses Viktor Kapusta’s books of poems “The Checkered Continent” and “Unguaranteed Migrations” to analyze the chess sonnets of the poet who added a new page to the history of Ukrainian visual literary art by proposing a peer-to-peer combination of a strictly structured literary form and a chess problem. The aim is to conceptualize the figurative and compositional relations within the sonnet structure itself, which relies on the artistic palette of the chess game, with its diversity of geometric abstractions, local mise-en-scénes of unpredictable theatrical performances played out on the chess-board by wooden pieces — or on the chessboard of readers’ imagination. Attention is drawn to the transformational peculiarities of the sonnet line, read in a palindromic and pantorhymic way. The pantorhyme is the versificational and compositional basis for the chess sonnet sequence “Castling. A Herbarium of Stars”, which is analyzed here with regard to the transposition of some characteristics to the realm of chess composition. A diagrammed chess problem becomes a specific chess component of a sonnet sequence, where, for example, the variants of the solution (Black’s defensive moves and White’s attacking responses) correspond to the poetic lines making up the fourteen sonnets whereas the problem’s threat, like a principal poem, concentrates all the mentioned chess movements in a single variant.

Applying Mixture of Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash for Ceramic Tile Manufacturing.

Municipal incinerator bottom ash (MIBA) and sewage sludge ash (SSA) are secondary wastes produced from municipal incinerators. Landfills, disposal at sea, and agricultural use have been the major outlets for these secondary wastes. As global emphasis on sustainability arises, many have called for an increasing reuse of waste materials as valuable resources. In this study, MIBA and SSA were mixed with clay for ceramic tile manufacturing in this study. Raw materials firstly went through TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) to ensure their feasibility for reuse. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM), clay’s smooth surface was contrasted with the porous surface of MIBA and SSA, which led to a higher water requirement for the mixing. Specimens with five MIBA mix percentages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (wt) and three SSA mix percentages of 0%, 10%, and 20% (wt) were made to compare how the two waste materials affected the quality of the final product and to what extent. Shrinkage tests showed that MIBA and SSA contributed oppositely to tile shrinkage, as more MIBA reduced tile shrinkage, while more SSA encouraged tile shrinkage. However, as the kiln temperature reached 1150 °C, the SiO2-rich SSA adversely reduced the shrinkage due to the glass phase that formed to expand the tile instead. Both MIBA and SSA increased water tile absorption and reduced its bending strength and wear resistance. Increasing the kiln temperature could effectively improve the water absorption, bending strength, and wear resistance of high MIBA and SSA mixes, as SEM showed a more compact structure at higher temperatures. However, when the temperature reached 1100 °C, more pores appeared and seemingly exhausted the benefit brought by the higher temperature. Complex interactions between kiln temperature and MIBA/SSA mix percentage bring unpredictable performance of tile shrinkage, bending strength, and water absorption, which makes it very challenging to create a sample meeting all the specification requirements. We conclude that a mix with up to 20% of SSA and 5% of MIBA could result in quality tiles meeting the requirements for interior or exterior flooring applications when the kiln temperature is carefully controlled.

Advances in Understanding the Alkali-Activated Metallurgical Slag

This paper summarized and reviewed the mechanism and macro-performance of alkali-activated metallurgical slag, including steel slag, copper slag, ferronickel slag, and lead-zinc slag. Better activated method and alkali-activator are still needed to be developed to improve the performance of the metallurgical slag with low reactivity. Besides, the chemical components’ variation of these metallurgical slags from different regions will lead to unpredictable performance, which needs further study.

Control arm heterogeneity in trials for unselected advanced triple-negative breast cancer (aTNBC).

1082 Background: Primary endpoints of clinical trials frequently include subgroup-analyses. Several solid cancers such as aTNBC are heterogeneous, which can lead to unpredictable control arm performance impairing accurate assumptions for sample size calculations. We explore the value of a comprehensive clinical trial results repository in assessing control arm heterogeneity with aTNBC as the pilot. Methods: We identified P2/3 trials reporting median overall survival (mOS) and/or median progression-free survival (mPFS) in unselected aTNBC through a systematic search of PubMed, clinical trials databases and conference proceedings. Trial arms with sample sizes ≤25 or evaluating drugs no longer in development were excluded. Due to inconsistency among PD-L1 assays, PD-L1 subgroup analyses were not assessed separately. The primary aim was a descriptive analysis of control arm mOS and mPFS across all randomized trials in first line (1L) aTNBC. Secondary aims were to investigate time-to-event outcomes in control arms in later lines and to assess time-trends in aTNBC experimental and control arm outcomes. Results: We included 33 trials published between June 2013-Feb 2021. The mOS of control arms in 1L was 18.7mo (range 12.6-22.8) across 5 trials with single agent (nab-) paclitaxel [(n)P], and 18.1mo (similar range) for 7 trials including combination regimens (Table). The mPFS of control arms in 1L was 4.9mo (range 3.8-5.6) across 5 trials with single-agent (n)P, and 5.6mo (range 3.8-6.1) across 8 trials including combination regimens. Control arm mOS was 13.1mo (range 9.4-17.4) for 3 trials in first and second line (1/2L) and 8.7mo (range 6.7-10.8) across 5 trials in 2L and beyond. R2 for the mOS best-fit lines across control and experimental arms over time was 0.09, 0.01 and 0.04 for 1L, 1/2L and 2L and beyond, respectively. Conclusions: Median time-to-event outcomes of control arms in 1L aTNBC show considerable heterogeneity, even among trials with comparable regimens and large sample sizes. Disregarding important prognostic factors at stratification can lead to imbalances between arms, which may jeopardize accurate sample size calculations, trial results and interpretation. Optimizing stratification and assumptions for power calculations is of utmost importance in aTNBC and beyond. A digitized trial results repository with precisely defined patient populations and treatment settings could improve accuracy of assumptions during clinical trial design.[Table: see text]

Interference-aware execution framework with Co-scheML on GPU clusters

Recently, improving the overall resource utilization through efficient scheduling of applications on graphic processing unit (GPU) clusters has been a concern. Traditional cluster-orchestration platforms providing GPUs exclusively for applications constrain high resource utilization. Co-execution of GPU applications is suggested to utilize limited resources. However, the co-execution of GPU applications without considering their diverse characteristics can lead to their unpredictable performances owing to interference resulting from contention and unbalanced usage of resources among applications. This paper proposes an interference-aware execution framework with Co-scheML for various GPU applications such as high performance computing (HPC), deep learning (DL) training, and DL inference. Various resource-usage characteristics of GPU applications are analyzed and profiled to identify various degrees of their application interference. As interference prediction is challenging owing to the complexity of GPU systems, an interference model is generated by applying defined GPU metrics to machine learning (ML) models. A Co-scheML scheduler deploys applications to minimize the interference using the predicted interference from the constructed model. Experimental results of our framework demonstrated that the resource utilization improved by 24%, the average job completion time (JCT) improved by 23%, and the makespan shortened by 22% on average, compared to baseline schedulers.

Laboratory investigation on effects of solid waste filler on mechanical properties of porous asphalt mixture

The utilization of solid waste materials in pavement construction has become a trend with the increasing awareness of sustainable infrastructure construction. Among them, the use of some powder solid waste as the alternative filler in asphalt mixture has attracted the attention of many researchers. As is known to all, filler plays an important role in the performance of asphalt mixture, and the great difference between solid waste filler and mineral powder will lead to unpredictable performance changes of asphalt mixture. However, the current research on the changes in mechanical properties of asphalt mixture after the use of solid waste filler is very limited, especially for Porous Asphalt (PA) mixture, which undoubtedly hinders the application of solid waste materials in pavement engineering. Therefore, limestone powder and three types of solid waste fillers (fly ash, diatomite, and red mud) were selected to prepare four types of PA mixtures in this paper. Then, Cantabro test, Hamburg Wheel Tracking (HWT) test, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test, Semi-circular Bending (SCB) test, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test were carried out to comprehensively evaluate the raveling resistance, rutting resistance, moisture susceptibility, crack resistance and anti-aging ability of PA mixtures with different fillers. The results showed that fly ash had a positive but not significant effect on the performance of asphalt mixture. Porous fillers like diatomite and red mud significantly enhanced the bonding performance, strength, stiffness, and aging resistance of asphalt mixture due to the super adsorption and hardening effect on asphalt binder. Meanwhile, it was found that red mud had the anchoring and toughening effect with the SBS modifier due to its interparticle pore structure, which was different from the simple hardening and embrittlement effect of diatomite. Also, the selected red mud contained a certain amount of active Na2O, which was unfavorable to the moisture resistance, but still met the specification requirement. This study is of great significance for understanding the influence mechanism of filler on asphalt mixture and the utilization of red mud waste in asphalt pavement engineering.

Unpredictable task demands and motor performance in individuals with neuromotor disability: a scoping review

Background Individuals with neuromotor disabilities demonstrate motor control patterns characterized by a decreased capacity to adapt to contextual change. Task-oriented training is one promising intervention to improve functional task performance, but little is known about effective strategies for intervention progression to promote adaptability. Perturbation to the motor control system induced through unpredictable task demands may be one strategy to facilitate flexibility and adaptability. Objectives The objective of this scoping review was to describe the influence of unpredictable task demands on motor performance in individuals with neuromotor disabilities in terms of both task outcomes and the motor strategies underlying task performance. Methods Scoping review of articles involving unpredictable task demands in individuals with neuromotor disabilities. Two reviewers independently conducted title and abstract screening, evaluated full texts, extracted data, and rated study quality. Results Six studies were included in the review. All studies were of moderate to high methodological quality. Unpredictable task demands broadly attenuated impairments at the level of motor strategies in individuals with neuromotor disabilities. Conclusions The available literature suggests that unpredictability may attenuate impairments and facilitate the discovery of novel motor strategies underlying task performance in individuals with neuromotor disabilities. Unpredictability may act to induce flexibility into impaired motor control systems characterized by stereotypy in movement. Providing individuals with neuromotor disabilities with additional experiences in unpredictable tasks may improve motor skill acquisition and performance. Further empirical research is required to establish an effective dose and practice schedule for specific diagnoses.

λDNN: Achieving Predictable Distributed DNN Training With Serverless Architectures

Serverless computing is becoming a promising paradigm for Distributed Deep Neural Network (DDNN) training in the cloud, as it allows users to decompose complex model training into a number of <i>functions</i> without managing virtual machines or servers. Though provided with a simpler resource interface (i.e., function number and memory size), inadequate function resource provisioning (either under-provisioning or over-provisioning) easily leads to <i>unpredictable</i> DDNN training performance in serverless platforms. Our empirical studies on AWS Lambda indicate that, such <i>unpredictable performance</i> of serverless DDNN training is mainly caused by the resource bottleneck of Parameter Servers (PS) and small local batch size. In this article, we design and implement <i><inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>&#x03BB;</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="xu-ieq1-3054656.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>DNN</i>, a cost-efficient function resource provisioning framework to provide predictable performance for serverless DDNN training workloads, while saving the budget of provisioned functions. Leveraging the PS network bandwidth and function CPU utilization, we build a <i>lightweight</i> analytical DDNN training performance model to enable our design of <i><inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>&#x03BB;</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="xu-ieq2-3054656.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>DNN</i> resource provisioning strategy, so as to guarantee DDNN training performance with serverless functions. Extensive prototype experiments on AWS Lambda and complementary trace-driven simulations demonstrate that, <i><inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>&#x03BB;</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="xu-ieq3-3054656.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>DNN</i> can deliver predictable DDNN training performance and save the monetary cost of function resources by up to 66.7 percent, compared with the state-of-the-art resource provisioning strategies, yet with an acceptable runtime overhead.

A Tale of Three Priors

The histogram-probabilistic multihypothesis tracker (H-PMHT) is an efficient, track-before-detect algorithm that can operate directly on detection surfaces such as data from a focal-plane array (FPA). It provides good performance for low computational cost but is sensitive to sensor parameter changes, e.g. number of channels, gain, normalization, etc. This is because H-PMHT interprets the measured data as a histogram of point measurements; this sensor model is analogous to an FPA counting the number of photons that fall within each of its pixels. Typically this photon count is enormous, which can overwhelm the prior distribution describing target motion. The H-PMHT algorithm addresses this issue by applying a target's prior distribution to every measurement. For a linear, Gaussian target, this results in a data-dependent scaling term on both the measurement and the process noise covariance matrices. However, if the size or gain of an FPA is changed, the photon count changes significantly, and these scaling terms can cause unpredictable performance. One solution to this problem is to change the H-PMHT so that a target's prior distribution is only applied to photons from the same target. This article describes two different approaches to constructing target prior distributions that satisfy this constraint. The benefits of adopting either of these new target prior distributions are demonstrated using simulation.

TaScaaS: A Multi-Tenant Serverless Task Scheduler and Load Balancer as a Service

A combination of distributed multi-tenant infrastructures, such as public Clouds and onpremises installations belonging to different organisations, are frequently used for scientific research because of the high computational requirements involved. Although resource sharing maximises their usage, it typically causes undesirable effects such as the noisy neighbour, producing unpredictable variations of the infrastructure computing capabilities. These fluctuations affect execution efficiency, even of loosely coupled applications, such as many Monte Carlo based simulation programs. This highlights the need of a service capable to handle workload distribution across multiple infrastructures to mitigate these unpredictable performance fluctuations. With this aim, this work introduces TaScaaS, a highly scalable and completely serverless service deployed on AWS to distribute loosely coupled jobs among several computing infrastructures, and load balance them using a completely asynchronous approach to cope with the performance fluctuations with minimum impact in the execution time. We demonstrate how TaScaaS is not only capable of handling these fluctuations efficiently, achieving reduction in execution times up to 45% in our experiments, but also split the jobs to be computed to meet the user-defined execution time.

Експериментальна система для дослідження впливу компонування заповнювачів негерметичних відсіків на густину потоків газовиділення

In recent years, components and materials of industrial and commercial quality have been in frequent use in the assembly of small spacecraft to reduce the cost of space projects. This may affect spacecraft and onboard equipment reliability and performance quality. In particular, a high risk may arise from unpredictable performance characteristics of components and materials of this type caused by outgassing flows of unregulated density. The situation is aggravated by difficulties in numerical simulation of the complex internal geometry of actual nonhermetic small spacecraft. The most efficient way to resolve this problem is to conduct laboratory tests. This paper presents an experimental system for studying the dependence of degassing processes on the geometry of arrangement of electronics boards and various structural materials in a nonhermetic module. The theoretic basis for experiments is a differential realization of the accumulation method, which allows one to differentiate the density of degassing flows from particularly arranged specimens and elements of the module’s inner surface. To reproduce the design features of nonhermetic nano- and picosatellites, models of nonhermetic modules were refined, and a special laboratory module was made on their basis. For this purpose, a unit of synchronous module evacuation control was updated, equipment was developed for positioning plate-type fillers of nonhermetic modules, the recording of gas-dynamic parameters of a nonhermetic module’s own internal atmosphere was provided, and an automated experiment control system was prepared. The laboratory module was integrated into the automated measuring system of the VAU-2M vacuum aerodynamic installation of the Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine. The experimental system developed was tested to show a satisfactory operability of both its components and the system as a whole. The system developed allows one to study outgassing from the surface of various components and materials, to measure the density of outgassing flows for various equipment arrangements, and to study the dynamics of outflow of the products of the own internal atmosphere through calibrated orifices, which simulate the outflow of the own internal atmosphere of a nonhermetic module through its unregulated clearances.

Genotype x environment interaction analysis in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The results of genotype x environment interaction analysis revealed highly significant mean squares due to genotypes as well as environments for all the characters which indicated presence of substantial differences among the genotypes as well as environments for all the eleven characters. The environment linear (E-L) component was also significant for all the characters indicating that the six environments can be graded linearly for their differences in influencing the expression of characters of wheat genotypes. The mean squares due to genotype x environment interaction were also highly significant for all the characters except days to heading, plant height, effective tillers per plant and total number of tillers per plant to suggest important role of g x e interaction in expression of most of the characters in wheat. The linear component of g x e interaction was significant for all the characters which indicated good possibility of predicting linear responses of genotypes for all the characters under study. Thus, there would be ample possibility of discriminating the genotypes for above average, below average and average linear responses to predict their performances in changing environments under study. The significance of non-linear component (pooled deviation) of g x e interactions for all characters except ear length suggested that considerable number of genotypes may exhibit unpredictable and unstable mean performance for different characters across environments even defying their prediction on the basis of linear sensitivity coefficient.

Mathematical Modeling of Furnace Drainage While Tapping Slag and Metal Through a Single Tap-Hole

Furnace tapping is a critical operation on pyrometallurgical furnaces known for unpredictable performance in many cases. A reduced order mathematical model capable of predicting tapping rates of both slag and metal is presented. The model accounts for separate liquid phases and particle bed resistance to flow. The model is compared for consistency against results from both a water-model experiment and computational fluid dynamics simulations. The model is applied to study drainage from a typical ferro-manganese furnace. The model results show that particle bed conditions in the immediate vicinity of the tap-hole strongly influence tapping rates and that the slag/metal interface deformation due to suction pressure near to the tap-hole is significant and must be accounted for in such models.

ETOM to NFV mapping for flexible mobile service chaining in 5G networks: IMS use case

Mobile network operators (MNOs) continually look to improve their business and become more agile and competitive within the quickly developing telecommunications industry. In turn, telecommunication professionals put forward and adapt advanced models and frameworks to assist MNOs to achieve their goals. In this context, the Business Process Framework (eTOM) was established by the TeleManagement Forum and on which we base this work to suggest a mapping of this eTOM business process model upon the network functions virtualization (NFV) framework. Thereby, the main purpose is to design a hybrid architecture by the combination of the aforementioned frameworks for dynamic service delivery with improved resource performance and quality of service so as to fulfill some of the purposes of the 5 generation (5G) technology with regard to a telecommunication system managed and orchestrated in a virtualized environment. Indeed, MNOs will be in a position to scale mobile services up and down fast and reduce costs to better align them with network usage. These procedures are performed based on flexible service chaining through implemented NFV management and orchestration modules along with SDN controller functions. In this article, we outline possible designs and analyses of flexible mobile service chaining to support end-to-end network slicing for dynamic service provisioning in order to provide a novel approach in the framework of the 5G technology, more especially from data and signaling based network perspectives. We project our proposal onto the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) core network to discuss both dynamic and static signaling service provisioning approaches. In this situation, we set up a testbed platform with the goal of assessing the behavior of a virtualized IMS system, in a static signaling service provisioning environment through two signaling service chains to validate part of our proposed approaches. Experiment results confirm that virtualized IMS signaling resource performance indicators could be enhanced in the case of unpredicted performance degradation of one of the virtualized signaling resources assigned to the IMS virtual network functions composing the main signaling service chain by instantiating a second signaling service chain. Finally, IMS application performance indicators are improved regarding registration delay and session setup time.

Assessment of Model Predictive Voltage Control for Autonomous Four-Leg Inverter

The Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is recently introduced to control inverters without the modulation stage. The absence of the modulation stage gives an unpredictable performance of the control system. In this paper, the performance of FCS-MPC is assessed by comparing with PID control which is based on Scalar Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The two control techniques are applied for load voltage regulation of the autonomous four-leg voltage source inverter (FLVSI). Practically, the predictive control requires a large number of calculations, resulting in high computation time and delay. In this paper, a new finite control set model predictive voltage control (MPVC) algorithm is proposed to predict the load voltages for 15 switching states instead of 16 switching states for reducing the computation time required for the control algorithm. Moreover, the algorithm is optimized by removing the repeated computations and the delay is compensated using the two-step prediction horizon principle. An accurate discrete-time state-space model of the autonomous FLVSI with output LC-filter is used for predicting the load voltages considering the neutral inductance and damping resistance of the LC filter. A simple PID control scheme with decoupled feedforward voltage and current loops is used in the DQ0 reference frame, while MPVC operates in the ABC reference frame. The simulation and experimental results are used to show the full assessment of the MPVC. The prominent outcomes show the ability of the proposed MPVC algorithm to provide high power quality under unbalanced and non-linear load conditions with high stability and robustness.