Unpleasant Odor Research Articles

ECABLE (External Catheter Flexible) innovation of catheter external products for women

The increasing age of humans leads to reduced strength and muscle mass. Increasing age can also cause a decrease in the function of other organs, such as the urinary tract so that some elderly people have difficulty moving places to urinate and need to use diapers. The types of urinary catheters on the market are intermittent catheters, suprapubic catheters, and external catheters. The purpose of this study was to design a special external catheter for women with the name Ecable. Ecable is designed according to the needs of users both the elderly themselves and people who care for the elderly. The method used in this design is design thinking. ecable consists of five major components: a urine bag, an alarm, a hose, special underwear, and a urine funnel. The advantages offered by this product are easy to install and remove, comfortable to use, minimize unpleasant odors, there is a full urine bag detection alarm, minimize the cause of irritation, and are cost-effective because they can be used repeatedly. This catheter is expected to help the elderly and caregivers to overcome existing needs.

Potential of pomegranate mouthwash in inhibiting periodontopathogens bacteria development as alternative to halitosis therapy: A review

Background: Halitosis is unpleasant odors originating from the oral cavity caused by metabolic waste of periodontopathogens bacteria in the form of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs). According to Riskesdas 2018, the oral health prevalence in Indonesia reached 57.6%. Doctors recommend using a mouthwash made from chlorhexidine. However, it is less effective because it can cause various side effects. The alternative treatments using herbal ingredients using pomegranate. This literature review aim is to analyze the potential and mechanism of pomegranate mouthwash as an alternative to halitosis therapy against periodontopathogens bacteria. Material and Methods: The literature review was carried out in PUBMED, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect using with the keywords: pomegranate, mouthwash, anti-bacteria, and halitosis. Conclusions: Pomegranate mouthwash has the potential to be an alternative halitosis therapy by inhibiting plaque formation and the growth of periodontopathogens bacteria.

From Beauty to Identity: Cultural Value Betangas Tradition in Sambas Malay Society

The purpose this research is to determine the significance of the Betangas tradition's values, meanings, and processions among the Sambas Malay population in West Kalimantan province. The examine method used is a qualitative research method with a descriptive research type. The examine approach employed is qualitative using a descriptive study design. The Betangas tradition is generally carried out when there is a wedding celebration, especially in the Sambas area. The purpose of the Betangas tradition is being replaced by grooming equipment for the bride and groom when approaching the wedding. This is because Betangas have the goal of reducing excessive body odor and cleansing the body of both the bride and groom who will carry out the wedding and the special assumptions of the Sambas people. This study obtained results in the meaning of Betangas as a form of gratitude to Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'alla for the Sambas Malay community, who are mostly Muslim and as a request for the two bride and groom to live a household life. While the function of the Betangas procession is to reduce sweating and cleanse the body's unpleasant odor caused by human sweat. Generally, the Betangas tradition is carried out for the bride and groom, but it is possible that anyone can carry out this tradition. The Betangas tradition is carried out from generation to generation and is still strong in the Sambas region in the Sambas Malay community as local wisdom that is still alive amidst the currents of globalization.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FOOTSPRAY CONTAINING HONEY PINEAPPLE PEEL EXTRACT (ANANAS COMOSUS [L.] MERR)

Foot odor or bromhidrosis occurs due to the activity of bacteria that convert leucine in sweat into isovaleric acid which results in unpleasant odors. Honey pineapple skin (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr) is generally waste, whereas honey pineapple skin is known to contain antibacterial compounds. The aim of this study is to determine the potential of honey pineapple peel as an active ingredient in footspray based on the results of phytochemical screening and physical evaluation. Honey pineapple peel was extracted by maceration method using ethanol 70% then phytochemical test. Footspray preparations were made with various extract concentrations of 0%, 25%, 35% and 45% then tested for organoleptic, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, homogeneity, spreadability, and dry time during storage period of 0, 7, 14 and 21 days at room temperature. This study showed that honey pineapple peel extract contained flavonoids, tannins, phenols and alkaloids. The footspray has brown color with honey pineapple scent, pH of 5.71-6.37, specific gravity 1.05-1.09 g/mL, viscosity 7.2-13.2 cP, spreadability 6.67-7.60 cm, and the dry time is 4-5 minutes. Footspray containing honey pineapple peel extract with concentrations of 25%, 35% and 45% has a pH value that is safe for the skin, with good specific gravity, viscosity, homogeneity and spreadability, also stable during storage. Formula 1 (25% extract concentration) tends to be preferred because its texture is soft and not too sticky when applied to the skin when compared with formula 2 and 3.

Identification of odor-causing compounds in six species of odor-producing microalgae separated from drinking water source with distinct fishy odor: Insight into microalgae growth and odor characteristics

Fishy odor, as an offensive and unpleasant odor, could occur in drinking water source with poor nutrition, it is usually considered to be associated with odor-producing microalgae. However, the specific relations among fishy odor, fishy odorants and responsible microalgae were not elucidated comprehensively. In this paper, the odor-causing compounds generated from six microalgae with fishy odor characteristic, isolated in drinking water source Tongyu River, were identified simultaneously. The sensory evaluation result indicated that Tongyu River was principally related to fishy odor (odor intensity 6.5–7.6). Correspondingly, seven, nine, seven, six, seven and seven olfactory detection peaks (ODP) were screened by combining data of GC/O/MS and GC/GC/TOFMS in Cyclotella, Cryptomonas ovate, Melosira, Dinobryon sp., Synedra and Ochromonas sp., which were isolated in Tongyu River and cultured in laboratory. Totally twenty odor-causing compounds, including hexanal, 2-hexenal, 3-hexen-1-ol, heptanal, 1-octen-3-one, 2,4-heptadienal, 2-tetradecanone, 3,5-octadien-2-one, octanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-octenal, nonanal, 2,4-octadienal, 2-nonenal, decanal, 2,6-nonadienal, 2-decenal, undecanal, 2,4-decadienal and dodecanal, were screened and identified in all isolated microalgae. Additionally, fishy odor intensity for all identified microalgae increased obviously as microalgae cell number increased and microalgae cell ruptured in cultivation cycles through pearson and spearman correlation analysis. For the first time, twenty odor-causing compounds associating with fishy odor were recognized from six isolated microalgae, which would provide more scientific basis and theoretical support for preventing and treating fishy odor episode of drinking water source.

Relationship Between Halitosis Level and Oral Hygiene in High School Student

Halitosis, known as bad breath, is a condition in which many patients complain about that cause unpleasant odor that comes from the mouth, which can affect the quality of life both psychologically and social life. Knowledge of maintaining oral health plays an important role in oral health conditions. This research to discover whether there is correlation between halitosis and the level of oral hygiene in high school students at Letjen S.Parman school in Medan. Researcher used a descriptive observational method which then analyzed the data using SPSS bivariate analysis with Pearson measuring to analyze the correlation between halitosis and oral hygiene. Shapiro-Wilk test found sig.value amounting to 0.180 on the questionnaire score and 0.068 on the OHIS, both results are greater than 0.05 indicates the datas are normally distributed. Then bivariate analysis was carried out and the Pearson results obtained showed Sig (2 tailed) value of 0.421, where the significance value was Sig.(2 tailed) 0.004<0.05, so can be affirmed that there is a relation between halitosis and the level of oral hygiene. H1 is accepted, which defines that there is an association between halitosis and the level oral hygiene of high school teenagers at Letjen S. Parman Medan school.

Influence of Spray Drying Inlet Temperature on the Physical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Black Garlic Extract Powder

Black garlic is a fermented product from garlic (Allium sativum L.) that is processed by heating fresh garlic at a certain temperature and humidity for several days. Black garlic has higher antioxidant activity and is rich in organosulfur compounds. Therefore, black garlic has an unpleasant taste and odor. Spray drying of black garlic extract is important for wider application, preservation and prolongation of its shelf-life. Black garlic powders were produced using SD-18A mini spray dryer. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of inlet temperatures on the physical properties and antioxidant activity of aqueous black garlic powder. The inlet temperatures ranged from 165 to 225 °C, whereas other conditions were kept constant such as maltodextrin concentration (8 %) and feed flow rate (4.5 mL/min). The black garlic powders were examined for powder yield, moisture content, hygroscopicity, bulk density, wettability, antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content. The optimal conditions for the drying process were achieved with an inlet temperature of 225 °C. An increase in the inlet temperature of the spray dryer has increased the powder yield, hygroscopicity, antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content of the black garlic powder, but reduced the water content, bulk density and wettability of the spray-dried product. HIGHLIGHTS The best properties of black garlic powder were obtained at an inlet temperature of 225 °C The bioactive compounds of black garlic were stable at high temperatures The higher inlet temperatures increased antioxidant activity in black garlic powders GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Community Empowerment At The Akehuda Digital Waste House To Support Circular Economy Activities In Ternate City

Accumulation of waste can cause environmental quality to decline, the emergence of unpleasant odors and pollution of land and water. Apart from that, plastic waste that is not thrown away in the trash can cause it to be thrown into the sea, as it happens in the sea surrounding Ternate Island. The waste management system must be carried out comprehensively, among the central government, regional government and the community, for example by establishing a digital waste house based on community empowerment activities. The aim of this activity is to improve community behavior in sorting waste at the household level so that the volume of waste reaching the landfill is reduced. Apart from that, it can increase people's knowledge and skills in managing waste businesses through the establishment of digital-based waste houses. The next goal is to improve community skills in processing inorganic waste and plastic waste as well as processing organic waste into compost fertilizer and various ecoenzyme derivative products. It is hoped that the results of the activity can initiate the formation of community entrepreneurship based on processed waste products to support circular economic activities. Activities were carried out from July to September 2023 located in Akehuda Village, Ternate City. The implementation method was socialization of waste management through counseling and at the same time assistance in processing waste. Apart from that, community empowerment was carried out by establishing a digital-based waste house. The results of the activity show that the partners already have a digital-based waste house, partner members were able to manage the waste processing business from the Marasai digital waste house, partner members have the knowledge and skills to process waste. In order to increase public interest and participation in processing waste, it is necessary to continue to carry out socialization about waste processing.

Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol Detection in Water Using Semiconductor Gas Sensors

Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are the most common causes of unpleasant odours in drinking water. A method was proposed to detect and recognise these compounds in water and determine their concentrations. The method utilises commercial solid-state gas sensors and data analysis. Sample preparation plays an important role. The aqueous solution is converted into a gas sample using a specially designed dynamic headspace. The responses of the sensors are recorded during exposure to headspace vapours in a dynamic mode. The best limit of detection for geosmin, LOD = 6.20 µg/L, was attained with a TGS2602 sensor. The best limit of detection for MIB, LOD = 0.52 µg/L, was attained with a TGS826 sensor. Geosmin and MIB recognition was 100% successful based on TGS826 and TGS2602 response classifications. Geosmin and MIB concentrations were effectively determined in solutions containing one or both compounds. The respective mathematical models utilised the responses of TGS826 and TGS2602. The smallest concentration prediction error was RMSE = 2.19 µg/L (for geosmin) and RMSE = 0.33 µg/L (for MIB). The study demonstrated the application potential of non-specific gas sensors for the early warning monitoring of geosmin and MIB presence in water. Further studies are needed to develop a system that can be tested in field conditions.

Phantosmia in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Phenomenology of Olfactory Hallucinations.

Olfactory dysfunction is a prevalent non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD), affecting approximately 65-90% of subjects. PD patients may also report odor perception in the absence of any external source, often referred to as olfactory hallucinations (OHs) or phantosmia. This study aims to explore the current understanding of OHs in PD and offer a comprehensive overview of their prevalence and characteristics. We conducted a systematic search of the literature published on PubMed from inception to July 2023 regarding OHs in PD, following PRISMA guidelines. From the 2875 studies identified through database searching, 29 studies fulfilled the necessary criteria and underwent data extraction. The frequency of OHs in PD patients varies widely, ranging from 0.5% to 18.2%, with female prevalence ranging from 36% to 75% of the patients. Olfactory experiences may vary widely, ranging from pleasant scents to unpleasant odors. Several studies have indicated the concurrent presence of other types of hallucinations alongside phantosmia, especially visual and auditory hallucinations. OHs in PD are a type of hallucination that has been largely overlooked. To gain a deeper understanding of OHs in PD patients, the next crucial step should involve the development and validation of a dedicated questionnaire.

IMPACT OF PLATELET-RICH PLASMA ON INJURIED NASAL MUCOSA IN CHRONIC ATROPHIC RHINITIS

Relevance. The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is a natural biological barrier that protects the upper respiratory tract from infection. Chronic atrophic rhinitis is characterized by a triad of symptoms and signs, which include progressive atrophy of the nasal mucosa, the formation of crusts and a characteristic unpleasant odor. A promising tool for the pathogenetic therapy of chronic atrophic rhinitis can include the use of platelet-rich plasma injections (PRP therapy).
 The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of platelet-rich plasma on the content of markers of oxidative damage to biological polymers, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide, and the intensity of collagenolysis in the nasal mucosa under chronic atrophic rhinitis.
 Materials and methods. The study involved 68 patients, categorized into control (n=20) and experimental (n=48) groups. Within the experimental group, patients were randomly assigned to two subgroups: the standard therapy group (n=29) received conventional treatment as per protocols for 28 days, and the PRP therapy group (n=19) received PRP injections alongside standard therapy for chronic atrophic rhinitis over the same duration. The content of free L-oxyproline, the concentration of malondialdehyde, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and the content of oxidatively modified proteins were studied in the nasal mucosa.
 Results. PRP therapy included to the standard treatment for chronic atrophic rhinitis resulted in a significant 42.67% decrease in malondialdehyde content in the nasal mucosa compared to pre-treatment values. The presence of oxidatively modified proteins post-treatment, following the standard therapeutic regimen with the addition of PRP therapy, decreased by 39.25% compared to pre-treatment levels. The concentration of free L-oxyproline in the nasal mucosa, under standard treatment combined with PRP therapy, exhibited a reduction of 38.28% compared to pre-treatment values. Furthermore, the content of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the nasal mucosa decreased by 82.27% compared to pre-treatment levels.
 Conclusions. The integration of PRP therapy with standard treatment for chronic atrophic rhinitis enhances treatment efficacy by mitigating oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, reducing collagen breakdown, and limiting the accumulation of H2S in the nasal mucosa.

Cross Sectional Study on Various Menstrual Hygiene Products Used Among College Going Students of Central Gujarat, India

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been significant progress in raising awareness about menstruation in Indian society, primarily through educational initiatives and various communication channels. However, one critical aspect that often remains overlooked is menstrual hygiene products. This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by conducting a quantitative assessment of students' preferences, their level of knowledge, reliability ratings, and acceptability of various menstrual hygiene products. Additionally, the secondary objective is to identify the common challenges and discomforts frequently experienced by women when using these hygiene products. METHODS: This study takes on a descriptive approach, primarily focusing on assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to menstrual hygiene products among young females. Data for this study was collected through online questionnaires and meticulously organized in Excel sheets for comprehensive analysis. RESULTS: Our research involved 186 medical students, the majority of whom displayed a good understanding of menstrual hygiene products and their usage. It is noteworthy that 75% of the students reported facing issues while using these products. However, these challenges did not significantly disrupt their daily activities, indicating their resilience and adaptability in managing these difficulties. CONCLUSION: Disposable pads emerged as the favored menstrual hygiene product among the participants due to their convenience, hygiene, comfort, and high absorption capacity. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that users of disposable pads often encounter issues such as skin irritation, leakage, unpleasant odors, and a potential risk of infection. This underscores the need for continuous efforts to improve product design and education surrounding menstrual hygiene to ensure the well-being and comfort of women.

Experience with clindamycin and lactic acid in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis

Background. Currently, the search for the most effective methods to treat bacterial vaginosis remains relevant because of the high recurrence rate and resistance of the associated bacteria to antimicrobial drugs, along with the potential side effects of antibiotic therapy. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of using clindamycin and lactic acid sequentially, in comparison to lactic acid monotherapy, for women with bacterial vaginosis.
 Materials and methods. An open, randomized, comparative clinical study was conducted with 20 women (aged 18–45 years) who had bacterial vaginosis diagnosed according to R. Amsel criteria. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups, each comprising 10 patients. Group 1 took lactic acid, whereas group 2 employed clindamycin and lactic acid. After 14 days, clinical and laboratory efficacy was assessed based on Amsel criteria.
 Results. Objective and subjective symptoms such as vaginal discharge of whitish-gray color with unpleasant odor were not observed in both groups 2 weeks after the end of treatment. Positive dynamics of vaginal pH was recorded in both groups; however, a more pronounced effect was observed in women who used clindamycin and lactic acid.
 Conclusions. Both sequential clindamycin and lactic acid monotherapy demonstrated high clinical efficacy and good tolerability. Posttreatment pH values did not differ significantly between the two groups; however, a greater pH deviation was observed in the clindamycin and lactic acid sequential group. Further evaluations of long-term results are necessary.

Analisis Dampak Limbah Mayarakat Terhadap Pencemaran Lingkungan Di Pasar Mmtc Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan Kabupaten Deli Serdang

In this journal, the impact of public waste on environmental pollution in the MMTC market will be discussed. In previous research, it was found that waste management that is not environmentally friendly can have a negative impact on environmental health and society. Garbage can cause contamination of air surfaces and air bodies used by humans, disrupt life in the air, and cause unpleasant odors. Apart from that, rubbish can also cause shallowing of the air, resulting in blockages that can cause flooding. Therefore, public awareness and education is needed about good and correct waste management to minimize the negative impact of waste on the environment and public health. Case studies can be conducted to analyze waste management practices in the MMTC market, the type and amount of waste produced, as well as the impact of waste on the environment and public health. This study can also provide suggestions for improving waste management practices in the MMTC market and increase public awareness about good and correct waste management.

Justification of the maximum single maximum permissible concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in the atmospheric air of urban and rural settlements

Introduction. Atmospheric air pollution by volatile sulfur compounds is one of the most urgent environmental and hygienic problems. However, the maximum single maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of dimethyl sulfoxide in the atmospheric air of urban and rural settlements has not yet been established.
 The study aims to substantiate the maximum single maximum permissible concentration оf dimethyl sulfoxide in the atmospheric air of urban and rural settlements.
 Materials and methods. White mongrel male rats weighing 180–240 gr., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), CAS No. 67-68-5. The authors conducted the study in accordance with the current regulatory, methodological and instructional documents. Experts conducted surveys of experimental animals according to a generally accepted and unified methodology. Statistical processing of the research materials was carried out using standard Statistica 10.0 application programs.
 Results. During the study of dimethyl sulfoxide, researchers found that the threshold of acute inhalation general toxic effect (Limac) is a concentration of 2.4±0.09 mg/m3, the threshold of irritant effect (Limir) is 0.6±0.03 mg/m3, the odor threshold (Limolf) is 1.741 mg/m3. Unpleasant odors and general toxic effect of the substance are prevented by a concentration of 0.6 mg/m3, irritant effect — a concentration of 0.3 mg /m3.
 Conclusion. In accordance with the principle of the limiting index of harmfulness, a concentration of 0.3 mg/m3 is recommended as the concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the atmospheric air, which prevents odors, general toxic and irritating effects.
 Ethics. The material of the article was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Novosibirsk Research Institute of Hygiene of Rospotrebnadzor (No. 1 of January 21, 2022).

Industrial wastewater treatment using venture injector type Micro-bubble aeration as a reduction of dissolved Iron (Fe2+) levels

Water quality problems that are often encountered, especially by-product wastewater resulting from industrial processes that do not meet the requirements for wastewater quality standards. Iron levels in wastewater can cause the water to turn brownish yellow and produce an unpleasant odor, which of course has a big impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a treatment process to reduce the iron level in the water, ensuring that the water is safe when discharged into the environment. The purpose of this research is to analyze the initial parameters of temperature, pH, TDS, TSS, dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved iron (Fe2+) in industrial waste water and then wanted to know whether the venture injector type micro bubble aeration process was able to increase the value of dissolved oxygen (DO) and decrease the dissolved iron content (Fe2+) in wastewater and to know the micro bubble type aeration process Venture injectors are the best to use. The research was conducted with an experimental design using a completely randomized design (RAL) with two factors: air flow (2 LPM, 4 LPM, and 6 LPM) and aeration time (0 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes), each with two repetitions. In the results of the initial parameter analysis, the pH value was 8.02 (alkaline), the temperature value was 28°C, the TDS value was 1548.3 mg/L, the TSS value was 291 mg/L, the DO value was 0.1 mg/L and dissolved iron (Fe2+) of 7.453 mg/L. After conducting research, it was found that the venture injector type micro bubble aeration process was able to increase the value of dissolved oxygen (DO) and reduce dissolved iron (Fe2+) in industrial waste water, the best increase in dissolved oxygen (DO) at 6 LPM air flow for 60 minutes was able to increase oxygen dissolved (DO) to 2.40 mg/L. The most efficient and effective reduction in the value of dissolved iron (Fe2+) at 6 LPM air flow with a time of 15 minutes was able to reduce the value of dissolved iron by 84.42%.

Effect of various processing methods on the numbers of Clostridium (Clostridia, Bacteria) in animal by-products

Clostridia are one of the largest genera of eubacteria living in water, soil, the intestines of humans and animals. The genus Clostridium includes both pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. Representatives of this genus occupy a leading position among all types of bacteria in producing a variety of toxins. Due to their ability to form spores, these microorganisms can survive in the most unfavorable conditions. Antibiotic-resistant Clostridia, which are released to the environment as part of farm animal manure, are of particular environmental danger. We have studied the influence of various treatment methods (aeration, acidification, and surfactant application) of the liquid fraction of pig manure effluents (ME) on the species composition and the numbers of Clostridia. Cl. septicum and Cl. perfringens were found to occupy a dominant position in the ME of manure storage baths. Both species are actively involved in the ammonification of organic compounds, releasing a wide range of volatile substances with an unpleasant odor into the environment. Most of the Clostridia were detected in biofilms formed on the surface of ME under anaerobic conditions. Such conditions are formed during storage of the liquid fraction in closed lagoons, which increases the environmental risks of the release of undesirable microorganisms into the environment. Round-the-clock aeration and acidification of ME to pH 5.5 reduce the numbers of Clostridia. Such conditions contribute to the formation of microorganism consortia with fungi to occupy a dominant position. Cl. difficile (32.52%), Cl. putrificum (31.62%) and Cl. septicum (30.72%) predominated in biofilms of acidified ME, whilst only Cl. difficile (69.98–95.26%) did in options with surfactants added. The largest relative numbers of pathogenic Cl. difficile (95.26%) were observed in the option with the addition of a cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride).

The Impact of Household Waste on Environmental Pollution in Negeri Passo, Baguala District, Ambon City

Household waste or garbage comes from daily household activities that do not include feces or specific waste. Household waste can affect environmental pollution through decreased water quality, which will affect the level of health of others. On that basis, the author conducted a study to determine the Impact of Household Waste on Environmental Pollution in Negeri Passo, Baguala District, Ambon City. In this study, using the Qualitative Descriptive Research Type, the data collection techniques are observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques researchers obtain data from the field, which are analyzed according to the categories of data collected, namely observation/observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The results of this study indicate that the impact of the waste significantly affects the poor air quality near the waste, which can hurt the surrounding community by creating an unpleasant odor and creating many flies in the area, especially during the rainy season. Meanwhile, based on the results of laboratory tests to determine water quality, it was found that the results of the three water sources tested had very high E-coli. The furthest source (A) was 2.0, the slightly closest source (B) was 6.8, and the closest source (C) was 12.

How student perceptions of stuffy air and unpleasant odour are associated with students’ well-being: Cross-level interaction effects of school climate

It has been suggested that group-level factors affect how perceived indoor air quality (IAQ) is associated with well-being. Therefore, we analysed how student-perceived social climate at the school-level modified the student-level association between student-perceived unpleasant odour/stuffy air and well-being. The well-being indicators were seven self-reported anxiety symptoms (such as nervous, anxious, or on edge) and two somatic symptoms (headache and tiredness). We analysed a representative sample of Finnish school students (N = 678 schools, N = 71,392 students) by using multilevel modelling and testing cross-level interactions. At the student-level, both unpleasant odour and perceived stuffy air were significantly but weakly associated with increased anxiety and somatic symptoms. At the school-level, these IAQ indicators were significantly but weakly associated with increased anxiety and moderately with somatic symptoms. Furthermore, a good social climate at the school-level modified the student-level association between perceived stuffy air and anxiety symptoms. Those students who reported stuffy air were more anxious if they studied in a school with poor social climate than good social climate. Our results provide robust evidence that group-level factors may differently modify the relationships between different IAQ indicators and components of well-being.

Use of vitamin E and selenium injections as supportive treatment of retained placenta in dairy cattle

The placenta is considered retained when it cannot separate from the uterus beyond the normal time limit. Physiologically, a cow's placenta comes out 3-8 hours postpartum. This study aims to determine the diagnosis and treatment of retained placenta in dairy cows using vitamin E and selenium as supportive treatment. On physical examination the patient had a body temperature of 39.9°C, was weak, unable to stand, and had decreased appetite. General examination in this case showed the following clinical symptoms: the placenta was still hanging from the vulva and there was an unpleasant odor from the vulva area. The retained placenta was removed manually, followed by flushing the uterus with 0.2% povidone iodine (in water). Antibiotic (Colibact bolus) were introduced into the uterus and penicillin-streptomycin was injected intramuscularly along with vitamin E and selenium as supportive treatment. The results showed that the cow recovered and returned to estrus 14 days after therapy. It could be concluded that injections of vitamin E and selenium helped restore the estrous cycle in cows with retained placenta.