Unpleasant Events Research Articles

The role of childhood traumas, interpersonal problems, and contrast avoidance model in development of the generalized anxiety disorder: A structural equation modeling.

The present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of interpersonal problems, contrast avoidance of worry, and emotional contrast avoidance in the relationship between childhood trauma and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). In this cross-sectional study, 457 individuals (with mean age of 31.5 ± 5.49 years old) with symptoms of GAD who had been referred to psychotherapy centers in Khorramabad City, Lorestan Province, Iran were included. The tools used for data collection were the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Brief Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex (IIP-C), the Contrast Avoidance Questionnaire-Worry (CAQ-W), the Contrast Avoidance Questionnaire-General Emotion (CAQ-GE), and the GAD Questionnaire-7 (GAD-7). The results showed that contrast avoidance of worry and interpersonal problems had a direct and significant effect on symptoms of GAD (p < .001), but childhood trauma and emotional contrast avoidance had no direct and significant effect on symptoms of GAD (p < .05), and also contrast avoidance of worry and interpersonal problems significantly mediated the relationship between childhood traumas and symptoms of GAD (CI [.01,.30]). Generally, our results showed that the people who have had trauma experiences in childhood may face difficulties in interpersonal relationships later in life. While faced with unpleasant events triggering their negative emotions, these individuals tend to have worry in order to prolong and maintain a negative emotional state-thereby avoiding an unexpected negative emotional shift or contrast experience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Symptoms Description of Family Post Traumatic Stress Disorder of the Mount Merapi Eruption Disaster Victims during Covid19

BACKGROUND: Volcano disaster can cause psychological problems such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety disorder caused by a scary or frightening, unpleasant and challenging event or experience with physical abuse or threatened feeling. AIM: The purpose of this study was to describe the symptoms of PTSD experienced by families after the volcanic eruption disaster in Magelang Regency. METHODOLOGY: This research was conducted with a descriptive-analytic strategy. The research population was community aged 15–64 years, with a total of 574 people, and 86 respondents were selected as samples using a quota sampling technique. RESULTS: The results show that the majority of respondents experience symptoms of PTSD in the mild category as many as 60 respondents with a percentage of 68.9%. However, there are two respondents included in the severe category. The results of this study are expected to be the basis for the community and other institutions to pay attention to the symptoms of PTSD. CONCLUSION: Respondents who are categorized as experiencing weight PTSD symptoms are expected to conduct further examinations at health services immediately; therefore, PTSD can be handled.

Reflective rumination mediates the effects of neuroticism upon the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory

ABSTRACT Across three studies we explored neuroticism in relation to the fading affect bias,which refers to the greater fading of unpleasant compared to pleasant emotionsin autobiographical memory. With increasing neuroticism, there was an increasein the frequency of unpleasant event rehearsal, which was then linked to lessfading of negative affect. Study 2 showed this effect was specific to reflectiverehearsal, with Study 3 clarifying the mediating effect was due to increasedfrequency of the reflective sub-type of rumination. We offer new insights intothe effects of neuroticism on autobiographical memory and suggest thatreflective rumination can be linked to retention of negative affect inindividuals with high neuroticism, which can be interpreted as indicative ofmaladaptive emotional processing.

Exploring the level of lockdown fatigue and effect of personal resilience and coping behaviours on university students during the covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional analysis from Iraq

Governments worldwide have imposed lockdowns in their countries to restrict unnecessary movement and curb the spread and transmission of the Covid-19 as a mitigation measure. The education sector has also implemented rapid changes, and this has transformed the operational procedures for both students and lecturers. As the pandemic has progressed, its emotional and psychological toll is equally bearing on students, leading to lockdown fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the level of lockdown-induced fatigue and its correlation with personal resilience and coping skills among university students in Iraq. This study used quantitative methods of research using a cross-sectional study design. A questionnaire survey was distributed electronically among 819 university students in Iraq. The study used three standardised scales: the lockdown fatigue scale, brief resilience scale, and coping behaviours questionnaire for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were done using SPSS. Overall, students indicated a high level of lockdown fatigue with a mean score of 33.48out of 50. Fear of personal safety and the wellbeing of the family was the most fear expressed by the students. The ability to go through stressful times and unpleasant events was the most common worry among the students. Female, urbanised, and science field students were the most students who suffered from lockdown-induced fatigue. However, positive coping behaviours and personal resilience were significantly correlated with decreasing fatigue levels during the lockdown period. Level of lockdown fatigue accelerated in an alarming stage among university students in Iraq. Hence, students need to build their emotional resilience and learn how to navigate surviving hard times and bounce back after a loss. This could be facilitated by counselling services being availed to educational and social institutions to benefit university students.

Psychometric properties of the Greek version of Affective Lability Scale - Short Form (ALS-18) in a sample of adults with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Affect dysregulation refers to maladaptive patterns of emotional regulation that impair daily life functioning, common in many psychiatric disorders. It is expressed with the form of affective lability, an emotional construct composed of frequent and intense fluctuations in emotion in response to both pleasant and unpleasant events or the interpretations of events. The Affective Lability Scale (ALS) is a widely used self-reporting questionnaire that measures the tendency of emotions to shift from one to another as well as their tendency to oscillate between depression and elation and between depression and anxiety. The original scale had 54 items, but a shorter form of 18-items (ALS-18) was created, with three domains: anxiety-depression shift, depression-elation shift and anger shift. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the ALS-18 Greek version. The translation was conducted by two of the authors. The study took place in the 1st Department of Psychiatry of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition hospital. A sample of 108 adults was included in the survey in two groups, neurodevelopmental disorder group (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder) and controls. They all completed ALS-18, The State - Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAIT), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The ALS-18 had satisfactory internal consistency; Cronbach's α value was 0.91 for the total scale and 0.89 for Anxiety/Depression, 0.86 for Depression/Elation and 0.85 for Anger. The three-factor structure was replicated in our data. The internal consistency reliability of all the ALS-18 factors in our study could be considered satisfactory with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85 or above for all factors. Significantly higher mean values were found for all the subscales, Anxiety/Depression, Depression/Elation and Anger, in NDD subjects as compared to controls, showing good discriminative ability. The ALS factors discriminated well between clinical and non-clinical sample. The present study reveals that the Greek version of ALS-18 presents good psychometric properties, showing good internal consistency reliability as well as concurrent and discriminative validity. It has an elevated score in NDD and thus, our results indicate that affective lability could and maybe should, be a target integrated in therapeutic strategies.

Relationship between driving styles and biological behavior of drivers in negative emotional state

ObjectiveThis paper explores the links between driving style and the biological behavior of people while driving with dangerous negative emotions (such as anger, anxiety, and fear). BackgroundIt is highly important to study the behavior of humans from varying aspects to discover the factors affecting it. Driving style, as one of the critical aspects of the human factor, and biological behavior, as a factor influencing the performance of individuals, motivate us to examine the relationship between the two. MethodFor this purpose, a test was designed to record the biological signal data, namely, the Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyogram (EMG), and Electrodermal activity (EDA), in a driving simulator with driving events prompting negative emotions. The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI) was employed to determine the driving style of participants. ResultsCorrelation analysis was engaged for data analysis. The results showed, firstly, a significant relationship between the participants’ driving style and their biological behavior and, secondly, the highest correlation between the EEG signal and driving style. Moreover, participants with a nervous and anxious style showed maximum change in biological behavior, while those with a reckless style displayed minimum alterations in biological behavior at the time of unpleasant events during driving. ConclusionConduction of such research can help better understand the behavior of different people while facing unpleasant driving events.

THE OCCURRENCES OF CODE-SWITCHING AND CODE-MIXING IN THE NOVEL ME AND YOU VERSUS THE WORLD

The objective of this research is to know the most occurrence types of code used in the novel and the purposes that contribute to those occurrences. The data were derived from qualitative technique using a novel as the material. The data were analyzed using manual coding and descriptive qualitative. The result of this research showed that code-switching is the most code used rather than code-mixing. The total of the utterances that used code-switching is 53 in total. Meanwhile, the most type of code-switching that used in the novel is intra-sentential which has 27 in total. There were some purposes that contributed to those occurrences, namely, quoting somebody else, express solidarity, and express disapproval. In the novel, switching a code is used to quote a famous expression, proverb, or writing some well-known figures. Also, it is used to express solidarity, to show the bonding between characters. A status relationship between people may be relevant in choosing the appropriate code. Additionally, express disapproval also can contribute to the occurrence in the novel, to express anger or unpleasant events. Therefore, the three factors are contributed to the occurrence of code-switching in the novel.

Environmental awareness factors in the genesis of psychosomatic dysfunctions of students of higher education institutions

The substantiation of the conceptual foundations of ecological awareness by the subject of practical research is the cognitive goal of this article. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the influence of factors of the formation of environmental awareness in the genesis of psychosomatic dysfunctions of students of higher education institutions. In the research process, such methods as analysis, systematization, synthesis, generalization, concretization, comparison and psychodiagnostic methods were applied, using such methods as "Aesop", "Alternative", "Dominant" and the method "Assessment of the level of development of personality’s adaptive abilities of A. Maklakov, S. Chermianina". Due to the author's psychodiagnostic questionnaire, by using quantitative and qualitative assessment criteria, individuals with psychosomatic dysfunctions were selected and divided into three groups: individuals with cardiovascular defects, with gastrointestinal tract dysfunction, and skin defects. The scientific novelty is the conceptual basis of the study of students' environmental awareness in the structure of psychosomatic interactions under the conditions of the eco-environment of higher education institutions. Interrelation between psychological stability and the level of life stress in the educational institution's eco-environment was experimentally revealed. It turned out that a high level of life tension is not a constitutional prerequisite for the emergence of psychosomatic complaints. In the subjects of the experimental group with a high level of subjective stress, a low indicator of psychological stability is a predicate for the development of psychosomatic dysfunctions (the probability of the disease was 92%), while high indicators of stability contribute to the preservation of health (somatization took only 10%). In addition, a high level of psychological stability of an individual is associated with a developed imagination and creativity in non-standard situations, with a high level of stress. Adequate awareness and assessment of the situation, a person's persistent experience of his actions and circumstances, which are the result of personal choice and responsibility, in somatically ill individuals with high vitality acquire the value of a resource, experience that allows to adapt to health problems, harmoniously transforming meaningful life orientations. Somatic complaints of such respondents are caused by unpleasant life events, pessimistic and depressed mood in their surroundings, that is, all those components of modern life that have already become a habit in interaction with the environment.The conclusion indicates the interdependence of mental and emotional factors in the formation of environmental awareness of students in institutions of higher education, explains the concept of complex psychosomatic processes that support the integrity of the organism. The imbalance between psyche and somatics produced by this interaction determines the level of professional training of the student in the educational environment. Their conceptual basis is psychogenies of the somatoform type, with predominant vegetative disorders, which is connected with the psychoanalytic interpretation of an unconscious intrapsychic neurotic complex. The origin of the symptomatology imitating physical pathology is explained by conversion mechanisms as a result of the lack of adaptive psychological protection and stability.

Comparative Evaluation of Virtual Reality and Behavioural Counselling on Reducing the Anxiety in Patients during the Dental Treatment

Background: Anxiety is an enthusiastic state of mind which goes before an experience with feared object or circumstances. The main pharmacological treatment for reducing dental anxiety is local anaesthesia but it involves an injection with a needle prick which is refused by quiet patient. Some techniques were put forward to minimize the suffering during dental treatment such as diversion techniques, TV and hypnotism rather than pharmacological means. Virtual Reality (VR) is a three-dimensional domain that provide users a perception of submission, leading them to an interactive area.&#x0D; Objectives: To distract mind with virtual reality, that has quite less access to handle approaching pain and anxiety signals and to minimize patient discomfort and uneasiness during dental treatment.&#x0D; Methodology: The study will be conducted among patients reporting to Out Patient Department of Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital eligible patients who meet the eligibility criteria will take part in the trial. The study will be conducted between two groups and the anxiety scale will be calculated pre-test and post-test for each patient. One group of patients are given VR and the other group is given behavioural counselling before beginning of dental treatment.&#x0D; Results: Virtual reality, a diversion is believed to assist users to get through by other unpleasant events during dental treatment. On application of virtual reality considerable decrease in anxiety is expected.&#x0D; Conclusion: Virtual reality can be used to decrease anxiety during medical and dental treatment which can affect patients desire towards the treatment. Distractions may also have enduring effect in regards to more favourable impression of therapy.

Válaszkeresés járvány idején a felmerülő erkölcsi kérdésekre

Összefoglaló. Most már második éve általános tapasztalat – és nemcsak egy kis területen, hanem az egész világon – a COVID–19 halálos járvány terjedése (az elnevezés pontosan: SARS-CoV-2), amelyet már nem lehetett egyszerű megfázásnak vagy gyorsan elmúló betegségnek tekinteni, hanem egy olyan súlyos állapotnak, mely fenyegeti minden ember életét, függetlenül attól, hogy ki hol él. Az egészségügyi kutatók az ellenanyag kifejlesztéséért küzdöttek, mely megállíthatja a vírus terjedését. A gyógyítás kérdései mellett azonban filozófiai és vallási kérdések is felmerültek, melyekre pszichológusok és hittudósok is keresik a választ. Az ember teremtettségéből és szabad akaratából kiindulva a jelen tanulmány a Bibliában közölt kinyilatkoztatás és a keresztény tanítás alapján vállalkozik nemcsak lehetséges válaszokat adni, hanem a járvány komolyságával számolva a jelenség hitbeli és teológiai magyarázatát is megfogalmazni. Summary. The Covid-19 epidemic, which began in late 2019 and early 2020, has reached everyone: the family, the workplace, and public life. The phenomenon also requires a comprehensive solution. The unfortunate experience has taught everyone that there is no age limit for the virus because it affects everyone equally. It has become clear that it is not individual solutions that are needed, but only community path finding, that no one lives alone in isolation. Throughout its two-thousand-year history, Christianity has accompanied man in both its successes and failures. God’s revelation-based teaching is unchanged and to this day He provides His resulting answers to everyone by placing the whole man before God. This Christian-minded anthropology means that man lives in a personal relationship that assigns him to God alone. In terms of faith, it thus approaches the crisis, the disease, the drama of being, in a different way, which sees the reality of life and death in a greater context. The spread of the current epidemic has been interpreted by many as a divine punishment. But God, the Creator, who is good, cannot be the source of good and evil at the same time, he cannot be the starting point of evil. It is precisely because of these characteristics that spiritual and moral behavior is valued in the epidemiological situation. Christianity does not see God-consciously directing punitive action in unpleasant events for people and humanity, as God is first and foremost a Father. In the Old Testament, there is no connection between a particular disease or other plague and the personal sins of those who suffer it. Far from the New Testament, the conclusion is that it links the plagues, diseases, and epidemics we experience to the sins committed by individual people. The turn of the New Testament, then, is also significant in the presentation of God. It is no longer the image of the fearsome and terrible God that emerges, but the teaching of Jesus, who says of His Father, “God is love.” The God of the New Testament is a God of co-suffering and compassion who thinks not of punishment but of forgiveness. Troubles are not necessarily attributable to the sins of individuals, but actually to the sins of all mankind. Therefore, it is necessary for everyone to feel somehow responsible for the other when they see that their sins continue. However, the viral situation has also shown unparalleled human behaviors and values, especially on the part of healthcare professionals. Perhaps involuntarily, among those who acted for others, man’s better self manifested itself, so they were able to make sacrifices as well. Of them, too, Jesus said, just before his suffering, that “no one loves more than he who gives his life for his friends.” It is love that overcomes fear, that can be the cure for a virus.

Factors affecting smoking initiation and cessation among adult smokers in Fiji: A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTIONSmoking as a public health challenge is globally considered the main risk factor of many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Knowing factors contributing to smoking commencement and cessation is the necessary step to develop prevention strategies to combat this issue. To date, no study has been conducted in Fiji, therefore this study aimed to explore the reasons adult smokers initiate smoking and cessation in Fiji.METHODSA qualitative study was conducted among 35 current smokers who were interviewed between 1 May and 31 July 2020 in Suva, Fiji. Three health centers were chosen randomly to collect data and purposive sampling was applied to reach study participants. A semi-structured, open-ended questionnaire was used to guide the interviews. The content of in-depth interviews was transcribed and data were analyzed using content and thematic analysis.RESULTSThe results of this study showed that most of the participants were male (57%), I-taukei (77%), single (54%), had attained tertiary education level (69%), were of Christian religion (77%), and unemployed (63%). Two main themes were identified including: ‘factors affecting smoking initiation’ and ‘factors affecting smoking cessation’. ‘Peer pressure’, ‘smoking myth’, ‘smoking as a fun’, ‘unpleasant event in life’ and ‘smoking establishes friendships’ were factors affecting initiation of smoking; while ‘knowledge on smoking harms’, ‘financial constraints’, ‘desire to improve health’, ‘constant request from family members’, ‘desire to save time’, ‘religious factors’ and ‘cultural factors’, were factors affecting smoking cessation among smokers.CONCLUSIONSThis study highlights the main factors affecting smoking among adult smokers in Fiji. Considering these factors in future health planning will help policy makers and decision makers to develop tailored interventions to combat this health issue.

Substance abuse, drug addiction and the role of primary health care amid the COVID-19 pandemic

The definition of substance abuse is the use of certain types of drugs such as alcohol, cannabis, hash, cocaine and others that have serious side effects and clinical complications. There is a significant difference between substance abuse and the term addiction. The significant difference between substance abuse and addiction is that drug addiction or substance addiction is classified as a chronic disease controlling the physical and mental ability of the individual to unpleasant force to use specific drugs such as cocaine or else. The literature has a positive correlation between the COVID-19 pandemic and illegal drug abuse in substance abuse or addiction. COVID-19 caused emotional emptiness for many people around the world, in addition to anxiety and depression. The particular group of people started addicting to specific drugs to induce temporary happiness due to the unpleasant events they had from the pandemic. This article aimed to review the challenges of substance abuse and drug abuse in the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of public health in addition to primary care facilities against this phenomenon. To our knowledge, this is the first review providing a complex review about this issue since the beginning of COVID-19.

The Impact of First Childbirth Experience on Women’s Attitude Towards Having Another Child and Subsequent Vaginal Birth

Background: Some women may consider childbirth an unpleasant event, which can influence their decisions on subsequent pregnancies and type of birth. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of negative childbirth experience and its relationship with women’s attitudes towards subsequent pregnancy and vaginal birth. Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional. A cluster sampling was used to recruit 800 primiparous women from health centers in Tabriz, Iran. The Persian version of the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire was used to assess women’s childbirth experiences. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the impact of childbirth experiences on women’s attitudes towards subsequent pregnancy and vaginal birth. Results: Thirty-seven percent of women reported a negative childbirth experience. There was a statistically significant relationship between childbirth experience and the attitude of women towards subsequent pregnancy (p&lt;0.001) and vaginal birth (p&lt;0.001). By controlling the effects of potential confounding variables such as socio demographic characteristics, negative childbirth experience was found to be an independent predictive factor for women’s reluctance towards subsequent pregnancies [OR= 0.42 (CI 95%: 0.57 to 0.31), p&lt;0.001] and vaginal birth [OR= 0.08 (CI 95%: 0.14 to 0.04); p&lt;0.001]. Conclusion: Negative childbirth experience is associated with a reduced willingness for women to get pregnant again and have vaginal birth. It is recommended that key stakeholders pay attention to strategies to improve childbirth experiences among primiparous women in Iran.

Effects of an elemental diet to reduce adverse events in patients with esophageal cancer receiving docetaxel/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil: a phase III randomized controlled trial—EPOC 2 (JFMC49-1601-C5)

BackgroundOral mucositis (OM) is an unpleasant adverse event in patients receiving chemotherapy. A prospective feasibility study showed that elemental diet (ED), an oral supplement that does not require digestion, may prevent OM. Based on this, we established a central review system for oral cavity assessment by dental oncology specialists blinded to background data. We used this system to elucidate the preventive effect of an ED against OM in patients with esophageal cancer receiving docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) therapy.Patients and methodsIn this phase III, multicenter, parallel-group, controlled trial, patients consuming a normal diet orally were randomly assigned (1 : 1) to receive two cycles of DCF with (group A) or without (group B) an ED (Elental® 160 g/day). We assessed the incidence of grade ≥2 OM evaluated by two reviewers, changes in body weight, prealbumin, C-reactive protein, and DCF completion rate based on ED compliance.ResultsOf the 117 patients randomly assigned to treatment, four failed to start treatment and were excluded from the primary analysis; thus, groups A and B comprised 55 and 58 patients, respectively. There were no significant differences in background characteristics. Grade ≥2 OM was observed in eight (15%) and 20 (34%) patients in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.0141). Changes in body weight and prealbumin during the two DCF cycles were significantly higher in group A than B (P = 0.0022 and 0.0203, respectively). During the first cycle, changes in C-reactive protein were significantly lower in group A than B (P = 0.0338). In group A (receiving ED), the DCF completion rate was 100% in patients with 100% ED compliance and 70% in patients failing ED completion (P = 0.0046).ConclusionsThe study findings demonstrate that an ED can prevent OM in patients with esophageal cancer receiving chemotherapy.

Links between cognitive distortions and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in non-clinical young adulthood.

This study examined the possible link between cognitive distortions (CDs), which involve erroneous information processing in normal reasoning, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS), which are strategies implemented at the cognitive level to modulate the emotional response following a negative or unpleasant event, in a non-clinical young adult population. Ninety-six participants (age 18-39years; 48 women) completed the French version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the French Cognitive Distortions Inventory for adults. Overall, negative distortions were positively correlated with the use of non-adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, while positive distortions were negatively correlated with the use of adaptive strategies. The CDs most associated with the use of adaptive CERS were positive dichotomous reasoning, minimization and neutral omission in favour of the positive. Selective abstraction was the CD most associated with the use of non-adaptive CERS. We observed a negative correlation effect between education level and several distortions and catastrophizing, and a positive correlation with acceptance. Men used more positive maximization, requalification as negative, acceptance and blaming others than women. The discussion of the results focuses on explaining the observed relationships between the variables in this non-clinical sample.

A sexual superpower or a shame? Women’s diverging experiences of squirting/female ejaculation in Sweden

Squirting, or female ejaculation, is the expulsion of fluid during sexual stimulation. The limited scientific literature has focused primarily on clarifying what this fluid contains, while women’s own voices on the experience have received scant attention. This study explores 28 women’s experiences and applies a thematic analysis. The sensation of squirting is individual and sometimes conflicting. Descriptions range from considering it amazing, a superpower and feminist statement to an unpleasant and/or shameful event. Across the board, there is a wish for nuanced information and for the current taboo and mystification surrounding the subject to be broken.

Comparative Study between Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine and Intrathecal Magnesium Sulfate for the Prevention of Post-Spinal Anesthesia Shivering in Lower Limb Orthopedic Surgeries: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Background: Shivering is a common and unpleasant perioperative event following general as well as neuraxial anesthesia. It has been reported in 40-70% of regionally anesthetized patients. Shivering is a physiological compensa-tory response to core hypothermia precipitated by anesthetic induced thermoregulatory impairment, exposure to a cool environment, infusion of unwarmed fluids and evaporation from exposed surfaces. However, some shivering like tremors is not thermoregulatory. Aim of Study: To compare the efficacy of intrathecal dexmedetomidine versus intrathecal magnesium sulphate when added to hyperbaric bupivacaine for reducing the severity and incidence of post-spinal shivering in lower limb orthopedic surgeries. Patients and Methods: We compared the efficacy of intrathecal dexmedetomidine versus intrathecal magnesium sulphate for reducing the severity and incidence of post-spinal shivering in lower limb orthopedic surgeries. This study was a randomized controlled trial, 105 adult patients (ASA I-II) of both sexes, aged 18-45 years, were scheduled for lower limb orthopedic surgeries in Ain Shams University Hospitals. Patients were randomly allocated into three equal groups; each group consists of 35 patients and had spinal anesthesia with one of the following mixture: - In group A, spinal anesthesia was performed with 3.5ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (17.5mg), plus 5µg dexme-detomidine in 0.5ml normal saline. - In group B, 3.5ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (17.5mg), plus 25mg MgSO4 in 0.5ml normal saline was injected intrathecally. - In group C, 3.5ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (17.5mg), plus 0.5ml of normal saline was injected intrathecally. Results: Our results showed that all patients in the three groups were comparable regarding demographic data (includ-ing age, sex, weight and height) and intraoperative hemody-namics (SBP, DBP and HR). Regarding temperature, though difference in decreased core temperature was clinically insig-nificant, there was statistical significant difference between the three groups at almost all times as temperature at dexme-detomidine group was higher than magnesium group but the temperature at controlled group was lower than other two groups. Regarding shivering, we found that C group showed statistically significant higher number of total patients who developed shivering than B group and A group. 9 patients (25.7%) in dexmedetomidine group (group A), 12 patients (34.3%) in magnesium sulfate group (group B), and 20 patients (57.1%) in control group (group C). Conclusion: Our study viewed that intrathecal adminis-tration of dexmedetomidine or magnesium sulphate as adjuvant to heavy bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia, reduced incidence and severity of shivering in patients presented for lower limb orthopedic surgery with non-significant difference among both adjuvants.

Crises of Dalit Women in India

In Sanskrit, ‘‘Yatra naryastu pujyante ramante tatra Devata' means that wherever a woman is worshipped, gods rejoice. This sholka represents the importance of women, and one can say, "Home is the first school, Mother is the first teacher," demonstrating the respect and value given to women. However, these words exist only in the form of letters and not in practise. It is a great tragedy that man is hesitant to use and accept her gratitude. When this is the case, discrimination is quite common in Dalit communities even today, and the Manuvadi attitude of discrimination against Dalit women is growing like anything else. There could be several reasons for this context. But you can always imagine upper-class communities viewing her as an object of prejudice, abusing her caste, discriminating against her caste, mischief, and reduction. This article attempted to review the social conflicts of Dalit women in India, with a focus on the unpleasant events of the time, such as raping, ignoring, disrespecting, intimidating, and so on.

Is less of an unhealthy ingredient healthy or unhealthy? Effects of mere co-occurrence and quantitative relations on attribute judgments

Research suggests that evaluative responses to an object can be jointly influenced by the mere co-occurrence of the object with a pleasant or unpleasant stimulus (e.g., mere co-occurrence of object A with unpleasant event B) and the qualitative relation of the object to that stimulus (e.g., object A starts vs. stops unpleasant event B). Expanding on these findings, the current research investigated effects of mere co-occurrence and quantitative relations (e.g., product A includes more vs. less of unhealthy ingredient B) on attribute judgments. Seven experiments obtained strong effects of quantitative relations and rather weak evidence for mere co-occurrence effects. Although processing conditions during encoding and judgment moderated effects of quantitative relations in a manner consistent with the predictions of extant theories, the evidence for predicted moderators of mere co-occurrence effects was mixed. The results are explained via a combination of propositional inferences during learning and selective retrieval during judgment.

Public Perception on the Existence of Macaca hecki and Macaca tonkeana in Protected Forest and Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve of Central Sulawesi

Wildlife is one of the biological natural resources that can be use it sustainably and sustainably, because wildlife is a natural resource renewable or renewable biological (renewable resources). This study aims to determine public perception of the exixtence of Macaca hecki and Macaca tonkeana in Protected Forest and Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve of Central Sulawesi. This research was carried out along the Palu-Parigi trans road which is in the Protected Forest and Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve, Central Sulawesi Province in April - June 2021. The results showed that presence of endemic Sulawesi macaque (M. hecki and M. tonkeana) along the Palu-Parigi trans road which is in the Protected Forest and Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve area causes various problems such as people experiencing unpleasant events with the presence of macaque, stolen goods, enter into community plantations, and damage various types of agricultural crops (avocado, cloves, cocoa, and several other fruits).