Unplanned Behavior Research Articles

A model of planned and unplanned information-seeking behaviour

The main purpose of this article is to present a model for information-seeking behaviour with an emphasis on unplanned and planned behaviour of users in using library resources and services. The working method was that, reviewing the literature and previous information behaviour models, such as Wilson, Ellis, Kuhlthau, and Dervin models, this article proposes a novel model of information-seeking behaviour for library users. Our model of information-seeking behaviour was developed by combining the existing models of planned information-seeking behaviour with the focus on the factors affecting unplanned rather than planned behaviour of users in accessing resources or services. Our proposed model for information-seeking behaviour of clients has two main parts. The first part planned behaviour resulting from a problem or a certain information need according to which the user seeks to find information in a planned manner. The second part deals with unplanned behaviour shaped by a hidden or uncertain information need. Finally, both types of behaviour can result in the discovery, extraction, collection and use of information.

Cognitive load during planned and unplanned virtual shopping: Evidence from a neurophysiological perspective

Rapid adoption of virtual-reality-assisted retail applications is inadvertently reshaping consumer buying patterns, making it crucial for businesses to enhance their shopping experience. This new scenario challenges marketers with unique hurdles in both the commercialization of products and in managing information cues derived via VR retailing. Therefore, this study examined consumers’ impulsive behavior and unplanned purchases in a virtual retail store, using self-reports and electroencephalography. Borrowing assorted perspectives from retailing, virtual reality, and neuromarketing literature, we extended the stimulus-organism-response framework to evaluate how unplanned behavior evolves through conscious and unconscious measures. We found that consumers’ impulsiveness was significantly associated with their unplanned expenditure and the number of unplanned purchases. Using mediation analysis, we observed that flow experience during shopping partially mediated the relationship between the sense of presence and the desire to stay longer in a virtual shopping store. Desire to stay in the virtual store positively influenced store satisfaction, basket-size deviation, and budget deviation. Additionally, cognitive workload obtained via electroencephalogram revealed significant differences during both planned and unplanned purchases. These findings provide fresh opportunities for retailers to leverage the disruptive potential of immersive and interactive virtual technology to transform consumer shopping experiences.

Planned serendipity: exploring tourists’ on-site information behaviour

ABSTRACT The paper investigates tourist information behaviour on-site in light of the ubiquitous access to information afforded by smartphones. The study problematizes existing literature on information search behaviour and connects it with theories of unplanned behaviour. Through the concept of planned serendipity, the paper highlights how tourist information behaviour is a complex phenomenon that does not necessarily answer to a dichotomy between spontaneity and planning. The study employs a combination of Experience Sampling Method and semi-structured interviews, which allow the researcher to collect data both during and after the trip. Four themes are identified that challenge key assumptions in tourist information behaviour literature: (1) emergent and contingent plans, (2) cognitive effort on-site: iterative and specific search process, (3) tourist-centric orientation in time and space, (4) aiming for optimization. The paper concludes that tourists’ ‘phygital’ information environment both enables and constrains serendipity. The dichotomy of structure vs. serendipity is not sufficient to explain the role of serendipity in travel planning, where planned and unplanned behaviour coexist. The paper also contributes to the methodological landscape of research on tourist experiences and shows that everyday technologies like the smartphone can be harnessed to access the on-site stage, reducing recall bias and increasing ecological validity.

Gravitating exogenous shocks to the next normal through entrepreneurial coopetive interactions: A PLS-SEM and fsQCA approach

PurposeEntrepreneurship can be viewed as an individual or group pursuit of market opportunities irrespective of the context. But when an exogenous shock alters and permanently alters the known normal, entrepreneurs can do no more than cope with the immediate impact. Covid-19 changed the normal for every-one, and the current study aims to analyse how the pandemic changed the context and entrepreneurial perspective of business owners geographically located in different cultural environments. Various experiences impacted them as they tried to navigate and mitigate the effects of the crisis on the wider economy and their business. We seek to identify the probable relevant entrepreneurial configurations in which one or more combinations of antecedent conditions are needed to cause entrepreneurs to adapt their behavior in order to increase their coopetitive interactions further, to mitigate the effects of the crisis. OriginalityTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical study to address an entrepreneurial phenomenon using an integrative approach using PLS-SEM and fsQCA as separate prediction-oriented methods in order to validate the proposed conceptual model and to create a preliminary scaffolding for building the Theory of Unplanned Behavior in a crisis context.

Thinking outside the box, improvisation, and fast learning: Designing policy robustness to deal with what cannot be foreseen

AbstractPolicies are continually subjected to turbulence and crises. Interest in policy robustness as a fundamental way to deal with what cannot be foreseen is increasing. Thus, there is a flourishing stream of literature suggesting that policies need to be designed to be agile and flexible. However, the associated characteristics remain undeveloped. This article fills this gap by drawing on lessons obtained from the unplanned behaviors that were adopted in the management of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Individual and organizational behaviors characterized by outside the box thinking, improvisation, and fast learning yielded solutions to unexpected problems. In this article, some of these emblematic unplanned behaviors are assessed, and the research builds on the literature on policy robustness, crisis management, and organizational theory to identify three enabling conditions to design more robust policies: coordinated autonomy, training for unplanned responses, and political institutional capacity.

Theory of (Un)Planned Behavior? How our behavioral predictions suffer from “unplanned” actions

An influential model in micro-sociology, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) provides one of the most popular instruments for the prediction of social actions. Its focal point is the assumption that intentions are obligatory mediators between initial behavioral factors and corresponding actions. If some people break their intentions, TPB interprets this as those intentions have been “inflated” under the pressure of external factors. TPB does not claim to explain these factors, but rather argues that there is a gap between “perceived” and “actual” control over behaviors. In this way, the concept of “unplanned behavior” caused by some uncontrollable external factors emerges. This contribution proposes an alternative approach. Here, we examine an assumption of the existence of internal factors of behavior which are still not accounted for by the current TPB model, but can explain “unplanned” behaviors. As an example of these still uncounted-for factors, we chose an implicit component of general attitudes which is in line with the sociological interpretation of the Dual-System Theory. By demonstrating how this factor contributes to behavior bypassing intentions, we can expand the TPB model to include at least some variants of behavior, which, for now, are counted as “deviant” from predicted behavior. Theoretically, this may lead to a restructuring of the TPB basic model through its enrichment by this factor. In practice, at least some fractions of “unplanned” actions will become accessible for prediction.

Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Test of Passive Aggression in a Psychotherapy Outpatient Sample.

Background: While most clinical aggression questionnaires focus on the assessment of active aggression, the recently developed Test of Passive Aggression (TPA) assesses both self-directed (TPA-SD) and other-directed passive aggression (TPA-OD). Reliability and factorial validity of the TPA have been demonstrated in a clinical sample, while previous evaluations of convergent and discriminant validity were limited to student samples. The current study aimed at addressing this gap by demonstrating convergent and discriminant validity of the TPA in an outpatient sample.Methods: Eighty-two patients admitted to an outpatient psychotherapy unit at Saarland University, Germany, participated in the preregistered study with an assessment of self-reported passive aggression, impulsivity, anger expression, self-compassion, self-esteem, and auto-aggressive mindset. Analyses used regression models with robust maximum likelihood estimations.Results: Self-directed passive aggression showed a significant association with self-compassion, auto-aggressive mindset, self-esteem, and internal anger expression supporting the convergent validity of TPA-SD. Results on discriminant validity of TPA-SD were heterogenous at the first sight, revealing small associations of self-directed passive aggression with anger control but medium associations with impulsivity. However, exploratory analysis showed that the medium association with impulsivity was driven by the non-behavioral impulsivity dimension “inattention” and that both behavioral impulsivity dimensions (“motor-impulsivity” and “unplanned behavior”) demonstrated only weak associations with TPA-SD. Validity of TPA-OD was not supported by the current study.Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence for the validity of the TPA-SD to outpatient samples. Future studies will need to analyze construct validity based on a nomological network using larger and more diverse samples.

Fostering Epistemic Curiosity in School Children by Instructional Teaching Design: Classroom Realities of Indian Schools

The study attempted to answer two basic questions of classroom teaching: a. what were the most common teaching practices at the elementary school level? And b. did teachers foster curiosity in children during teaching? Classroom proceedings enfolded various teaching activities that might lead to a knowledge gap in students. 137 primary and middle schools (altogether 411 classes) were randomly selected to measure a pattern of questioning and answering during classroom teaching. Findings revealed that a large number of teachers adopted lecturing followed by writing on the board, dictating, and ignored some important teaching techniques such as explaining, demonstrating, and experimentation; though they were familiar with all these. Hardly any student asked questions to the teachers. Teachers missed to generate a gap of knowledge in them, showing hardly any use of curiosity-led instructional teaching design. Throwing any question to class or a group of students was an unplanned teaching behaviour. It was a limitation of an in-built education system that prioritised rote learning, exam scores, and grades that measured more static knowledge rather than understanding knowledge. The findings discussed limitations of the in-built education system and mindset of teachers that discouraged epistemic curiosity in children.

Evaluating the effects of life satisfaction on impulse buying behavior in terms of online buying

Consumer behaviours have great importance for marketers. Impulse buying, which is an appearance of consumer behaviour, arises with a sudden stimulus. Different aspects affect impulse buying. Life satisfaction, which is one of these aspects, brings consumers about impulse buying behaviour by influencing them. Moreover, the rapid development of online shopping and the fact that online interaction occurs in virtual environments at all hours of the day affects people's quality of life. This study aimed to investigate how consumers' life satisfaction shapes consumers' impulse buying behaviour and whether there is a difference between the descriptive and main variables in line with this relationship according to consumers' online or offline purchasing behaviour. The methodological base is the questionnaire form as a data collection method in Duzce province (Turkey) between March and May 2018. Participation in the study was conducted by convenience sampling method. In the research purpose line, a model is comprised. In turn, a path diagram was performed according to the confirmatory factor analysis with a Structural Equation Model. The obtained results showed the negative relationship between life satisfaction and sub-dimensions of impulse buying (positive emotions, emotion conflict, unplanned behaviour, and mood management). The authors noted only a positive relationship between life satisfaction and rational behaviour in the study. Thus, that is another sub-dimensions of impulse buying. Besides, comparing the mean, there was a significant difference between positive emotions, unplanned behaviour, type and shopping channels. These findings could help future studies aimed at researching the effect of different variables on impulsive behaviours. This study was carried out in a short period due to time and cost constraints. One of the study's limitations is that the study data were obtained only from the participants in Duzce province (Turkey).

Book belly band as a visual cue: Assessing its impact on consumers’ in-store responses

This research investigates the role of a widely used, yet under-investigated packaging cue: the paper strip that wraps around books, known as the belly band. Drawing on cue utilization theory, we conducted a pilot study, a laboratory experiment and a field study in two real-life bookshops to analyze the effects of belly bands on consumers' responses, as well as on actual browsing and purchasing behavior. The results suggest that the belly band acts primarily as a visual cue; has a significant effect on actual browsing and purchasing behavior; and stimulates unplanned behaviors, producing a carryover effect on the assortment even if it does not alter the customer's budget.

Influencia de los Factores Psicosociales en la conducta impulsiva de los adolescentes (Recibido en septiembre 2019, acepta

La impulsividad es un factor predominante en la conducta de los adolescentes. El objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar los factores psicosociales que inciden en la conducta impulsiva de los participantes. El diseño de la investigación fue de tipo cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo y correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por 214 participantes de 13, 14 años donde el 49,3 % es de sexo masculino y el 56,1 % femenino. Para determinar los factores psicosociales se utilizó el cuestionario de “Riesgo psicosocial para la conducta impulsiva en adolescentes” adaptado al contexto, que mide los factores genético-biológico, personal, socio-familiar y social-escolar y para identificar los tipos de impulsividad se utilizó la “Escala de impulsividad de Barratt” (BIS-11) que mide tres tipos de impulsividad; motora, cognitiva y no planeada validada en el contexto. Los resultados evidenciaron que el factor personal ha incidido en el 59,8 % generando la conducta impulsiva en los adolescentes, seguido del factor socio-familiar con 58,6 %, factor social-escolar 57,4 % y el factor genético-biológico con el 51,7%. Por otro lado, el 54,8 % tuvo la impulsividad no planeada, el 53,3 % impulsividad cognitiva y el 52,8 % impulsividad motora. Al correlacionar los resultados se encontró una relación significativa entre los factores psicosociales y la conducta impulsiva en los adolescentes. (r=1, -,051); (r=-,051,1). Se puede concluir, que el factor psicosocial personal, seguido del socio-familiar, social-escolar y genético-biológico, influyen significativamente en la conducta impulsiva no planeada, cognitiva y motora.

Mood Instability and Trait Anxiety as Distinct Components of Eysenckian Neuroticism With Differential Relations to Impulsivity and Risk Taking

This article presents the results of 2 studies that investigated mood instability in the Eysenck neuroticism scales and its relationship to trait impulsivity and risk taking. In Study 1 we examined the relationship between a mood instability factor in the Eysenck Personality Inventory and impulsivity (i.e., rapid unplanned behavior) in a general population sample of 6,066 adults. The mood instability factor was positively correlated with impulsivity. The remaining factors, largely reflecting trait anxiety, were also positively correlated with impulsivity, although these correlations disappeared when mood instability was included in the same regression model. In Study 2 we factor analyzed the short form of the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to isolate mood instability and trait anxiety factors and explore their associations with risk taking in a general population sample of 394,170 adults 40 to 69 years old. The mood instability factor was positively associated with risk taking, whereas the association for the trait anxiety factor was negative. Taken together, the results suggest that mood instability and trait anxiety are separable components of Eysenckian neuroticism and that mood instability is the main component that is positively associated with trait impulsivity and risk taking. Further research is needed to clarify the factor structure of Eysenckian neuroticism.

Factors affecting the unplanned use behavior of academic libraries users

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and design the axial coding pattern of the factors affecting the unplanned use behavior of users of the academic libraries and information centers. Design/methodology/approach The study as an applied research with a qualitative approach employed the grounded theory. The data collection tool was a deep and semi-structured interview. The interviews data were analyzed and coded during three stages of open, axial and selective coding using the MAXQDA 10 qualitative analysis software. The research population consisted of faculty members and experts in three areas of library and information science, management and psychology. Using the combined targeted sampling method (targeted and then the snowball), 12 subjects were selected as the sample size. Findings According to the research findings, the factors affecting the unplanned behavior of users in the use of academic libraries resources and services were identified as factors related to technology, environmental factors, information resources, information services, human resources, individual features, time position factor, cultural factors and social factors. Accordingly, the axial coding pattern of this type of behaviors was designed. Research limitations/implications The research limitations include the lack of theoretical basis related to the unplanned behavior issue in the field of library and information science and the lack of full familiarity of most of the experts in the field of library and information science with this topic. These factors lead to the necessity of explaining the subject under discussion. Originality/value The unplanned behavior of clients can be utilized to persuade users to use the information resources and library services so that the costs spent on their preparation and collection will be justifiable. The current research addressed this aspect of the unplanned information-seeking behavior.

How Do Consumer’s Face Types Influence Viewing Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions When Viewing Cultural and Artistic Content?: Focused on the Adjustment Effect of Perceived Value

이 연구는 문화예술콘텐츠를 소비(관람)하는 소비자(관객)들의 체면 유형을 밝히고, 관람 만족과 행동 의도에 어떠한 영향력을 제공하는지를 검토하는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적을 수행하기 위해, 최근 6개월 이내에 문화예술콘텐츠를 소비한 경험이 있 는 사람들을 대상으로 설문조사를 하였다. 그런 다음, 응답 결과를 바탕으로 신뢰성 및 타당성 분석을 진행하고 가설을 검증하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 문화예술콘텐츠 소비자들의 체면 유형은 1) 자기 체면 2) 타인 체면 3) 위상체면 4) 인격 체면의 4가지 하위차원으로 구성되었다. 이러한 4가지 체면 유형과 관람 만족의 관계는 위상 체면과 인격 체면이 관람 만족에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 관람 만족과 행동 의도의 관계는 관람 만족이 계획적 행동과 비계획적 행동에 모두 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향력을 제공하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 체면 유형과 관객 만족의 관계에서 지각된 가치의 조절효과는 자기 체 면과 타인 체면에서 정(+)의 조절효과를 위상 체면과 인격 체면에서 부(-)의 조절효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로, 문화예술경영 분야의 이론적 및 실무적 시사점과 후속연구 방향에 관해 제안하였다.The purpose of this study is to clarify the type of face of consumers(audience) who consume cultural arts contents, and to examine how they affect the satisfaction of viewing and behavior intention. In order to carry out these research purposes, we surveyed people who had experience of consuming cultural and artistic content within the last 6 months. Then, the reliability and feasibility analysis were conducted based on the response results and the hypothesis was verified. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, the face type of culture and art contents consumers are composed of four sub-dimensions 1) Self – Face 2) Other Face 3) Phase Face 4) Personality Face. The relationship between these four face types and viewing satisfaction showed positive (+) effect on phase satisfaction and personal satisfaction. The relationship between viewing satisfaction and behavioral intention showed that viewing satisfaction provided statistically significant positive effects on both planned and unplanned behavior. In addition, the moderating effect of perceived value in face- to-face type and audience satisfaction showed positive(+) modulating effect on the body surface and the body surface. Based on the results of this study, I proposed the theoretical and practical implications of the field of culture and arts management and the direction of follow-up research.

The Role of Social Media in Collective Processes of Place Making: A Study of Two Neighborhood Blogs in Amsterdam

The wide use of social media has facilitated new social practices that influence place meaning. This paper uses a double case study of two neighborhood blogs in gentrifying communities, to explore the role of social media in sharing place associations and community formation. Drawing on Collins’ theory of interaction ritual chains, this research project investigates how the intertwining of online and offline interaction around the blogs creates interaction chains whereby the place associations of participants in the blog become more aligned, creating an alternative place narrative. Analyses of the dynamics of involvement with the blogs show how social interactions spurred by the blogs generate emotional energy, group solidarity, feelings of morality, meaningful symbols, and feelings of place attachment among the participants. This article illuminates how the emerging process of place (re)making spurred by interaction with the blog emerges from both everyday unplanned behavior and strategic aims of the actors.

Sharing Political Content in Online Social Media: A Planned and Unplanned Behaviour Approach

Human’s decision making is not necessarily always planned; their unplanned behaviour—determined by natural personality traits—also contributes to the decision making process. In this study, we investigate factors related to planned and unplanned behaviour to understand why people share political content in online social media. Based on an online survey of 257 social media users, our results demonstrate that the factors representing both planned (i.e., perceived social recognition and altruistic motivation) and unplanned behaviour (i.e., extroversion and impulsiveness) affect people’s political content sharing behaviour. Our study understands that sharing political content is not like sharing other forms of content such as tourist attractions—the former can provoke serious punishment in some countries. Accordingly, trait impulsiveness is negatively associated with political content sharing behaviour. We also found that collective opinion moderates people’s planned behaviour, but not their unplanned behaviour. In other words, personality traits are unaffected by others’ opinions, but traits that humans can control can be shaped by others’.

Performing Under Pressure: Winning Customers Through Improvisation in Team Selling

ABSTRACTThe sales presentation is one of the most challenging and dynamic aspect of the sales process. Often-times, the presentation is composed of teams. The purpose of this study is to examine how improvisation manifests itself in the context of the sales team presentation. Utilizing the theoretical foundations of team dynamics and relationships, unplanned behavior, and emotional intelligence, a model of sales team improvisation is developed. A two-phase research design was employed via qualitative in-depth interviews from buyers and sellers followed by a quantitative survey of experienced sales team professionals. Our results find that improvisation impacts the relationship between emotional intelligence and team presentation performance outcomes. Although team selling is common in practice, a dearth of research exists in the sales literature. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on team dynamics and emotion in selling. Additionally, this study is one of the first to specifically investigate improvisation in the high pressure context of sales team presentations.

Assessing the Impact of Mobile Technology on Exhibition Attendees’ Unplanned Booth Visit Behaviour

This study examines the effect of the booth Recommender system (BRS) embedded in a mobile device on the goals of exhibition attendees, based on two main theories that are unplanned behaviour and goal frame theories. Previous studies have overlooked the importance of the unplanned behavioural effectiveness of IT devices for understanding motivation and delivering unexpected outcomes at exhibitions. The BRS offers customized, personalized, and advanced information to attendees; experiences with the BRS lead to unplanned behaviour. In this paper, we distinguish several goal frames, including hedonic, gain, and normative goals, which contribute to the relationship between continued BRS use and unplanned booth visits. Continued BRS use directly influences revisit intentions to an exhibition and contributes to unplanned booth visits. We analysed data from 508 attendees at a franchise exhibition using structural equation modelling (SEM) method. Our research empirically determined that goal framing theory and unplanned behaviour via continued BRS use embedded in a mobile device are connected. Continued BRS use in an exhibition can contribute to attendees’ impulsive behaviour and can induce them to return to an exhibition. The results and implications are discussed.

Store attributes leading customer satisfaction with unplanned purchases

ABSTRACTUnderstanding which specific factors of retail stores’ offering affect unplanned buyers’ satisfaction may be of great interest to store managers as they could set ad hoc strategies to target these consumers and establish long-term, profitable relationships with them. Satisfied unplanned buyers could indeed return to the store where they purchased their unplanned item(s) and/or positively talk about it with other customers. Nevertheless, we still know very little about such factors. To close this gap, this research gathered survey data on consumers’ store satisfaction and perceptions of store attributes in Spain during two time periods: in 2008, when the crisis was barely noticed by Spanish consumers, and five years later, when consumers were experiencing this economic situation. The results obtained evidence how grocery retailers can respond to customers’ awareness of the crisis by providing some managerial recommendations for bolstering satisfaction in consumer segments with diverse levels of unplanned buying behavior.

Impulsive antisociality and executive control problems: evidence from go/no-go and stop-signal tasks

<b>Background</b><br /> People with impulsive-antisocial traits may engage in unplanned behaviors that reduce their efficiency and may even result in harm to self and others. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between executive control functions and impulsive antisociality, as assessed with the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI). Using go/no-go and stop-signal paradigms, we examined whether healthy participants with high impulsive-antisocial traits would show delayed response inhibition and error monitoring deficits when compared to those reporting low levels of impulsive antisociality.<br /> <br /> <b>Participants and procedure</b><br /> A total of 26 participants were recruited from different Warsaw universities based on the Impulsive Antisociality subscale scores of the PPI. Subjects scoring in the first quartile were assigned to the low and those with a score in the fourth quartile were selected for the high impulsivity group. All participants were tested with go/no-go and stop-signal tasks that were executed in a random order.<br /> <br /> <b>Results</b><br /> Higher levels of impulsive-antisocial traits were associated with poorer executive control. In particular, high impulsive-antisocial individuals demonstrated reduced post-error slowing in response to go stimuli following an error and took longer to respond to the stop signal than the control group. The two groups did not differ in their performance accuracy.<br /> <br /> <b>Conclusions</b><br /> The study extends previous findings regarding the relationship between impulsivity and executive control showing that non-clinical impulsive antisociality results in decreased conflict detection ability and delayed response inhibition. These problems may result in reduced executive effectiveness in everyday life situations.