Unmodified Oil Research Articles

Role of ZnO/MWCNTs hybrids nanoparticles addition on the tribological behaviour of SN150 paraffinic mineral oil

AbstractNanoparticle incorporation plays an active feature in heat transfer, ultimately enhancing the tribological process under boundary conditions of heat stress. Nanoparticles like zinc oxide (ZnO) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are well known to significantly affect the cooling and lubrication applications, resulting in improved heat transfer and kinematic viscosity. The present work investigates the tribological performance of ZnO/MWCNTs hybrids as lubricant additive in the paraffinic type of mineral base oil of Group I (SN150) engine oil. The chemical composition of the modified and unmodified oil was examined by an inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometer (ICP‐OES), energy dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A ring‐on‐disk tribotester was performed to investigate the tribological behaviour through the linear reciprocating mechanism alloy‐steel contacts. The worn steel alloy surfaces morphology and chemical compositions were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and 3D optical profilometer. Different ZnO/MWCNTs nanomaterial volumetric concentrations were examined in order to determine the most effective performance. According to the tribological results, ZnO/MWCNTs hybrid nanomaterials in the engine oil were found to have significantly higher friction temperature and antiwear capability than the base oil. A volumetric concentration of 3.00 wt% ZnO/MWCNTs nanomaterials to SN150 engine oil imparted excellent wear protection to the steel sample than the pure SN150 base oil. Based on the statistical analysis, the modified oil anti‐wear performance was enhanced by reducing the wear loss by 80.5% and friction temperature by 55.8°C compared with the oil base.

Comparison of Plasma Metabolome Response to Diets Enriched in Soybean and Partially-Hydrogenated Soybean Oil in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Adults-A Pilot Study.

Partially-hydrogenated fat/trans fatty acid intake has been associated with adverse effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. Comparatively unexplored is the effect of unmodified oil relative to partially-hydrogenated fat on the plasma metabolite profile and lipid-related pathways. To address this gap, we conducted secondary analyses using a subset of samples randomly selected from a controlled dietary intervention trial involving moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals. Participants (N = 10, 63 ± 8 y, BMI, 26.2 ± 4.2 kg/m2, LDL-C, 3.9 ± 0.5 mmol/L) were provided with diets enriched in soybean oil (SO) and partially-hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO). Plasma metabolite concentrations were determined using an untargeted approach and pathway analysis using LIPIDMAPS. Data were assessed using a volcano plot, receiver operating characteristics curve, partial least square-discrimination analysis and Pearson correlations. Among the known metabolites higher in plasma after the PHSO diet than the SO diet, the majority were phospholipids (53%) and di- and triglycerides (DG/TG, 34%). Pathway analysis indicated upregulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis from DG and phosphatidylethanolamine. We identified seven metabolites (TG_56:9, TG_54:8, TG_54:7, TG_54:6, TG_48:5, DG_36:5 and benproperine) as potential biomarkers for PHSO intake. These data indicate that TG-related metabolites were the most affected lipid species, and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis was the most active pathway in response to PHSO compared to SO intake.

Tribological Performance for Steel–Steel Contact Interfaces Using Hybrid MWCNTs/Al2O3 Nanoparticles as Oil-Based Additives in Engines

Numerous problems occur during engine operation, such as start-up, lack of lubrication, and overheating, resulting in engine components’ wear, power loss, and fuel consumption. Nanomaterials dispersed in engine oil can play an important role in improving the tribological properties of oil lubricants. This study investigated the influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) as nano-additives for lubricants. Different engine oil samples were loaded with 0.5–2.0 wt% Al2O3 NPs and 0.5–1.0 wt% MWCNTs and compared with unmodified oil. The tribological performance of the nano lubricants was investigated using the four-ball test method. In addition, the wear scar in the engine was evaluated using 3D micrographs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the sliding surfaces with hybrid MWCNTs/Al2O3 NPs showed better friction performance and wear resistance. The coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar width were improved by 47.9% and 51.5%, respectively, compared with unmodified oil.

Geochemical evidence for the internal migration of gas condensate in a major unconventional tight petroleum system

Unconventional petroleum systems go through multiple episodes of internal hydrocarbon migration in response to evolving temperature and pressure conditions during burial and uplift. Migrated fluid signatures can be recognized using stable carbon isotope and PVT compositional data from produced samples representative of in-situ petroleum fluids. Such samples, however, are seldom collected due to operational complexity and high cost. Here, we use carbon isotope and PVT data from co-produced hydrocarbon gas and liquid to provide evidence for widespread migration of gas-condensate in the Montney unconventional petroleum system of western Canada. Extended C1–C33 isotopic profiles exhibit convex upward signatures with C4–C5 maxima at low molecular weight, and increasing or nearly uniform signatures at high molecular weight. Additionally, recombination PVT compositional data show C6–C15 condensate concentrations are higher than expected for unmodified oils. The combined convex upward and increasing or uniform isotopic signatures are interpreted as mixing profiles formed by the introduction of high-maturity gas-condensate (C1–C15) to shallower zones with in-situ hydrocarbon fluids of lower thermal maturity. The recognition of widespread gas-condensate migration adds to the complex history of internal hydrocarbon migration within the Montney tight-petroleum system including previously identified migration episodes of early oil and late-stage methane-rich gas.

Heavy metal sorption using thiolated oils of Elaeis guineensis and Glycine max

Sulphur-modification of matter confers improved heavy metal affinity and could be exploited in the treatment of heavy metal contaminated water. This paper is aimed at comparing the liquid-liquid Ag+ sorption capacities of normal and thiolated: palm oil (PO), palm kernel oil (PKO) and soybean oil (SBO), respectively. The vegetable oils were modified with 1-heptanethiol, and the thioether-functionalized (TF) oils were utilized for the removal of Ag+ present as a contaminant in water, while the unmodified oils acted as controls. The liquid-liquid equilibrium contact time was determined to be 6 hours. The result achieved after equilibration revealed the effectiveness of TF oils in the removal of Ag+ from a 600 ppm AgNO3 simulated water. While TF-SBO reduced the cation concentration to a level less than the detection limit, TF-PKO only showed appreciable sorption capacity (below 30%) relative to the normal oils. The order of Ag+ sorption capacity (TF-SBO > TF-PO > TF-PKO) was ascribed to various levels of unsaturation of fatty acid chains encountered in the lipids. A higher number of sorption-active TF sites is achievable with a greater degree of fatty acid unsaturation. On that note, highly unsaturated vegetable oils (such as that of Glycine max) were recommended.

Synthesis and Characterization of Chlorinated Oils Based on Unmodified Castor Oil Polyol

Synthesis and Characterization of Chlorinated Oils Based on Unmodified Castor Oil Polyol

Tribological study on rapeseed oil with nano-additives in close contact sliding situation

The present work deals with the tribological evaluation of three types of nano-additives, i.e., copper oxide (CuO; ≈ 151.2 nm), cerium oxide (CeO2; ≈ 80 nm) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE; ≈ 90.4 nm) with rapeseed oil under steel–steel sliding contacts. The nano-additives concentrations in the base oil were 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5% w/v for the lubricant formulation. Further, the rapeseed oil was also epoxidized by a chemical method and the tribological behavior was compared with the base oil (unmodified oil) at similar nano-additives concentrations. The ASTM standards were followed for the study of wear preventive and extreme-pressure analysis of nanolubricants, and it was carried out using four-ball tester. In the antiwear test, CeO2 and PTFE nano-additives have shown the significant reduction in the wear scar diameter at the concentration of 0.1% w/v. In the extreme-pressure test, 0.5% w/v concentration was optimum for oxide nanoparticles; however, PTFE nanoparticles did not show positive effect with both the base oils. Different characterization techniques were employed to confirm the oil modification and for the study of the worn surfaces.

Microbial degradation, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of polyurethanes based on modified castor oil and polycaprolactone

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of type of polyol and concentration of polycaprolactone (PCL) in polyurethanes (PUs) on microbial degradability, cytotoxicity, biological properties and antibacterial activity to establish whether these materials may have biomedical applications. Chemically modified and unmodified castor oil, PCL and isophorone diisocyanate in a 1:1 ratio of NCO/OH were used. PUs were characterized by stress/strain fracture tests and hardness (ASTM D 676-59). Hydrophilic character was determined by contact angle trials and morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Degradability with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated by measuring variations in the weight of the polymers. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the ISO 10993-5 (MTT) method with mouse embryonic fibroblasts L-929 (ATCC® CCL-1) in direct contact with the PUs and with NIH/3T3 cells (ATCC® CRL-1658) in indirect contact with the PUs. Antimicrobial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa was determined. PUs derived from castor oil modified (P0 and P1) have higher mechanical properties than PUs obtained from castor oil unmodified (CO). The viability of L-929 mouse fibroblasts in contact with polymers was greater than 70%. An assessment of NIH/3T3 cells in indirect contact with PUs revealed no-toxic degradation products. Finally, the antibacterial effect of the PUs decreased by 77% for E. coli and 56% for P. aeruginosa after 24 h. These results indicate that PUs synthesized with PCL have biocidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria and do not induce cytotoxic responses, indicating the potential use of these materials in the biomedical field.

Thiolated polymers: evaluation of their potential as dermoadhesive excipients

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare four different thiolated polymers regarding their dermoadhesive potential. Therefore, three hydrophilic polymers (poly(acrylic acid), Carbopol 971 and carboxymethylcellulose) and a lipophilic polymer (silicone oil) were chosen to generate thiolated polymers followed by characterization. The total work of adhesion (TWA) and the maximum detachment force (MDF) of formulations containing modified and unmodified polymers were investigated on skin obtained from pig ears using a tensile sandwich technique. The synthesis of thiolated polymers provided 564 µmol, 1079 µmol, 482 µmol and 217 µmol thiol groups per gram poly(acrylic acid), Carbopol 971, carboxymethylcellulose and silicone oil, respectively. Hydrogels containing poly(acrylic acid)-cysteine, Carbopol 971-cysteine, and carboxymethylcellulose-cysteamine exhibited a 6-fold, 25-fold and 9-fold prolonged adhesion on porcine skin than the hydrogel formulations prepared from the corresponding unmodified polymers, respectively. Furthermore, thiolation of silicone oil with thioglycolic acid led to a 5-fold improvement in adhesion compared to the unmodified silicone oil. A comparison between the four thiolated polymer formulations showed a clear correlation between the amount of coupled thiol groups and the TWA. According to these results thiomers might also be useful excipients to provide a prolonged dermal resistance time of various formulations.

Thermophysical and absorption properties of brominated vegetable oil

Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is a dense, bio-derived food additive used to emulsify citrus flavors in a variety of manufactured beverages. Although its high density is well known, accurate values for density and other properties, such as melting point, viscosity, refractive index and liquid phase heat capacity are not available in the literature. In this work, these properties are measured and correlated as a function of temperature from ~273K to ~353K. The volume expansivity, derived from the density, is also calculated. The density, viscosity and heat capacity are then compared with corresponding literature values for natural, unmodified oils. While the density and viscosity are markedly higher than the natural oils, the heat capacity is not significantly different. Through comparison with the viscosities of halogenated internal alkenes, it is shown that the increase in viscosity is likely due to enhanced dispersion forces, rather than enhanced polarity upon bromination. Additionally, the solubility of N2O and CO2 in brominated vegetable oil is measured at 310K from 0.01MPa to 2MPa and, like unmodified olive oil, brominated vegetable oil exhibits higher N2O solubility than CO2 solubility. Such property trends are expected to be predictive of trends encountered when recently described lipidic ionic liquids are compared with their brominated analogs.

Synthesis and properties of environmentally sound tribological agents based on 1,1-dihydroperfluoropolyoxaalkyl-β-ketosulfonic acids

A wide variety of 1,1-dihydroperfluoropolyoxaalkyl-β-ketosulfonic acid salts has been synthesized and characterized for the purpose of investigating the effect of the chemical structure of these additives on the tribological performance of lubricants. The salts are very effective at their ultralow concentrations of 0.004–0.1% in the lubricating medium. The introduction of an additive into the lubricating medium reduces the tribological pair friction coefficient and wear rate by 20–50% relative to the same parameters of unmodified commercial oil samples. The tribological pair friction coefficient and wear rate depend on the physicochemical state of the tribological pair surface, which is determined by the type of cation, additive concentration in the lubricating medium, and load. The preferability orders for the antifriction and antiwear additives examined appear as follows: in terms of tribological pair friction coefficient, f Li < f Al < f Mg < f Zn < f In; in terms of tribological pair wear rate, Li+ < In3+ < Al3+ < In2+ < Zn2+. Tribological tests of the additives and toxicological screening of the additives and their thermal decomposition products, with the availability of raw materials for their preparative synthesis and the simplicity of the synthesis taken into consideration, suggest that the 1,1-dihydroperfluoro-4,7-dioxa-3,6-dimethyldecan-2-onesulfonic acid salts are promising, environmentally friendly additives for lubricants and fuels.

Comparative Properties of Vegetable Oil-Based Benzyl Esters and Vegetable Oils as Processing Oil in Natural Rubber Compounds

The vegetable oil tends to be incompatible and insoluble in the rubber hydrocarbon. They can migrate to the surface of the uncured rubber. To overcome this problem, fatty acid esters that are soluble in rubber material and minimize migration were prepared. Benzyl esters of three different types of vegetable oils (i.e., coconut, palm, and soybean oils) were prepared by reacting fatty acids of vegetable oil with benzyl alcohol. They were then used as processing oil in rubber compounding and processing compared with the one with unmodified vegetable oils. It was found that the benzyl esters of those oils provided the rubber compounds and rubber vulcanizates with superior Mooney viscosity, curing and mechanical properties. Furthermore, better dispersion of filler was observed compared with the rubber compound and vulcanizate with vegetable oil.

Biodegradable Lubricant from &lt;i&gt;Idesia&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;polycarpa&lt;/i&gt; Maxim. &lt;i&gt;var.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;vestita&lt;/i&gt; Diels Oil

The chemical modified Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels (IPMVVD) oil as a biodegradable lubricant was described in the paper. IPMVVD oil was modified by epoxidation and reaction of ring opening to resolve poor oxidative stability and low-temperature fluidity when vegetable oils as lubricants directly. The effects of the parameters in the process were studied, and then the product was evaluated. The results showed that the modified IPMVVD oil had higher viscosity index and superior oxidative stability comparing with unmodified oil; its mixtures with Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) offered a wide range of kinematic viscosities and lower pour point (-22°C), displayed preferable low temperature performance.

Energy efficient pilot-scale production of wood fuel pellets made from a raw material mix including sawdust and rapeseed cake

Abstract Presently, most fuel pellets are made from sawdust or shavings. In Sweden, these materials are used to the maximum extent. As the demand for pellets increases, the supply of sawdust will be insufficient and other raw materials or mixes of raw materials will be used. This work investigates sawdust mixed with rapeseed cake. The latter is a residual product from the production of chemically unmodified oil refined from cold-pressed rape oil. At the Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology at Karlstad University, Sweden, a complete pilot-scale pellet production unit is located. The pellets are produced and tested for mechanical durability, length, bulk density and moisture content according to the Swedish Standard for pellets. During production, the load current, the die pressure and the die temperature were measured along with other parameters. The main purpose was to examine how the mixture of rapeseed cake and pine sawdust affected the energy consumption of the pelletising machine and mechanical durability of mixed fuel pellets. The results show that the energy consumption decreased and the amount of fines increased with increasing rapeseed cake in the wood fuel pellets. These results indicate that we must compromise between a decrease in the use of energy and a decrease in durability.

Hydrogen rich gas production by the autothermal reforming of biodiesel (FAME) for utilization in the solid-oxide fuel cells: A thermodynamic analysis

The thermodynamics of the autothermal reforming (ATR) of biodiesel (FAME) for production of hydrogen is simulated and evaluated using Gibbs free minimization method. Simulations are performed with water-biodiesel molar feed ratios (WBFR) between 3 and 12, and oxygen-biodiesel molar feed ratio (O XBFR) from 0 to 4.8 at reaction temperature between 300 and 800 °C at 1 atm. Yields of H 2 and CO are calculated as functions of WBFR, O XBFR and temperature at 1 atm. Hydrogen rich gas can be produced by the ATR of biodiesel for utilization in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The best operating conditions for the ATR reformer are WBFR≥9 and O XBFR = 4.8 at 800 °C by optimization of the operating parameters. Yields of hydrogen and carbon monoxide are 68.80% and 91.66% with 54.14% and 39.2% selectivities respectively at the above conditions. The hydrogen yield from biodiesel is higher than from unmodified oils i.e., transesterification increases hydrogen yield. Increase in saturation of the esters, results in increase in methane selectivity, while an increase in unsaturation results in a decrease in methane selectivity. Increase in degree of both saturation and unsaturation of esters, increases coke selectivity. Similarly an increase in the linoleic content of esters, increases coke selectivity.

Determinación de la densidad de entrecruzamiento de poliuretanos obtenidos a partir de aceite de ricino modificado por transesterificación

Se obtuvo una gama de polioles a partir del aceite de ricino modificado por transesterificación con pentaeritriol y glicerina. Los productos resultantes fueron caracterizados físico-químicamente. Se sintetizaron elastómeros de poliuretano a partir de los polioles derivados del aceite de ricino modificado. La densidad de entrecruzamiento se determinó por ensayos de hinchamiento a partir de la ecuación de Flory-Rehner apoyada en la espectroscopia MALDI TOF MS para determinar la estructura química de la unidad repetitiva promedio del poliuretano. Se estudió la variación de la densidad de entrecruzamiento de los poliuretanos con base en el índice de hidroxilo del poliol utilizado en la síntesis. Los resultados muestran que los PU obtenidos a través de la modificación del aceite con pentaeritriol tienen una mayor densidad de entrecruzamiento que los PU obtenidos a partir del aceite original y de los polioles derivados de la reacción de transesterificación del aceite con glicerina, debido a que estos polioles poseen una mayor funcionalidad hidroxílica.

Kinetics of Cd 2+ and Cr 3+ Sorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Mercaptoacetic Acid Modified and Unmodified Oil Palm Fruit Fibre( Elaeis guineensis) Adsorbents

The kinetics of the sorption of Cd 2+ and Cr 3+ from aqueous solutions by mercaptoacetic acid modified and unmodified oil palm fruit fibre adsorbents were investigated. The results indicate that sorption equilibrium was reached within 60 min for both metals. Also, the removal efficiency of the three adsorbents was observed to increase for both metals with stronger treatments with mercaptoacetic acid. This may be attributed to the influence of the thiolation of the adsorbents. Furthermore, Cr 3+ had higher removal percentages than Cd 2+ for all the adsorbents. The sorption mechanism based on the intraparticle diffusion model shows that Cd 2+ sorption is better described than Cr 3+. The intraparticle diffusion rate constants, K id, for Cd 2+ are 62.04 min −1 (untreated), 67.01 min −1 (treated with 0.5 mol/L mercaptoacetic acid), and 71.43 min −1 (treated with 1.0 mol/L mercaptocacetic acid) while those for Cr 3+ are 63.41 min −1 (untreated), 65.79 min −1 (0.5 mol/L acid treated), and 66.25 min −1 (1.0 mol/L acid treated).

Kinetic modeling of metal ion transport for desorption of Pb(II) ion from oil palm fruit fibre (&lt;i&gt;Elaeis guineensis&lt;/i&gt;) adsorbents

The kinetics of desorption of lead (II) ion from metal loaded adsorbent of mercaptoacetic acid modified and unmodified oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) fruit fiber was studied using different solutions, at different contact times. At the end of 25 minutes, 79.19%, 75.99%, 57.14%, 50.56% and 32.72% of Pb 2+ were desorbed using 0.2 MHcl, 0.1 M H 2 S0 4 , 0.1 MHNO 3 , 0.1 MNaOH and hot deionized H 2 0 respectively for the 1.0 MOPF adsorbent. Desorption kinetic modeling of Pb 2+ using the Elovich desorption and Pseudo-first Order Rate desorption equations showed that the latter described the kinetics of Pb 2+ better. The desorption rate instant, β for 0.1 MHCl solution were: 7.27 x 10 -1 , 6.49 x 10 -1 and 5.11 x 10 -1 , mg.g -1 , .min -1 , for UOPF, 0.5 MOPF and 1.0 MOPF adsorbents respectively. The surface residence time ح values for the 0.1 MHCl solutions were 24.83, 46.70 and 29.80 seconds for UOPF, 0.5 MOPF and 1.0 MOPF adsorbents respectively. br> International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 2 (4) 2006: pp. 288-296

Lead (II) and nickel (II) adsorption kinetics from aqueous metal solutions using chemically modified and unmodified agricultural adsorbents

This paper discusses the kinetics of lead (II) and Nickel (II) ions adsorption from aqueous solutions using chemically modified and unmodified agricultural adsorbents at 28°C, pH 6.2 and 0.01M NaCl ionic strength. The removal of the two metals were found to increase with increase in chemical modification, the sequence being 1.0MOPF>0.5MOPF>UOPF. In addition Nickel (II) had a higher percentage removal than lead (II). The intraparticle diffusion rate constant (Kid) were determined to be 63.023 min -1 (Ni 2+ ) and 38.212 min -1 (Pb 2+ ) for the 1.0MOPF adsorbent. The results show that the intraparticle diffusion model fits the sorption of lead (II) with higher coefficient of determination (r 2 ) than Nickel (II), thereby indicating that the intra-particle diffusion may be the rate limiting step for Pb 2+ sorption. The results from this study indicates that a good adsorbent for the removal of Ni 2+ and Pb 2+ can be obtained from both chemically modified and unmodified oil palm fruit fibre.

Emulsion-Templated Fully Reversible Protein-in-Oil Gels

We have developed a new method allowing us to transform low-viscous apolar fluids into elastic solids with a shear elastic modulus of the order of 10(3)-10(5) Pa. The elasticity of the elastic solid is provided by a percolating 3D network of proteins, which are originally adsorbed at the interface of an oil-in-water emulsion template. By cross-linking the protein films at the interface and upon removal of water, the template is driven into a structure resembling a dry foam where the protein interfaces constitute the walls of the foam and the air is replaced by oil confined within polyhedral, closely packed droplets. Depending on the density of the protein network, the final material consists of chemically unmodified oil in a proportion of 95 to 99.9%. The physical properties of the elastic solid obtained can be tuned by changing either the average diameter size of the emulsion template or the cross-linking process of the protein film. However, the original low-viscosity emulsion can be restored by simply rehydrating the solidified fluid. Therefore, the present procedure offers an appealing strategy to build up solid properties for hydrophobic liquids while preserving the low viscosity and ease of manufacturing.