Unmodified Electrode Research Articles

Electrochemical determination of riboflavin in pharmaceuticals using unmodified screen printed carbon electrodes.

In this study, we have devised an efficient and rapid approach to detect riboflavin (also known as Vitamin B2 or VB2) utilizing an unaltered screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The unmodified screen-printed electrodes are created within the laboratory, where carbon ink is applied to a ceramic substrate. All experiments pertaining to the investigation of electrochemical behavior and the fine-tuning of crucial experimental parameters were conducted through cyclic voltammetry (CV). For quantitative assessments, square wave voltammetry (SWV) was employed. The findings indicate that unaltered SPCEs exhibit robust current signals during the riboflavin redox reaction. Riboflavin displays a distinct oxidation peak at -0.136V (vs. Ag/AgCl, 3.0M KCl) in a Britton-Robinson buffer solution (BRBS) at pH 2, which was employed for quantification. The electrode demonstrates a broad linear range from 0.05 to 10µM, boasting a detection limit of 0.03µM. Repeatability stands at 1.45%, while reproducibility is 6.61%. Testing the influence of common interfering compounds yielded negligible results. The sensor effectively determines riboflavin content in pharmaceutical formulations without any prior treatment. This method presents an economical, modifier-free sensor with exceptional sensitivity and cost-effectiveness, making it suitable for rapid riboflavin quantification.

Amperometric Method for Detecting Paracetamol using a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Vanadium(V) Oxide

AbstractThis new and simple amperometric method takes advantage of the electroactivity of V2O5 in the oxidation of paracetamol (PCM) on a carbon paste electrode (CPE). With the modified electrode (VOX/CPE) the anode peak current for PCM was more than 100 % than that of the unmodified electrode. The electrode surface was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The amperograms were measured at +0.70 V (vs Ag/AgCl), and the calibration curve indicated a detection limit of 0.06 μmol/L and a sensitivity of 1.93 μA/μM cm2. The modified electrode was used in the detection of solid drugs such as PCM tablets and children's syrup with acceptable results.

Incorporation of Bismuth(III) Oxide Nanoparticles into Carbon Ceramic Composite: Electrode Material with Improved Electroanalytical Performance in 4-Chloro-3-Methylphenol Determination.

In this study, a carbon ceramic electrode (CCE) with improved electroanalytical performance was developed by bulk-modifying it with bismuth(III) oxide nanoparticles (Bi-CCE). Characterization of the Bi-CCE was conducted employing atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Comparative analysis was conducted using an unmodified CCE. The findings proved that the incorporation of Bi2O3 nanoparticles into the CCE significantly altered the morphology and topography of the ceramic composite, and it improved the electrochemical properties of CCE. Notably, the Bi-CCE demonstrated a prolonged operational lifespan of at least three months, and there was a high reproducibility of the electrode preparation procedure. The developed Bi-CCE was effectively employed to explore the electrochemical behavior and quantify the priority environmental pollutant 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (PCMC) using CV and square-wave voltammetry (SWV), respectively. Notably, the developed SWV procedure utilizing Bi-CCE exhibited significantly enhanced sensitivity (0.115 µA L mol-1), an extended linearity (0.5-58.0 µmol L-1), and a lower limit of detection (0.17 µmol L-1) in comparison with the unmodified electrode. Furthermore, the Bi-CCE was utilized effectively for the detection of PCMC in a river water sample intentionally spiked with the compound. The selectivity toward PCMC determination was also successfully assessed.

A highly conductive and mesoporous samarium metal–organic nanorods for the trace-level electrochemical detection of toxic mercury ions in lake water

The research outlines an ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of trace-level mercury using an Sm-BTC metal–organic framework. The Sm-BTC metal–organic framework was synthesized via a simple solvothermal method and characterized through various analytical techniques. The FTIR spectrum shows two important peaks at 732 cm−1 and 554 cm−1 which confirms the formation of the metal–organic framework and the surface morphology of the material was characterized through SEM analysis which shows the multilayered nanorod structure. The mesoporous nature of the material was confirmed by BET analysis. The electrochemical studies including Cyclic voltammetry and Square wave voltammetry prove the Sm-BTC modified glassy carbon electrode has shown remarkable sensitivity and selectivity towards the sensing of mercury ions than the unmodified bare glassy carbon electrode. The Sm-BTC modified GCE with the optimized electrochemical parameters for the sensing of mercury ions confirms that the sensor has a very low LOD (Limit of Detection) of 10 nM. It is lower than the guideline concentration of mercury (30 nM) by the World Health Organization and the linear range is 0.01 µM to 50 µM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9926. Further, this sensor has shown an excellent sensitivity of 91.760 µA µM−1 cm−2. The real sample analysis of the current study proves the reported sensor is effective for the determination of Hg2+ ions as it shows a very good recovery percentage.

Lithium recovery from brine by PEG-modified porous LiFePO4/FePO4 electrode system

Lithium recovery from high Mg/Li brine through the electrochemical intercalation /de-intercalation technology has attracted great attention due to its good selectivity. To obtain higher equipment capacity, the LiFePO4/FePO4 electrodes with higher coating density are applied for lithium extraction. Unfortunately, it also brings a problem of slow diffusion of Li+ within the electrode, which limits the intercalation rate of lithium. To solve the problem of Li+ diffusion, a PEG-modified porous LiFePO4 electrode was prepared for lithium recovery. After modification, a “microcracks-microporosity” composite structure appears on the electrode, and the agglomeration of electrode materials reduces due to the dispersing effect of PEG. Therefore, the diffusion resistance of Li+ within the electrode decreases, and the electrode polarization reduces. Using the PEG-modified porous LiFePO4/FePO4 system to recover lithium, the Li+ intercalation rate reaches 4.45 g(Li)·m−2·h−1, while that of unmodified electrode is only 2.10 g(Li)·m−2·h−1. Besides, the intercalation of Na+ was significantly reduced from 0.28 to 0.07 of Na/Fe ratio in FePO4 cathode, which means better selectivity and circularity. Therefore, the application of PEG-modified porous electrode systems can efficiently recover lithium from brines.

Electrochemical determination of carbendazim in juice samples using carbon composite electrode modified with ion‐exchange resin

AbstractThis work describes a carbon composite modified electrode (CCME) easily prepared using a simple mixture of a commercial cation exchange resin (Amberlite IR 120H) as modifier, graphite powder and paraffin, which was successfully used for spontaneous preconcentration and voltametric determination of carbendazim (CBZ) in juice samples. Parameters such as amount of resin used in the composition of the electrode, pH and preconcentration time as well as instrumental parameters of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were studied. Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor shows to be able to preconcentrate CBZ at an open circuit potential (OCP) condition and presented the highest analytical response in comparison to the unmodified electrode. An analytical curve was obtained for the CBZ determination employing the proposed CCME and showed a linear dynamic range (LDR) between 80.0 nmol L−1 to 2.0 μmol L−1, with a LOD of 19 nmol L−1 and LOQ of 65 nmol L−1. The effect of concomitants on the voltametric response was evaluated by addition and recovery study and a good selectivity was found. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the determination of CBZ in spiked mango juice samples without any pretreatment.

Enhancing the sensitivity of polymeric membrane polycation-sensitive electrodes by surface modification of a polydopamine nanolayer

In this work, a potentiometric polyion sensing strategy based on the surface layer-enhanced transmembrane ion transfer is demonstrated. A polydopamine (PDA) nanolayer with negative charges is modified onto the surface of the polycation-sensitive electrode membrane and used to increase the ion fluxes from the sample phase to the membrane phase. Such modification can significantly improve the detection sensitivity of potentiometric polyion sensors through electrostatic interactions between the cationic targets and anionic PDA groups, which can effectively promote the accumulation of the targets in the boundary layer of the organic membrane phase. By using a thin membrane protamine-sensitive electrode as a model, the detection sensitivity of the PDA-coated electrode (55 mV/μg·mL−1) is nearly five times higher than that of the unmodified electrode (12 mV/μg·mL−1). Moreover, the proposed surface PDA-modified polyion sensor can also be utilized as a general tool for sensitive detection of other polycationic targets and polyanionic species (e.g., the new cancer biomarker cell-free DNA). The proposed potentiometric sensing platform based on surface enhancement of ion transfer offers great potential for sensitive detection of various polyionic targets.

The Failure of Molecular Imprinting in Conducting Polymers: A Case Study of Imprinting Picric Acid on Polycarbazole.

The aims of this study were to investigate the potential of utilising molecularly imprinted polycarbazole layers to detect highly toxic picric acid (PA) and to provide information about their performance. Quantum chemical calculations showed that strong interactions occur between PA and carbazole (bond energy of approximately 31 kJ/mol), consistent with the theoretical requirements for effective molecular imprinting. The performance of the sensors, however, was found to be highly limited, with the observed imprinting factor values for polycarbazole (PCz) layers being 1.77 and 0.95 for layers deposited on Pt and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, respectively. Moreover, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layers showed worse performance than unmodified Pt or GC electrodes, for which the lowest limit of detection (LOD) values were determined (LOD values of 0.09 mM and 0.26 mM, respectively, for bare Pt and MIP PCz/Pt, as well as values of 0.11 mM and 0.57 mM for bare GC and MIP PCz/GC). The MIP layers also showed limited selectivity and susceptibility to interfering agents. An initial hypothesis on the reasons for such performance was postulated based on the common properties of conjugated polymers.

High surface area cobalt aluminium layered double hydroxide printed electrodes for flexible supercapacitor and on-chip electrochemical bacterial lysing

This article describes the successful use of high surface area cobalt aluminium layered double hydroxide as an effective electrode material for fabricating highly flexible printed supercapacitor and electrochemical bacterial lysing chips. The flexible supercapacitor showed a high areal capacitance of 4.16 mF cm−2 at 0.4 mA cm−2 current density with 1.30 μWh cm−2 areal energy density and 301.04 μWcm−2 areal power density. Most importantly, the developed supercapacitor exhibited 91.32% initial areal capacitance even after 5000 continuous charge-discharge cycles and excellent mechanical stability over different bending states. An electrochemical chip for bacterial lysing was fabricated using a PDMS reservoir and catalyst-coated screen-printed carbon electrode. On-chip lysing of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was completely achieved at an applied potential of 3.5 V in 2 minutes, which is 1 V lower than that required for the unmodified electrode. The electrochemical chip outperforms commercial chemical lysing kits in terms of lysing time, DNA yield, longer DNA strands, and cost.

Kinetic study of electron transfer process in methyl orange decolorization by shewanella in MFCs with covalent organic frameworks modified anode

As a new electrode material for electrochemical systems, covalent organic framework (COF) materials have been gradually applied to bioelectrochemical systems. In our previous study, the COFBTA-DPPD-rGO composite was synthesized via Schiff-base coupling between benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde (BTA) and 3,8-diamino-6-phenylphenanthridine (DPPD) on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) at room temperature. Here, COFBTA-DPPD-rGO modified MFC anode was used to assist microorganisms to decolorize methyl orange (MO), and the properties of MFCs were studied. The results showed that compared to the unmodified electrode MFC (28 mA m−2, 4.20 mW m−2) the current density and maximum power density of the anode MFC modified by COFBTA-DPPD-rGO (134.5 mA m−2, 21.78 mW m−2) were increased by 380.3% and 423.6%, respectively. The transferred electron number n and charge transfer coefficient α of the modified COFBTA-DPPD-rGO anode (4 and 0.43) compared to the unmodified electrode (2.4 and 0.38) were increased by 67% and 13%, respectively. The decolorization ratio of MO could reach 90.3% at 10 h. Compared with the unmodified electrode MFC (53.0%), the decolorization ratio and kinetic constant of decolorization process were enhanced by 26% and 372%, respectively. Therefore, COFBTA-DPPD-rGO could be a new choice for applying to the MFCs.

Synchronous analysis of acetaminophen, codeine, and caffeine in human fluids employing graphite screen-printed electrodes.

A facile electrochemical approach is proposed for the synchronous determination of acetaminophen (ACP), codeine (COD) and caffeine (CAF) utilizing unmodified screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). The determination of ACP, COD and CAF has been explored across different supporting electrolytes including sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and Briton Robinson (B.R) buffer solutions. It was found that a 0.05 mol L-1 sulfuric acid solution is an optimal supporting electrolyte utilized for voltammetric analysis of ACP, COD, and CAF with improved sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility. The electro-analytical sensing of ACP, COD and CAF was investigated using SPEs within linear concentration ranges of 3.0-35.0 μmol L-1, 10-160 μmol L-1 and 10-160 μmol L-1 and revealed competitively low limits of detection (3S/N) of 0.9, 4.8 and 6.3 μmol L-1 for ACP, COD and CAF, respectively. The results indicated the possibility of such a simple and quick electroanalytical protocol for online monitoring of pharmaceutical formulations comprising ACP, COD, and CAF drugs in human fluids with satisfactory recovery.

Evaluating the native oxide of titanium as an electrocatalyst for oxalic acid reduction.

Herein, we show that unmodified titanium electrodes bearing the naturally-forming native TixOy coating display superior activity for the electroreduction of oxalic acid to glyoxylic acid and glycolic acid compared to Ti-based electrodes that have been deliberately modified for this purpose, in terms of both oxalic acid conversion and overall yields of reduced products.

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids support biosimilar flavin electron transfer.

Understanding electron transport with electroactive microbes is key to engineering effective and scalable bio-electrochemical technologies. Much of this electron transfer occurs through small-molecule flavin mediators that perform one-electron transfers in abiotic systems but concerted two-electron transfer in biological systems, rendering abiotic systems less efficient. To boost efficiency, the principles guiding flavin electron transfer must be elucidated, necessitating a tunable system. Ionic liquids (ILs) offer such a platform due to their chemical diversity. In particular, imidazolium-containing ILs that resemble the amino acid histidine are bio-similar electrolytes that enable the study of flavin electron transfer. Using the model IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Emim][BF4]), we observe concerted two-electron transfer between flavin mononucleotide and an unmodified glassy carbon electrode surface, while a one-electron transfer occurs in standard inorganic electrolytes. This work demonstrates the power of ILs to enable the mechanistic study of biological electron transfer, providing critical guidelines for improving electrochemical technologies based on these biological properties.

Fast and simple voltammetric sensing of avanafil in the pharmaceutical formulation by using unmodified boron-doped diamond electrode.

Erectile dysfunction is a common issue among adult males involving difficulty in maintaining an erection, and it is often treated with fast-acting, low-side-effect drugs like avanafil (AVN), among other phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Hence, developing fast, simple, and sensitive methods to detect AVN is crucial. This study conducts an electroanalytical inquiry and provides a new voltammetric method for accurately analyzing AVN utilizing a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode without any modifications. In the Britton-Robinson buffer (BR, 0.04 mol L-1, pH 4.0), cyclic voltammetry showed a clearly defined and irreversible anodic peak at around +1.44 V relative to Ag/AgCl. The pH of the solution was shown to have an impact on the voltammetric signals of the oxidation peaks. A good linear response for AVN quantification was achieved using square-wave voltammetry. This was done in a 0.04 mol L-1 BR (pH 4.0) solution at a potential of +1.33 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The method exhibited a wide dynamic range of 0.5 to 30.0 μg mL-1 (1.0 to 62 μmol L-1) and a low limit of detection of 0.14 μg mL-1 (0.29 μmol L-1). The method proposed demonstrated suitability for determining AVN content in pharmaceutical formulations. The accuracy of the approach was demonstrated by comparing the results obtained using the developed method with those achieved using the UV-Vis spectrometry method. Our method simplifies the analytical process by eliminating the need for electrode modification, reducing both time and resource requirements while enhancing overall feasibility.

Maintenance-free antifouling polymeric membrane potentiometric sensors based on self-polishing coatings.

Polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have been widely used in environmental monitoring. However, in complicated marine environments, marine biofouling usually becomes a sticky problem for these electrodes. Herein, for the first time, a novel maintenance-free antifouling potentiometric marine sensor based on a self-polishing coating (SPC) is proposed. The SPC is synthesized by using the seeded emulsion polymerization method based on the triisopropylsilyl methacrylate monomer as the regulator of the self-renewal rate. This coating can be simply modified onto the electrode surface by drop-casting. The silyl acrylate side groups of the obtained SPC on the sensor surface can be hydrolyzed in the marine alkaline medium. The shear movement of seawater driven by sea waves, wind, gravity, or vibration removes the leftover (fouled) brittle polymer backbone and thus the fouling marine microorganisms. As a proof-of-concept experiment, a polymeric membrane Ca2+-ISE is chosen as a model. Compared to the unmodified electrode, the SPC-coated Ca2+-ISE exhibits remarkable improved antifouling properties in terms of superior anti-adhesive abilities towards marine microorganisms, such as bacterial cells and algae and excellent long-term stability even in the presence of high levels of marine microorganisms. Since no additional manual maintenance is required for maintaining the antifouling abilities of the sensor, the proposed self-polishing sensor may lay an important foundation for construction of unattended long-term potentiometric monitoring systems in real marine environments.

Voltammetric determination of synthetic food dye brilliant blue FCF

A highly sensitive and selective voltammetric sensor based on a non-woven carbon fiber material modified with phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles and graphene nanoplatelets was developed for determining food synthetic dye Brilliant Blue FCF (E133). Silver nanoparticles were prepared employing simple, fast and environmentally friendly phytosynthesis using sea buckthorn leaf extract without use of harmful chemical reagents. Modification of the carbon fiber electrode with silver phytonanoparticles and graphene nanoplatelets contributed to an increase in the active surface area of the electrode, an increase in the maximum oxidation current of E133 and a decrease in the overvoltage of this process relative to the unmodified electrode. Conditions for producing maximum analytical signal from the dye, including composition of the nanocomposite modifier (mass fraction of silver nanoparticles and graphene nanoplatelets, of 4.4 and 95.6 %, respectively) and the background electrolyte acidity (phosphate buffer solution with pH of 5) were selected. It was found that the process of electrooxidation of E133 dye on the modified carbon fiber electrode is irreversible, two-electron, occurs in the absence of protons and is controlled by diffusion. Scheme of the electrode process consistent with the literature data is suggested. The sensor is characterized by a low detection limit (6.1 nM), a wide range of detectable concentrations (0.06–40 μM), and good repeatability of the analytical signal of the dye sr<7 %. It was shown that potential interferents did not have a significant effect on the analytical signal of E133 dye. The developed sensor was successfully applied for analysis of beverages and caramel without preliminary sample preparation. The values of recovery of E133 dye in the range of 97–103 % in real samples prove the absence of a systematic error.

ВОЛЬТАМПЕРОМЕТРИЧЕСКОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ КАРМУАЗИНА В НАПИТКАХ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ЭЛЕКТРОДОВ, МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫХ ПАВ

The results of the study of electrochemical reduction of the food azo dye carmoisine (E122) on a glass-carbon electrode modified with cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) are presented. Due to electrostatic interaction between negatively charged sulfo-groups of the dye and positively charged groups of CTAB fixed on the electrode surface, adsorption concentration of the dye occurs, which significantly increases its reduction current compared to the unmodified electrode. The electroactive group of carmoisine is the azo group, which is irreversibly reduced to the hydrazo group: -N=N- + 2H++ 2e- → -NH-NH-. Optimal conditions for the determination of carmoisine by linear and cyclic voltammetry methods have been determined by studying the effect of the potential and time of pre-concentration, the acidity of the medium, and the rate of potential sweep on the parameters of voltammograms. It is shown that with an increase in the acidity of the medium, a shift in the peak of carmoisine reduction is observed -530 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) (pH 8) to -220 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) (pH 2), and the maximum amplitude of the current is observed at pH 5-7. The reduction current increases with increasing accumulation time (the optimal time is 60 s) and does not depend on the accumulation potential (the optimal potential is 0 V). The study of the effect of the potential sweep rate (5-320 mV/s) on the reduction current indicates the diffusive nature of it. The dependence of the peak current on the concentration of carmoisine is linear in the range of 0.2 - 2.0 mg/dm3 (detection limit 0.1 mg/dm3). The analysis of carmoisine is not hindered by the presence of another azo dye in the solution - Sunset Yellow E110 (SY). The developed method of voltammetric determination was tested and compared with the spectrophotometric method using the example of the analysis of several drinks containing carmoisine, as well as its mixture with SY.

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection.

A novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of enrofloxacin (ENR) in aqueous solutions has been developed using a carbon paste electrode modified with a mixture of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) of CuBTC and FeBTC. These MOFs were successfully synthesized via a solvothermal method and characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The MOF mixture exhibited a particle size ranging from 40 to 100 nm, a high surface area of 1147 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.544 cm3/g, and a capillary diameter of 1.50 nm. Additionally, energy-dispersive X-ray mapping demonstrated the uniform distribution of the two MOFs within the electrode composition. The synergistic effect of the electrocatalytic properties of CuBTC and the high conductivity of FeBTC significantly enhanced the electrochemical response of ENR, increasing the signal by more than ten times compared to the unmodified electrode. Under optimal analytical conditions, the sensor exhibited three dynamic ranges for ENR detection, that is, 0.005 to 0.100 µM, 0.1 to 1.0 µM, and 1 to 13 µM, with coefficients of determination of 0.9990, 0.9954, and 0.9992, respectively, depending on the accumulation duration. The sensor achieved a low detection limit of 3 nM and demonstrated good reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation of 3.83%. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated effective performance in analysing tap and lake water samples, with recovery rates ranging from 90.2% to 121.3%.

Electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) with flow cell system using tin-modified copper foam electrode

In this study, modification of the copper foam (Cuf) electrode with tin (Sn) was carried out with the electrodeposition method for application in CO2 electroreduction. Characterization using SEM EDX, FTIR, and XRD confirmed the presence of Cu2O, CuO, and SnO2 thin layer mixture on the Cuf/Sn electrode. The electrochemical characteristics of the electrode were examined by using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Under optimized conditions, electrochemical reduction of CO2 in a flow cell system. At the optimum condition of CO2 reduction in a flow cell system (flow rate of 75 mL/min and –0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl applied potential), the Cuf/Sn electrode exhibited a remarkable 75.79% with an 8.84 µmol/h formic acid production rate. In a comparable experiment, the Cuf/Sn flow system revealed a twofold improvement in the faradaic efficiency compared to the batch system and a threefold increase compared to the unmodified Cuf electrode in the flow system. Stability tests demonstrated consistent performance up to the 4th cycle, followed by a decline in the 5th cycle, potentially indicative of surface deterioration. The elevated performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of the Cu-Sn oxide layer, reinforcing the catalyst’s potential for efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction to formic acid.

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Peach Extract Incorporated in Graphene for the Electrochemical Determination of Antioxidant Butylated Hydroxyanisole in Food Matrices.

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant widely used in various food matrices to prevent oxidative rancidity. However, its presence has been associated with liver damage and carcinogenesis in animals. Thus, an electrochemical sensor was built using a composite of gold nanoparticles synthesized in peach extract (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and graphene. Peach extract served as a reducing and stabilizing agent for gold nanoparticles, as a dispersing agent for graphene, and as a film former to immobilize the composite on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. The gold nanoparticles were characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, and the electrodes were electrochemically characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The sensor provided higher current responses and lower charge transfer resistances compared to the unmodified glassy carbon electrode. Under the established optimized working conditions (0.1 mol L-1 Britton-Robinson buffer, pH 4.0, and differential pulse voltammetry), the calibration curve exhibited a linear range from 0.2 to 9.8 µmol L-1, with a detection limit of 70 nmol L-1. The proposed sensor represented a sensitive and practical analytical tool for the accurate determination of BHA in mayonnaise samples.