Unlimited Capacity Research Articles

Импортозамещение на рынке сельскохозяйственной техники России в условиях интеграции ВТО и ЕАЭС

Современная экономическая ситуация диктует необходимость импортозамещения на рынке сельскохозяйственной техники, так как зависимость техническая может перерасти в зависимость технологическую (невозможность заменить иностранные образцы российскими аналогами не позволят в конечном итоге реализовывать ресурсосберегающие и интенсивные технологии в сельском хозяйстве). В статье обоснованы направления импортозамещения на рынке сельскохозяйственной техники России как ключевого элемента организационно-экономического механизма технической модернизации АПК. Проанализирована структура рынка техники, определена доля импортной техники в общем количестве сельскохозяйственной техники. Обосновано положение о том, что РФ в условиях экономических санкций и в рамках договорённостей ВТО и ЕАЭС должна придерживаться политики импортозамещения на рынках техники и технологий, так как зачастую высокомощные импортные тракторы являются прямыми конкурентами тракторов, выпускаемых ЗАО «Петербургский тракторный завод», Ростсельмаш, концерном «Тракторные заводы», которые могут наращивать производство востребованной техники. Указано, что страны ВТО и ЕАЭС воспринимают Россию как субъект экономических отношений с неограниченной ёмкостью рынка, в том числе и рынка сельскохозяйственной техники, запасных частей и сервисных услуг. Даны рекомендации, что российское сельскохозяйственное машиностроение и сельское хозяйство должно пользоваться своим конкурентным преимуществом — ёмкостью рынка сельскохозяйственной техники для развития собственного сельскохозяйственного машиностроения, а также стимулированием повышения локализации производства иностранной техники на своей территории. Обоснованы перспективы технико-технологической модернизации сельского хозяйства России в рамках реализации государственной программы развития сельского хозяйства и регулирования рынков сельскохозяйственной продукции, сырья и продовольствия на 2013 – 2020 гг. с учетом условий ВТО и интеграции в ЕАЭС.

HiPSC Disease Modeling of Rare Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias: Opportunities and Future Challenges

Cerebellar ataxias are clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases affecting primary cerebellar cells. The lack of availability of affected tissue from cerebellar ataxias patients is the main obstacle in investigating the pathogenicity of these diseases. The landmark discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) has permitted the derivation of patient-specific cells with an unlimited self-renewing capacity. Additionally, their potential to differentiate into virtually any cell type of the human organism allows for large amounts of affected cells to be generated in culture, converting this hiPSC technology into a revolutionary tool in the study of the mechanisms of disease, drug discovery, and gene correction. In this review, we will summarize the current studies in which hiPSC were utilized to study cerebellar ataxias. Describing the currently available 2D and 3D hiPSC-based cellular models, and due to the fact that extracerebellar cells were used to model these diseases, we will discuss whether or not they represent a faithful cellular model and whether they have contributed to a better understanding of disease mechanisms.

The linker histone H1.0 generates epigenetic and functional intratumor heterogeneity

Tumors comprise functionally diverse subpopulations of cells with distinct proliferative potential. Here, we show that dynamic epigenetic states defined by the linker histone H1.0 determine which cells within a tumor can sustain the long-term cancer growth. Numerous cancer types exhibit high inter- and intratumor heterogeneity of H1.0, with H1.0 levels correlating with tumor differentiation status, patient survival, and, at the single-cell level, cancer stem cell markers. Silencing of H1.0 promotes maintenance of self-renewing cells by inducing derepression of megabase-sized gene domains harboring downstream effectors of oncogenic pathways. Self-renewing epigenetic states are not stable, and reexpression of H1.0 in subsets of tumor cells establishes transcriptional programs that restrict cancer cells' long-term proliferative potential and drive their differentiation. Our results uncover epigenetic determinants of tumor-maintaining cells.

Membrane evaluation for vanadium flow batteries in a temperature range of −20–50 °C

Vanadium flow battery (VFB) is one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies because of super long lifespan and unlimited capacity. In depth study of the all-climate (wide temperature) properties of VFB is essential to the practical application of VFB around the whole globe. In this work, we established a wide temperature (−20–50°C) research platform for VFB single cell evaluation. A series of typical cation exchange membranes (i.e. the benchmark Nafion 115 and Nafion 212, the Selemion CMV, and the promising candidate SPEEK) and anion exchange membranes (i.e. the Selemion AMV and APS) are studied in terms of their VFB efficiencies, long-term cycling stability and capacity fading mechanism in a temperature range of −20–50°C. Moreover, the desirable membrane for VFB application under different temperature conditions is also discussed and suggested.

On Zero-Error Communication via Quantum Channels in the Presence of Noiseless Feedback

We initiate the study of zero-error communication via quantum channels when the receiver and sender have at their disposal a noiseless feedback channel of unlimited quantum capacity, generalizing Shannon's zero-error communication theory with instantaneous feedback. We first show that this capacity is a function only of the linear span of Choi-Kraus operators of the channel, which generalizes the bipartite equivocation graph of a classical channel, and which we dub "non-commutative bipartite graph". Then we go on to show that the feedback-assisted capacity is non-zero (with constant activating noiseless communication) if and only if the non-commutative bipartite graph is non-trivial, and give a number of equivalent characterizations. This result involves a far-reaching extension of the "conclusive exclusion" of quantum states [Pusey/Barrett/Rudolph, Nature Phys. 8:475-478]. We then present an upper bound on the feedback-assisted zero-error capacity, motivated by a conjecture originally made by Shannon and proved later by Ahlswede. We demonstrate this bound to have many good properties, including being additive and given by a minimax formula. We also prove that this quantity is the entanglement-assisted capacity against an adversarially chosen channel from the set of all channels with the same Choi-Kraus span, which can also be interpreted as the feedback-assisted unambiguous capacity. The proof relies on a generalization of the "Postselection Lemma" [Christandl/Koenig/Renner, PRL 102:020504] that allows to reflect additional constraints, and which we believe to be of independent interest. We illustrate our ideas with a number of examples, including classical-quantum channels and Weyl diagonal channels, and close with an extensive discussion of open questions.

Normalization-Based Task Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous Multi-Cloud Environment

Cloud computing is one of the most successful technologies that offer on-demand services through the Internet. However, datacenters of the clouds may not have unlimited capacity which can fulfill the demanded services in peak hours. Therefore, scheduling workloads across multiple clouds in a federated manner has gained a significant attention in the recent years. In this paper, we present four task scheduling algorithms, called CZSN, CDSN, CDN and CNRSN for heterogeneous multi-cloud environment. The first two algorithms are based on traditional normalization techniques, namely z-score and decimal scaling respectively which are hired from data mining. The next two algorithms are based on two newly proposed normalization techniques, called distribution scaling and nearest radix scaling respectively. All the proposed algorithms are shown to work on-line. We perform rigorous experiments on the proposed algorithms using various synthetic as well as benchmark datasets. Their performances are evaluated through simulation run by measuring two performance metrics, namely makespan and average cloud utilization. The experimental results are compared with that of existing algorithms to show the efficacy of the proposed algorithms.

Dynamic Cooperative Base Station Selection Scheme for Downlink CoMP in LTE-Advanced Networks

Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission is a technique proposed to enhance the spectral efficiency and system throughput in an interference limited cellular networks. In CoMP joint processing (JP) scheme multiple base stations (BSs) are coordinately transmit data streams to each user. As more than two base stations are involved, abundant spatial resources are exploited and more backhaul spectrum for JP cooperation is required. The backhaul architecture for CoMP JP is crucial to provide low latency, unlimited capacity, less power consumption, and perfect synchronization among the BSs. However, satisfying all these constraints is impossible as the number of cooperative BSs increases for each user. In this paper, a dynamic cooperative base station selection scheme is proposed to reduce the backhaul load for CoMP user by selecting the appropriate number of coordinated BSs from the CoMP cluster to ensure the certain quality of service (QoS). In particular, for cell edge user the number of cooperative BSs per user has been selected in order to achieve reduced overhead and the allocation of backhaul capacity is performed under the max---min fairness criterion. Simulation results show that the proposed selection scheme achieves significant performance improvement than other transmission modes in terms of the average sum rate per backhaul use and minimal total power consumption.

Sustainable Digital Environments: What Major Challenges Is Humankind Facing?

This paper identifies and discusses the benefits, threats, and vulnerabilities related to the digital revolution. It aims to motivate research and its funding regarding digital threats and vulnerabilities related, in particular, to anticipating unintended, undesirable rebound effects, tipping points, critically fast evolutionary change rates, trade-offs, etc. A brief analysis of the history of the mind and technology reveals slow technological development over tens of thousands of years (including the invention of a place-value digital number system). Then, a small series of groundbreaking ideas (e.g., binary logic, Shannon’s symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits, architectures of computing) enabled the industry-driven invention of programmable computing machines. Ultimately, the mastery of electron and semiconductor physics allowed for economical and seemingly unlimited storage capacity that made digital tools available to all domains of society. Based on the historical analysis, a coupled human-environment systems perspective (that includes a hierarchy assumption ranging from the human cell to the human species) enables the identification of several potential challenges to society and science. First, digital nano-engineering promotes genetic modifications (i.e., directed evolution), and synthetic biology enables a new level of the appropriation of nature. The understanding of cell-based biocomputers may call for new forms of logic. These and other challenges require thorough sustainability research in order to anticipate major changes on all levels of human systems. Second, the human individual is exposed to new forms of vulnerability. In particular, the potential epigenetic effects resulting from the excessive use of digital information of historically unknown speed, density, and contents and the loss of (the Western common-law right to) privacy resulting from big data (whose ownership is often unknown) should become subjects of research. Third, digital technologies are responsible for rapid changes in all social and economic structures. The paper suggests that thorough, discipline-based interdisciplinary research is needed in order to develop basic knowledge for creating and managing resilient relationships between human systems and their digital environments.

Abstract 2717: Reintroduction of DAXX suppresses alternative lengthening of telomeres in osteosarcoma

Abstract The unlimited proliferative capacity of cancer cells is closely linked to maintenance of their telomeres, which shorten with each cell division in normal cells. Cancer cells are able to maintain telomere length by multiple mechanisms, including activation of telomerase and the recombination based alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. ALT is prevalent in osteosarcoma, with approximately 50% of osteosarcoma cases using ALT for telomere maintenance. Mutations in the ATRX/DAXX chromatin remodeling complex and histone H3.3 correlate with activation of the ALT pathway in several tumor systems. While loss of ATRX is a frequent event in osteosarcoma tumors, alterations of DAXX have not been reported. We characterized the telomere maintenance mechanisms utilized by 11 osteosarcoma cell lines. Of these, 45% (5/11) were ALT positive and 45% (5/11) were telomerase positive. One cell line possessed features of both telomere maintenance mechanisms. Among ALT positive osteosarcoma cell lines, we observed frequent loss of ATRX expression (4/5) and a previously unreported translocation resulting in disruption of DAXX. The translocation abolishes recruitment of DAXX to nuclear PML bodies and prevents normal DAXX function. By reintroducing full length DAXX, we were able to suppress telomere maintenance by ALT as evidenced by multiple assays including loss of C-circles and ALT-associated PML bodies, thus demonstrating that continued DAXX deficiency is necessary for maintenance of the ALT mechanism. Suppression of ALT by DAXX reintroduction did not result in compensatory activation of telomerase. This first demonstration of ALT suppression by DAXX supports a mechanistic connection between loss of the ATRX/DAXX chromatin remodeling complex and telomere maintenance by ALT. Understanding this relationship may uncover vulnerabilities specific to ALT tumors that could potentially lead to the development of targeted therapies for diverse cancers that depend on the ALT pathway. Citation Format: Kathryn E. Driest, Joshua J. Waterfall, Robert L. Walker, Marbin A. Pineda, Ogan Abaan, Yuelin J. Zhu, Yonghong Wang, Corbin D. Ester, Sean R. Davis, Sven Bilke, Paul S. Meltzer. Reintroduction of DAXX suppresses alternative lengthening of telomeres in osteosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2717.

Abstract 3361: Targeting tumor/cancer stem cell marker DCLK1 for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and erlotinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma using Z-3,5,4’-Trimethoxystilbene (Z-TMS)

Abstract Introduction: Tumor/cancer-initiating stem-like cells (CSCs) exhibit self-renewal and unlimited capacity for proliferation and differentiation. These cells also display propensity to reproduce original tumor after metastasis and confer resistance to anti-cancer therapies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, has been shown to possess subsets of CSCs generally marked by EpCAM and CD133 expression. We have extensively investigated doublecortin-like kinase (DCLK1) CSC marker in advanced liver diseases including cancers of liver, colon and pancreas. Our published data suggest that DCLK1 promotes inflammatory and oncogenic pathways including epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These observations prompted us to find means for targeting DCLK1-positive cells and to investigate the impacts of interference with DCLK1 on tumor growth. Methods: Cell cycle analysis of DCLK1-positive cancer cells was carried out using propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry. EGFR kinase assay was performed using the ADP-Glo kinase assay. Immunohistochemical staining, confocal microscopy, real-time PCR and Western blot were used for detection of CSC markers in HCC. Specific anti-DCLK1 shRNAs and a resveratrol analogue, Z-TMS, were used to inhibit DCLK1-dependent tumor growth and cell migration. Results: DCLK1 is extensively expressed in human hepatocytes-derived tumor xenografts and in the liver tissues of patients with HCC whereas normal human liver and isolated hepatocytes lack the protein expression. HCC Patients (n = 369) overexpressing DCLK1 in liver showed approximately 3 times reduction in 5-year survival rate. Z-TMS (1 μM) inhibited tumor-like growth of hepatoma cells in a magnetic levitation-based culture model. The drug induced bundling of DCLK1 with microtubules in hepatoma cells and blocked cell cycle progression at G2/M phase. Similar drug treatment of hepatoma cells triggered downregulation of CDK1, induced p21cip1/waf1 expression, and inhibited Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation. In addition, Z-TMS significantly reduced survival of erlotinib-resistant lung carcinoma (H1975) cells that contain a T790M mutation in EGFR in the 0.1 μM to 1.0 μM range within 48 hr whereas erlotinib failed to reduce cell survival even though it was fully active against the EGFR kinase domain (aa 695-1210). Conclusions: The Z-TMS's broad-range anti-tumor activities are likely attributed to its ability of targeting DCLK1-microtubule dynamics, cell migration, cell cycle and the Akt signaling pathway. These properties may also be responsible for its inhibitory effects on erlotinib-resistant lung cancer. Citation Format: Naushad Ali, Charles B. Nguyen, Sanam Husain, Parthasarathy Chandrakesan, Randal May, Sripathi Sureban, Nathaniel Weygant, Dongfeng Qu, Danny N. Dhanasekaran, Michael Bronze, Courtney Houchen. Targeting tumor/cancer stem cell marker DCLK1 for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and erlotinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma using Z-3,5,4’-Trimethoxystilbene (Z-TMS). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3361.

Steady-state analyses of activated sludge processes with plug-flow reactor

Activated sludge processes (ASPs) consisting of a plug-flow reactor (PFR) and a settler are analyzed in steady-state operation using a reduced model consisting of one soluble substrate and one particulate biomass component modelling the dominating biological process. Monod biomass growth rate is assumed. Two settler models are studied. One is the commonly used ideal settler, or point settler, which is assumed to never be overloaded and to have unlimited flux capacity. The other recently published steady-state settler model includes hindered and compressive settling, and models a realistic limiting flux capacity. Generally, the steady-state concentration profiles within the PFR and the settler are governed by nonlinear ordinary differential equations. It is shown that the steady-state behaviour of the ASP can, however, be captured by equations without derivatives. New theoretical results are given, such as conditions by means of inequalities on input variables and parameters for a steady-state solution to exist. Another novel finding is that, if the incoming substrate concentration is increased from a low or moderate stationary value and the solids residence time is kept fixed, then this results in a lower effluent concentration in the new steady state. The steady-state equations are solved numerically for different operating conditions. For common parameter values, numerical solutions reveal that an ASP having a PFR, instead of a continuously stirred tank reactor, is far more efficient in reducing the effluent substrate concentration and this can be obtained for much lower recycle ratios, which reduces the pumping energy considerably.

Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Advances in Chondrogenic Differentiation and Articular Cartilage Regeneration

Articular chondral lesions are major risk factors for the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Multiple adult cell-based approaches have been attempted to restore hyaline cartilage and prevent progressive degeneration; however, the formation of permanent cartilage has not yet been achieved. A scalable source of cartilage progenitors may have far-reaching potential to advance joint cartilage therapy as well as disease modeling and would be expected to facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutics to stimulate cartilage regeneration or prevent degeneration. Because of their unlimited proliferative capacity and pluripotency, human pluripotent stem cells have become an attractive therapeutic option as a source for consistently uniform cells with high chondrogenic capacity. This review focuses on the recent progress using development-based paradigms to control the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to an articular chondrocyte fate. We highlight recent findings that demonstrate the promise for using pluripotent stem cell-based replacement for hyaline cartilage repair.

SOLVING THE ROUTING PROBLEM BY ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS

The use of ant colony optimization algorithms for solving the routing problem in a process of products delivery taking into account a city transport infrastructure has shown in this research. The vehicle routing problem belongs to NP-hard task and its solution requires significant computing resources. Therefore, it is recommended to use metaheuristic methods to solve such problems including ant colony optimization algorithms. Solution of the Vehicle Routing Problem will cause a decrease of enterprises non-productive resources consumption and will promote the increase of their efficiency and competitiveness. The test example, consisting of eight consumers of freight and two transportation means with unlimited load capacity, moving around the certain city, is used for the implementation of the model. It can be further refined by taking into account various parameters besides transport infrastructure, including limitations on carrying capacity, a number of vehicles an working hours, an amount of consumers’ orders and a time for loading and unloading, etc.

Lens, heal thyself: a significant advance in regenerative ophthalmology

A few animals, notably Cnidarians, including Hydra and some species of jellyfish, and Planaria possess unlimited regenerative capacity and effectively elude both senescence and biological aging (1). However, humans, and most other vertebrates, exhibit limited regenerative capability for a few tissues that declines with age. Given the isolation of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and the discovery of many adult stem cell types, the drive to harness these cells to reverse the ravages of disease and age captivates the imagination of the public and medical scientists alike. The enthusiasm for unlocking human regenerative potential for clinical use currently drives both private and public research initiatives, giving hope to millions of sight impaired and blind people. For example, the Audacious Goals Initiative, sponsored by The National Eye Institute of the United States, specifically seeks to fund cross-disciplinary research leading to the restoration of vision through retina regeneration.

Development of autologous blood cell therapies.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and blood cell transfusions are performed commonly in patients with a variety of blood disorders. Unfortunately, these donor-derived cell therapies are constrained due to limited supplies, infectious risk factors, a lack of appropriately matched donors, and the risk of immunologic complications from such products. The use of autologous cell therapies has been proposed to overcome these shortcomings. One can derive such therapies directly from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells of individuals, which can then be manipulated exvivo to produce the desired modifications or differentiated to produce a particular target population. Alternatively, pluripotent stem cells, which have a theoretically unlimited self-renewal capacity and an ability to differentiate into any desired cell type, can be used as an autologous starting source for such manipulation and differentiation approaches. Such cell products can also be used as a delivery vehicle for therapeutics. In this review, we highlight recent advances and discuss ongoing challenges for the invitro generation of autologous hematopoietic cells that can be used for cell therapy.

Combinatorial approximation algorithms for buy-at-bulk connected facility location problems

We consider generalizations of the connected facility location problem, where clients connect to open facilities via access trees that are shared by multiple clients. For each edge of these trees, a combination of several cable types can be chosen, according to the demand carried by the edge. The task is to choose open facilities, a Steiner tree among them as a core network, and access trees with appropriate cable types on their edges to connect clients to the open facilities in such a way that the sum of the facility opening costs and cable costs for the core and access networks is minimal. Problems of this type arise widely in the planning of access and distribution networks in telecommunications, logistics, or energy networks.In this paper, we introduce and analyze two fundamental versions of these problems. In the Buy-at-Bulk version of the problem, each access cable type has a fixed setup cost and a fixed capacity, whereas in the Deep-Discount problem version, each cable type has unlimited capacity but a traffic-dependent variable cost in addition to its fixed setup cost. We derive the first constant-factor approximation algorithms for these problems, using different algorithmic and analytical techniques.

Selective attention modulates the effect of target location probability on redundant signal processing.

We investigated the decision process underlying the detection of targets at multiple locations. In three experiments using the same observers, target location probability and attentional instructions were manipulated. A redundant-target detection task was conducted in which participants were required to detect a dot presented at one of two locations. When the dot appeared at the two locations with equal frequency (Experiment 1), those participants who were found to have limited to unlimited capacity were shown to adopt a parallel, self-terminating strategy. By contrast, those participants who had supercapacity were shown to process redundant targets in a coactive manner. When targets were presented with unequal probability, two participants adopted a parallel, self-terminating strategy regardless of whether they were informed the target location probability (Experiment 3) or not (Experiment 2). For the remaining two participants, the strategy changed from parallel, self-terminating to serial, self-terminating as a result of the probability instructions. In Experiments 2 and 3, all the participants were of unlimited to limited capacity. Taken together, these results suggest that target location probability differently affects the selection of a decision strategy and highlight the role of controlled attention in selecting a decision strategy.

Fuzzy knowledge-based token-ordering policies for bullwhip effect management in supply chains

The "Bullwhip Effect" is a well-known example of supply chain inefficiencies and refers to demand amplification as moving up toward upstream echelons in a supply chain. This paper concentrates on representing a robust token-based ordering policy to facilitate information sharing in supply chains in order to manage the bullwhip effect. Takagi---Sugeno---Kang and hybrid multiple-input single-output fuzzy models are proposed to model the mechanism of token ordering in the token-based ordering policy. The main advantage of proposed fuzzy models is that they eliminate the exogenous and constant variables from the procedure of obtaining the optimal amount of tokens which should be ordered in every period. These fuzzy approaches model the mentioned mechanism through a push---pull policy. A four-echelon SC with fuzzy lead time and unlimited production capacity and inventory is considered to survey the outcomes. Numerical experiments confirm the effectiveness of proposed policies in alleviating BWE, inventory costs and variations.

Design and Development of a Real Time Virtualized Cloud Based Mobile Phones Data Storage for Ethio Telecom

Mobile phone is one of the most widely and extensively used devices for communication across the world for both personal and business activities. The capabilities of mobile phones have been improving very quickly in terms of computing power, storage, feature support, and developed applications. Mobile Cloud Computing simply refers to an infrastructure where both the data storage and the data processing are made to happen outside of the mobile phones. With the advent of cloud services for mobile application, it has greatly enhanced the scalability and security. Hence, it stores contact numbers and messages sent from different mobile users in its memory and SIM card. However, if the mobile phone or the SIM card is lost or damaged due to different incidents, the information stored before can decidedly be lost. Such instant is very costly and risky for recovery of the lost information. Most cloud file storage providers offer limited free use and charge for additional storage once the free limit is exceeded. However, Ethio telecom customers don’t have any means of using a mobile cloud computing services in order to share and access their files, documents, contacts, photos, videos. The reason behind the problem is lack of online payment system in Ethiopia. Even though various cloud computing model are existed, in this paper private cloud computing model is chosen which involves a distinct and secure cloud based environment in which only the specified customers can operate. In order to solve a problem a new mobile cloud computing architecture is designed through private cloud computing model. In effect, based on this architecture design, a new algorithm for Mobile users is developed so as to get unlimited, available and scalable data storage capacity.

Expert consensus on induction of human embryonic stem cells into tenocytes

Embryonic stem cells have unlimited proliferative capacity, which may provide a source of tendon stem/progenitor cells for tissue engineering. Experts of International Science and Technology Collaborative Program of Ministry of Science and Technology have developed a protocol consensus on differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into the tendon cells. The consensus recommends a protocol of two-step generation of human embryonic stem cells into tendon cells: the human embryonic stem cells are first differentiated into mesenchymal stem cells on different material surfaces; then with the scaffold-free tissue engineering tendon formed by high-density planting, the mesenchymal stem cells are induced into tendon cells under static or dynamic mechanical stimulation in vivo and in vitro. Tissue engineering tendon established in vitro by the protocol can be used as a model in toxicological analysis and safety evaluation of tendon-relevant small molecule compounds, medical materials and drugs.