Unknown Risks Research Articles

The IPO System of the Science and Technology Innovation Board and the Status Quo of Enterprises

The emergence of the Science and Technology Innovation Board has brought new vitality to the capital market at a time when the global economy is full of uncertainties, the slowing of China's macro-strategic economic growth, and rising pressure for structural adjustment and transformation. However, the STAR Market provides investors and businesses with more opportunities, resources, and specific risks. In China, registered production is a new issuance and listing system. China needs more trial and error to learn and get out of China's model for mature systems in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States. The impact of the Sci-tech Innovation Board's registration system on the Chinese company listing system and the entire capital market is currently the focus of attention and research. The current immature registration system also introduces numerous unknown risks. Through a review of the literature, this paper mentions the industry development opportunities provided by the current science and technology innovation board and registration system, including its existing risks and flaws.

Health workers’ perspectives of hepatitis B-related stigma among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in New South Wales, Australia

BackgroundExperiences of stigma and discrimination can act as a significant barrier to testing, monitoring, and treatment for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are a population disproportionately impacted by HBV and yet limited research has explored HBV-related stigma in these communities. To begin preliminary explorations of HBV-related stigma among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, we interviewed health workers about their perceptions regarding HBV infection and HBV-related stigma.MethodsParticipants were recruited from staff involved in the Deadly Liver Mob (DLM) program which is a health promotion program that offers incentives for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients to be educated on viral hepatitis, recruit and educate peers, and receive screening and treatment for blood-borne viruses (BBVs) and sexually transmissible infections (STIs), and vaccination. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander health workers who have been involved in the development, implementation, and/or management of the DLM program within participating services in New South Wales, Australia.ResultsFindings suggest that stigma is a barrier to accessing mainstream health care among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients, with stigma being complex and multi-layered. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people contend with multiple and intersecting layers of stigma and discrimination in their lives, and thus HBV is just one dimension of those experiences. Health workers perceived that stigma is fuelled by multiple factors, including poor HBV health literacy within the health workforce broadly and among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients, shame about social practices associated with viral hepatitis, and fear of unknown transmission risks and health outcomes. The DLM program was viewed as helping to resist and reject stigma, improve health literacy among both health workers and clients, and build trust and confidence in mainstream health services.ConclusionsHealth promotion programs have the potential to reduce stigma by acting as a ‘one stop shop’ for BBVs and STIs through one-on-one support, yarning, and promotion of the HBV vaccine, monitoring for chronic HBV, and treatment (where required).

Defining and supporting a professional role for pharmacists associated with traditional and complementary medicines: a cross-country survey of pharmacists.

Introduction: An estimated 80% of the world's population use traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) products as part of their healthcare, with many accessed through pharmacy. This cross-cultural study posed a set of professional practice responsibilities and actions to pharmacists related to T&CM products, with a view toward developing consensus, safeguarding, and promoting the health of the public. Methods: Data were collected from 2,810 pharmacists across nine countries during 2022 via a cross-sectional online survey reported in accordance with the guidelines of STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) and the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). Results: Of the 2,810 participants from nine countries, 2,341 completed all sections of the survey. Of these, most agreed (69%) that T&CM product use was common in the community they served, but most did not have adequate training to support consumer needs. Over 75% acknowledged that there were known and unknown safety risks associated with T&CM use. Of 18 professional responsibilities posed, 92% agreed that pharmacists should be able to inform consumers about potential risks, including T&CM side effects and drug-herb interactions. The provision of accurate scientific information on the effectiveness of T&CM products, skills to guide consumers in making informed decisions, and communication with other healthcare professionals to support appropriate and safe T&CM product use were all ranked with high levels of agreement. In order to effectively fulfill these responsibilities, pharmacists agreed that regulatory reforms, development of T&CM education and training, and access to quality products supported by high-quality evidence were needed. Conclusion: General agreement from across nine countries on eighteen professional responsibilities and several stakeholder actions serve as a foundation for the discussion and development of international T&CM guidelines for pharmacists.

CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY – APARADIGMSHIFTINMONETARYARCHITECT

Money was a centre of economic gravity from its incepƟ on. It evolved from gold to fi at currency, and now we face a new era of monetary evoluƟ on. Every step of development gives him new power to infl uence society by reaching more and more aspects of social life. With its infl uence were unknown risks and concerns to-ward monetary systems fl exibility and sustainability.Using a promise to pay as money (banknote) has several criƟ cal legal and technical inconsistencies with the token-based CBDC system. One signifi cant limitaƟ on is that promissory notes may not have a unique serial num-ber like physical currency printed by central banks. In the modern hybrid monetary system where only cash has a unique serial number and banks’ electronic payments work on an account-based approach, the incompaƟ bility of promise to pay with real money is not visible widely. Overall, the role of fracƟ onal reserve banking and the money mulƟ plier in a token-based CBDC system will play a diff erent role than in tradiƟ onal banking systems, given the unique characterisƟ cs of digital tokens and the role of central banks in issuing and controlling them. By analysing these key aspects, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potenƟ al eff ects of CBDCs on fracƟ onal reserve banking. The fi ndings of this research will contribute to the ongoing discus-sions and debates surrounding the adopƟ on and implementaƟ on of CBDCs, enabling policymakers, regulators, and banking insƟ tuƟ ons to make informed decisions in this challenging era of digital currencies.

Risk identification and influence analysis model for urban energy internet based on knowledge graph improved decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory

The pressing issue of climate change has led to a growing concern for low-carbon energy transformation. Urban energy internet (UEI) provides a means to facilitate renewable energy consumption by leveraging modern energy grid, smart energy services, and cyber-physical systems. However, the implementation of UEI entails complex and unknown risks arising from energy supplies, cyber-attacks, and defective equipment. To address this challenge, we propose an improved decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory based on knowledge graph and complex network (KG-CN-DEMATEL). Specifically, we employ a knowledge graph with Gaussian embedding (KG2E) to vectorize text information related to the risks. The vectors are combined with experts’ scores, which evaluate the importance and cohesion of the complex network. We then analyze the significance and interrelations of the risks by computing their reason and central degree. Our results demonstrate that (1) the improved model offers higher accuracy and convenience than the conventional DEMATEL, (2) the 15 risks are ranked based on their importance, with R1 (Renewable energy’s uncertainty), R6 (Generation technology), and R2 (Cyber-physical degree) being the most significant, with central degrees of 2.913, 2.635, and 2.566, respectively, and (3) the risks can be classified into six causal and nine effect elements, with their interrelations analyzed.

Fertility Preservation as an Option for Women with Genetic Disorders: Insights from a SWOT Analysis on Elective Oocyte Freezing and Preimplantation Genetic Testing.

This paper uses a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis to overview the option of fertility preservation in women with genetic diseases, who would later use preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, in order to not transmit their condition. Strengths associated with elective oocyte freezing are ethical considerations, overall maternal and fetal safety, and effectiveness, if performed at <35 years of age. Weaknesses are related to costs and rare but present (<1-3%) risks of maternal complications. Counselling on fertility management aimed at preventing infertility offers a valuable opportunity, the same as it has been in oncological patients' care. The potentially high percentage of women with genetic conditions who would return to use their frozen oocytes also represents an opportunity together with the minimization of the need for egg donation, which has higher obstetrical risks compared to the use of autologous oocytes. Finally, a threat is represented by the potential psychological distress to young women who could never attempt to become pregnant through preimplantation genetic testing, or do it before any decline in their fertility. Potential unknown future long-term health risks for children conceived after egg vitrification/thawing are also a threat, but current knowledge is reassuring. Altogether, early counselling on the option of fertility preservation should thus be incorporated into standard care of all patients with any genetic condition.

The Assessment of Cyber Security’s Significance in the Financial Sector of Lithuania

Constantly evolving high technologies provide new approaches to business development and deliver unknown business risks. Online financial services and operations are integral to everyday life, making cyber risk one of the most relevant risks for the financial sector’s companies. As the survey conducted by the National Bank of Lithuania at the end of 2018 showed, the possibility of cyber threats and presumable effects on the financial system in Lithuania is one of the critical problems that should be prioritized. Therefore, it is essential to clarify what potential cyber threats in financial sector companies are considered the most significant and likely to occur. As well as identify how companies in the financial sector estimate their dispositions and preparedness for this cyber risk management and control. The findings of this research are significant for financial institutions as a tool to adopt their cyber risk management processes, increase preparedness and cyber security, and identify the possible threats to the organization.

A visual analysis of NSF thesis research in biosafety from 2001 to 2022

This paper aims to conduct a literature visualization analysis of Chinese papers published by National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC)-funded projects in the field of biosafety in China from the year 2001 to the year 2022. Methods: From the China Knowledge Network database, we set the time period from 1 January 2001 to 31 October 2022 and the Chinese journal literature funded by NSFC projects. The association between the authors of the papers was analyzed using VOSviewer1.6.18. Moreover, CiteSpace6.1.R3 was used to visualize the paper's institutional collaboration, the keywords and the timeline of the papers. Results: It revealed that a few teams, including Tong Yigang, Zhou Yusen, Yang Ruifu and Cao Wuchun as the core, were involved in the NSFC-funded biosafety field. The State Key Laboratory of Biosafety of Pathogenic Microorganisms was the main institutional undertaking unit, and inter-institutional collaboration was more dispersed. Research frontiers are focused on the prevention and management of major emerging and emergent infectious diseases, biotechnology development, application, identification, evaluation and management of unknown risks, etc. Conclusion: From year 2000 to year 2022, the biosafety field focused on funding infectious diseases and epidemiology, and the research direction concentrated on the hot events of society, the development trend of science and technology and national strategic needs. However, there was a trend toward financing being excessively focused in a small number of units and teams and away from the field of microbial drug resistance. It is suggested that the NSFC guidelines and directions should include special projects related to microbial drug resistance, and the selection of projects should be appropriately enriched in terms of research teams, research institutions and research directions.

Research on the Evaluation and Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Safe and Resilient Cities Based on Catastrophe Theory—A Case Study of Ten Regions in Western China

In today’s highly complex world, urban security has become a focus of attention for people in various positions due to its enormous uncertainty. As an essential path towards urban safety, resilient development can effectively provide emergency management capability for cities when they are exposed to unknown risks. In this study, an evaluation-index system for urban-safety resilience was constructed from the perspective of sustainable urban development. The urban-safety-resilience evaluation model was established with the help of catastrophe theory to study and analyze urban-safety resilience. The corresponding spatial–temporal-evolution analysis used the geographic information system (GIS) and Moran index to evaluate the urban-security resilience of 10 regions in western China. Finally, it was concluded that (1) the urban-safety resilience of most regions in western China showed an increasing trend over time in 2017, 2019, and 2021; (2) the urban-safety resilience of Chongqing, Sichuan, and Shaanxi provinces is at a relatively high level compared to the western region overall; and (3) regions such as Ningxia and Gansu are disaster-prone, and urban infrastructure conditions are relatively backward. Therefore, urban planning and governance should be flexibly transformed to explore and apply appropriate urban-safety-resilience models, with sustainable development as the cornerstone.

Positioning a controversial product: how Australian retailers are positioning e-cigarettes as ‘healthy’

ABSTRACT E-cigarettes are controversial: advocates claim that using them (‘vaping’) is safer than traditional cigarettes, and they should be available for open sale. Opponents argue that the long-term health consequences of vaping are unknown and that even if it is healthier than smoking, encouraging people who would never have smoked to start vaping exposes vapers to unknown risks. In a comprehensive study of the Australian market – a market characterised by highly restricted sales of e-cigarettes and nicotine – this paper assesses how retailers are positioning (for some, arguably mal-positioning) and promoting their e-cigarettes (for some, illegally). The results show that while mainstream discussion of vaping focuses on them being safer than cigarettes, the positioning by retailers is very different, emphasising e-cigarettes as an attractive and safe option. Such a positioning is likely to encourage non-smokers to take up a product with clear risks, and which has no health benefit for them.

Global warming and nanoplastic toxicity; small temperature increases can make gill and liver toxicity more dramatic, which affects fillet quality caused by polystyrene nanoplastics in the adult zebrafish model

Increasing nanoplastics (NPs) pollution may lead to unknown environmental risks when considered together with climate change, which has the potential to become an increasingly important environmental issue in the coming decades. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the stressor modelling of polystyrene nanoplastic (PS-NPs) combined with temperature increase in zebrafish. For this purpose, changes in gill, liver and muscle tissues of zebrafish exposed to PS-NPs (25 ppm) and/or different temperatures (28, 29 and 30 °C) for 96 h under static conditions were evaluated. The results obtained emphasize that exposure to PS-NPs stressors under controlled conditions with temperature increase induces DNA damage through stress-induced responses accompanied by degeneration, necrosis and hyperaemia in zebrafish liver and adhesion of lamellae, desquamation and inflammation in lamellar epithelium in gills. Metabolomic analyses also supported changes indicating protein and lipid oxidation, especially PS-NPs-mediated. These findings will contribute to the literature as key data on the effects of PS-NPs presence on protein/lipid oxidation and fillet quality in muscle tissues.

Impact Analysis of Driver Takeover Under a Connected Environment: A Study of the External Effects on Vehicle Conversions

The moment we face cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), driver takeover, that is, drivers actively take over vehicles to avoid unknown risks, is a necessary concern in reality, especially with the distrust or low acceptance of automated driving technology in the early stage of CACC development. However, the impact of driver takeover on traffic flow has not been accurately presented, as researchers only focused on the taken-over vehicle and neglected the external effects on surrounding vehicles. Departing from the literature, this study provides a novel external perspective for the impact analysis of driver takeover under a connected environment, that is, it considers the resulting communication heterogeneity and specifies multi-class conversions in the entire traffic flow. To be specific, we subdivide the dynamic process of driver takeover into 10 vehicle conversions considering vehicle degradation and platoon reorganization, then analyze their contributions to traffic stability, emissions, and fuel consumption. What is also innovative is that two forms of driver takeover are first developed in this study, which is determined by whether drivers continue opening the communication device after the takeover. On this basis, this study indicates that driver takeover has the potential to cause greater heterogeneity of the traffic flow in contrast to that in the literature and proposes theoretical models for the changed traffic flow configuration and traffic stability after the takeover. Finally, numerical experiments verify the theoretical results with discussions on multiple factors, for example, vehicle proportion, platoon length, and driving behaviors. The findings extend the external effects of driver takeover on multi-class vehicle conversions in heterogeneity traffic flow and provide a more realistic basis for the evaluation of driver takeover.

Survey Outcome on Immunogenicity Risk Assessment Tools for Biotherapeutics: an Insight into Consensus on Methods, Application, and Utility in Drug Development.

A survey conducted by the Therapeutic Product Immunogenicity (TPI) community within the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) posed questions to the participants on their immunogenicity risk assessment strategies prior to clinical development. The survey was conducted in 2 phases spanning 5years, and queried information about in silico algorithms and in vitro assay formats for immunogenicity risk assessments and how the data were used to inform early developability effort in discovery, chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC), and non-clinical stages of development. The key findings representing the trends from a majority of the participants included the use of high throughput in silico algorithms, human immune cell-based assays, and proteomics based outputs, as well as specialized assays when therapeutic mechanism of action could impact risk assessment. Additional insights into the CMC-related risks could also be gathered with the same tools to inform future process development and de-risk critical quality attributes with uncertain and unknown risks. The use of the outputs beyond supporting early development activities was also noted with participants utilizing the risk assessments to drive their clinical strategy and streamline bioanalysis.

Tumor Organoid Model and Its Pharmacological Applications in Tumorigenesis Prevention.

Cancer is a leading cause of death and a severe threat to global public health. Organoid, as a novel 3D in vitro model, has been applied in various tumor related studies due to its apparent advantages. The organoid is mainly constructed by Matrigel-depended 3D culture system, Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) culture, and Microfluidic culture or Organ-on-chips platform. For the application in carcinogenesis studies, the organoid model may favor depicting initiative hallmarks and identifying potential intervening targets, investigating driver genes of carcinogenesis, and identifying known or unknown risk or protective factors. In this review, we discussed different organoid construction methods and their properties. We also noted that tumor organoids can portray initiative hallmarks and identify possible intervening targets, as well as explore carcinogenesis driver genes and uncover known or unknown risks or protective factors. Organoid systems have been used to identify tumor-preventive drugs such as oligomeric proanthocyanidins, Vitamin D, n-3 PUFAs, and pomegranate. The current evidence underscores the organoid model's potential importance in developing innovative tumorprevention techniques.

Intelligent safe operation and maintenance of oil and gas production systems: Connotations and key technologies

Oil and gas production systems have the characteristics of high operation and maintenance risk and great accident influence. With the deep integration of informationization and industrialization, the development direction and necessary choice of the oil and gas industry is to develop the oil and gas production system into the interconnected, multi-domain interactive cyber-physical intelligent system. In order to avoid or reduce the complex, diverse and potentially unknown safety risks in the process of oil and gas production, improve the safety and reliability of oil and gas production system and increase the production efficiency, this paper analyzes the safety problems occurring in the intelligentization process of oil and gas production system and constructs a system from the perspective of operation and maintenance based on key elements of intelligent safe operation and maintenance technology, combined with the typical production scenarios in the oil and gas production industry. And the following research results are obtained. First, the connotation of intelligent safe operation and maintenance technology is clarified, the key elements and existing problems and challenges of intelligent safe operation and maintenance technology are analyzed, and the “1-2-3-4-5-6” intelligent safe operation and maintenance technology system of oil and gas production system is constructed, which empowers six key technologies with key elements of oil and gas production to realize the essential safety of oil and gas production system. Second, the intelligent safe operation and maintenance technology actively promotes the application and implementation of condition monitoring, health management, risk assessment, intelligent early warning technologies in typical production scenarios such as drilling and extraction, storage and transportation, refining and chemical industry in up, middle and down streams of oil and gas production. Third, in view of the characteristics of oil and gas production system under digital transformation, it is proposed to develop the intelligent safe operation and maintenance technology with the functions of intelligent decision-making, active prevention and comprehensive safety in the future to help the safe construction in the field of oil and gas production and promote the safe and healthy development of the oil and gas industry. In conclusion, the research on intelligent safe operation and maintenance technology system of oil and gas production system is conducive to the safe construction in the field of oil and gas production, which will not only provide technical support for the realization of trouble-free oil and gas production system, but also provide reference for the intelligent development of the world oil and gas industry.

An exploratory study on the effect of mechanical stress on particle formation in monoclonal antibody infusions.

Monoclonal antibody infusions (mAb-i) are administered for the treatment of various diseases. They are often transported over long distances from the compounding site to the site of administration. However, transport studies are typically carried out with the original drug product but not with compounded mAb-i. To address this gap, the impact of mechanical stress on the formation of subvisible/nanoparticles in mAb-i was investigated by dynamic light scattering and flow imaging microscopy. Different mAb-i concentrations were subjected to vibrational orbital shaking and stored at 2-8°C up to 35 days. The screening revealed that pembrolizumab and bevacizumab infusions show the highest propensity for particle formation. Especially bevacizumab at low concentrations exhibited an increase in particle formation. Because of the unknown health risks associated with the long-term application of subvisible particles (SVPs)/nanoparticles in infusion bags, stability studies carried out in the frame of licensing application procedures should also focus on SVP formation in mAb-i. In general, pharmacists should minimize the time of storage and mechanical stress during transport, especially in the case of low-concentrated mAb-i. Moreover, if siliconized syringes are used, they should be washed once with saline solution to minimize particle entry.

COVID-19 off-label uses of medicines: the role of civil liability and regulation.

Physicians can prescribe medicines for different indications than the tested and authorised ones. Such 'off-label' uses expand therapeutic options but also create uncertainties. The COVID-19 pandemic triggered new off-label uses and, despite issues being reported in the literature, these have not resulted in substantial personal injury litigation in the EU. Against this backdrop, this article argues that civil liability plays, in fact, a limited role in off-label uses. In particular, civil liability may incentivise health actors to follow and react to the development of the evidence basis for off-label uses. However, it is ultimately unable to incentivise the conduct of additional research on off-label uses. This is problematic, as off-label research is key to protecting patients and is recommended by international medical ethics. The article concludes by critically discussing proposed mechanisms to incentivise off-label research. It argues that extending civil liability for unknown risks may have undesired effects on insurability and innovation, and most regulatory proposals seem ineffective. Building on the 2014 Italian reform of off-label uses, the article proposes the establishment of a fund financed by mandatory contributions from the industry, which should be used by pharmaceutical regulators to promote off-label research and develop guidelines for prescribers.

Optimization of financial market risk prediction system based on computer data simulation and Markov chain Monte Carlo

With the continuous development of the times, the business scope of the financial market is also expanding, and more and more unknown risks have emerged in the process of development, which has brought a certain impact to the financial market. The exchange rate fluctuation, interest rate and other factors related to the international financial market make financial market risk one of the important risks faced by securities companies. Therefore, securities companies need intuitive, accurate and effective quantitative management tools for financial market risk assessment to improve the overall risk management level of the company. Therefore, this paper constructs a financial market risk prediction system based on computer data simulation technology and Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. This system is mainly composed of three parts: financial risk management, data exchange management and background risk application services. The front end of the financial market risk prediction system is divided into risk monitoring, risk allocation, risk report, risk decision-making and system log modules according to functions. Data collection management functions mainly include data collection, data encryption, data conversion, data return and other functions. The measured results show that the system can predict the significant inflection points in most economic risks synchronously or in advance, and the forecast data show that the financial security index has an upward trend from bottom to top. In this paper, the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is introduced into the financial market, through data simulation to predict the risks of companies with economic risks and make a small contribution to the market development.

Under-Appreciated Phylogroup Diversity of Escherichia coli within and between Animals at the Urban-Wildland Interface.

Wild animals have been implicated as reservoirs and even "melting pots" of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of concern to human health. Though Escherichia coli is common among vertebrate guts and plays a role in the propagation of such genetic information, few studies have explored its diversity beyond humans nor the ecological factors that influence its diversity and distribution in wild animals. We characterized an average of 20 E. coli isolates per scat sample (n = 84) from a community of 14 wild and 3 domestic species. The phylogeny of E. coli comprises 8 phylogroups that are differentially associated with pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance, and we uncovered all of them in one small biological preserve surrounded by intense human activity. Challenging previous assumptions that a single isolate is representative of within-host phylogroup diversity, 57% of individual animals sampled carried multiple phylogroups simultaneously. Host species' phylogroup richness saturated at different levels across species and encapsulated vast within-sample and within-species variation, indicating that distribution patterns are influenced both by isolation source and laboratory sampling depth. Using ecological methods that ensure statistical relevance, we identify trends in phylogroup prevalence associated with host and environmental factors. The vast genetic diversity and broad distribution of E. coli in wildlife populations has implications for biodiversity conservation, agriculture, and public health, as well as for gauging unknown risks at the urban-wildland interface. We propose critical directions for future studies of the "wild side" of E. coli that will expand our understanding of its ecology and evolution beyond the human environment. IMPORTANCE To our knowledge, neither the phylogroup diversity of E. coli within individual wild animals nor that within an interacting multispecies community have previously been assessed. In doing so, we uncovered the globally known phylogroup diversity from an animal community on a preserve imbedded in a human-dominated landscape. We revealed that the phylogroup composition in domestic animals differed greatly from that in their wild counterparts, implying potential human impacts on the domestic animal gut. Significantly, many wild individuals hosted multiple phylogroups simultaneously, indicating the potential for strain-mixing and zoonotic spillback, especially as human encroachment into wildlands increases in the Anthropocene. We reason that due to extensive anthropogenic environmental contamination, wildlife is increasingly exposed to our waste, including E. coli and antibiotics. The gaps in the ecological and evolutionary understanding of E. coli thus necessitate a significant uptick in research to better understand human impacts on wildlife and the risk for zoonotic pathogen emergence.

The Influence of Force Majeure of Non-government Factors on People's Willingness to Insurance in China

Except for investors, people usually regard insurance as a tool to transfer unknown risks. We believe that insurance can minimise financial losses when a risk occurs and reduce people's fears when disaster strikes. Therefore, some scholars put forward the hypothesis that people's willingness to buy insurance is related to some force majeure. From the perspective of behavioral finance, this paper selects indicators such as the rate of return of insurance stocks and insurance search index as proxy variables for insurance willingness. It also selects natural disasters and epidemics as proxy variables for force majeure other than government actions (referred to as force majeure in the text). Regression analysis was carried out on the above variables, and it was concluded that force majeure other than government actions was positively correlated with people's willingness to purchase insurance.