University Players Research Articles

A comparative study of anxiety and aggression level between university and national level volleyball players

The socio‐psychological variables play an important role in prompting sportsmen to unveil best performance during competition. Competitive sports demands physical mental and emotional toughness. The aim of the study is to compare the anxiety and aggression level between university and national level volleyball players. For the purpose of the present study 12 subjects Age ranges in between 19-25 years were selected out of which 06 were university players and 06 were national players were randomly selected on the performance basis. Anxiety and aggression were measured through Sports Competition Anxiety Test (Martens, R 1977) and Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ, 1992) respectively. Independent t-test were employed for measuring the anxiety and aggression. The statistical results of the study revealed that there is no difference between aggression and anxiety levels of national and inter university players.

Maximal Strength in Relation to Force and Velocity Patterns During Countermovement Jumps.

To investigate the associations between maximal strength and GRF and COM velocity patterns during CMJ. Nineteen female college lacrosse players performed 3 maximal-effort CMJs and isometric midthigh pull. GRF and COM velocity time series data from the CMJ were time normalized and used as inputs to principal-components analyses. Associations between isometric midthigh pull peak force and CMJ principal-component scores were investigated with a correlational analysis. Isometric midthigh pull peak force was associated with several GRF and COM velocity patterns. Correlations indicated that stronger players exhibited a GRF pattern characterized by greater eccentric-phase rate of force development, greater peak GRF, and a unimodal GRF profile (P = .016). Furthermore, stronger athletes exhibited a COM velocity pattern characterized by higher velocities during the concentric phase (P = .004). Maximal strength is correlated to specific GRF and COM velocity patterns during CMJ in female college lacrosse athletes. Since maximal strength was not correlated with discrete CMJ variables, the patterns extracted via principal-components analyses may provide information that is more beneficial for performance coaches and researchers.

Perfectionism, Mood States, and Choking in Asian University Baseball Players under Pressure during a Game.

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among mood states, perfectionism, and choking, and to identify a mediating effect of perfectionism on the relationship between mood states and choking experienced by Asian university baseball players in extremely stressful situations during a game. Data collected from a total of 209 male university baseball players were analyzed using SPSS 21 and AMOS 21 statistical software. The mean age of study subjects was 20.25 years. Results are as follows. First, mood states had a positive influence on perfectionism. Second, mood states had no significant influence on choking. Third, perfectionism had a positive influence on choking. Lastly, perfectionism had a complete mediating effect on the relationship between mood states and choking. The study findings will provide basic data to relieve athletes’ psychological burdens, and prevent manifestations of extreme perfectionism and choking, which can ultimately help athletes maintain high self-control of their mood states and perfectionism for better performance.

Comparison of Glenohumeral Range of Motion Deficits in Youth, Collegiate, and Professional Baseball Players.

BackgroundExamining range of motion deficits across levels of baseball competition can result in a better understanding of the extent of altered range of motion patterns and identify competition levels that may require preventative interventions that target the deficits.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare shoulder range of motion in baseball players across levels of competition and compare the prevalence of glenohumeral internal rotaton deficit (GIRD) and total arc of motion differences (TAMD) between competition levels in pitchers and position players.Study DesignProspective descriptive cohortMethodsPassive internal and external rotation range of motion was measured bilaterally. Individuals with current pain in the arm, shoulder, elbow or shoulder surgery within the prior two years were excluded. Measurements were taken during pre-season physical examinations. Players were divided into seven groups: 12u (11-12 years; n=30), 14u (13-14 years; n=30), High School 1 (HS 1; 15-16 year; n=42), High School 2 (HS 2; 17-18 years; n=25), College (n=22), Professional 1 (Pro1; 17-22 years; n=37) and Professional 2 (Pro2; 23 and older; n=37). Multiple one-way analyses of variance were performed to determine differences between groups. Tukey test for post-hoc analysis was employed to determine which competition levels were significantly different.ResultsTwo-hundred and twenty-three male baseball players ages 11-26 participated. The 12u (53.7°) and 14u (54.2°) groups had significantly less internal rotation than HS1 (65.2°), HS2 (63.9°), College (62.3°), Pro1 (64.9°), and Pro2 (64.5°) players (p<0.0001). The 12u, 14u, HS1, college, and Pro2 groups had greater than 50% of players with total arc of motion differences >5°. Conclusions: Range of motion alterations exist across ages and levels of competition with 12u and 14u players having less internal rotation than the older groups and youth pitchers having less total range of motion than HS1.Level of Evidence2

Effects of a Self-Regulated Training Program on the Repeated Power in Female College Handball Players: An Intervention Study.

Several resistance training programs using conventional methodologies have been implemented with the purpose of improving the ability to perform power actions in handball, especially during the competitive season. In contrast, methodologies based on a contemporary perspective, which considers the human being as a self-regulating biological entity, and designed specifically for female college players, are scarce. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of an eight-week resistance training program, in which the athletes were able to control the loads according to their self-perceived effort and rest on their repeated shuttle sprint and jump ability. The sample was composed of 16 female players of a handball team from the faculty of physics and mathematics sciences of a Chilean university. The RSSJA test was used to evaluate players’ conditions pre- and post-training program, and the self-perceived effort scale called OMNI-RES was used for the prediction and control of loads. Results indicated that, after the application of an eight-week resistance training program, significant improvements p ≤ 0.05 on the jump height (pre: 1836.4 W; average post: 2088.9 W) and running speed (average pre: 3.2 m/s; average post: 4.0 m/s) were obtained, as well as a significant reduction in the loss of power and speed between each set of the applied test.

Prevalence of and risk factors for lower back pain in university basketball players

Prevalence of and risk factors for lower back pain in university basketball players

Swinging for the Fences? Payroll, Performance, and Risk Behavior in the Major League Baseball Draft

This study examines the way competitive advantage and organization performance mediate the effect of potential slack—externally available resources—on organization risk behavior in Major League Baseball’s amateur draft. It tests the hypotheses that local market munificence provides payroll advantage and increases on-field performance and that payroll disadvantage and poor performance increase teams’ likelihood of selecting riskier high school players instead of college players. Consistent with risk sensitivity theory, results suggest that payroll disadvantage promotes risk-taking; however, on-field success encourages risk-taking early in the draft. Indeed, pick number appears to have a U-shape relationship with risk-taking where winning increases confidence earlier in the draft and low stakes promote risk-seeking later. This study contributes to the literature by suggesting that input- and outcome-based reference metrics have different effects on risk behavior and that managerial hubris may influence risk behavior through information availability rather than having a general effect.

대학 배드민턴 학생 선수의 정서지능이 성취목표성향과 운동수행에 미치는 영향

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on achievement goal orientation and badminton performance of college badminton players.<BR> Method: The subjects of this study were student players that were registered as college badminton players. An online survey was conducted using the convenience sampling method. A total of 171 questionnaires were used for the final analysis, excluding the data that did not faithfully respond to the collected questionnaire. The following results were obtained by processing the data according to the purpose of the study.<BR> Results: First, in the emotional intelligence of college badminton players, the appraisal of their own emotions and utilization of emotion factor showed a significant positive correlation with the task-goal orientation factor, which is a sub-factor of achievement goal orientation. And the Self-goal orientation factor showed a significant relationship with the utilization of the emotion factor. Second, the social skills factors and utilization of emotion factors showed a significant positive relationship with badminton performance. Third, the task-goal orientation factor and the self-goal orientation factor were found to have a significant positive relationship with badminton performance.<BR> Conclusion: Combining the above results, it can be seen that the emotional intelligence of college badminton players is an important predictor of achievement goal orientation and badminton performance.

Comparison of balance ability and physical fitness according to the growth period in taekwondo players

The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate balance ability, isokinetic moments, and physical fitness according to the growth period from middle school to university in male taekwondo players. Thirty-five taekwondo players (middle school, n=11; high school, n=15; university, n=9) participated in this study. The anteriorposterior and medial-lateral CoP displacement at balance ability was better in university players than in high school and middle school players. The isokinetic knee joint muscle strength of the right extension and flexion % body weight (BW) at 60°/s was higher in university players than in high school players. The average power of right flexion BW at 180°/sec was higher in middle school players than in high school players. Back strength was higher in university players than in middle and high school players. The repeated jump was higher in high school players than in middle school players. The standing broad jump was higher in university players than in middle school players. The side-step was higher in university players than in high school players. The average power and total energy of anaerobic power were higher in university and high school players than in middle school players. The peak drop in anaerobic power was higher in middle school players than in high school players. Based on the results of the present study, the growth period should be considered when applying training such as balance, isokinetic moments, and physical fitness to male taekwondo players.

Performance of brazilian university handball players in the vertical jump after maximum strength training

This study aimed to analyze the performance of the vertical jump with counter movement (CMJ), in university handball athletes, immediately after the maximum strength training in multiple series and after 10 and 15min of rest. Twelve male athletes participated, age 20.9±2.4 years old, height 1.78±0.05m and Body Mass Index (BMI) 28.74±8.1kg/m2. After the tests and retests of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for the dominant and non-dominant sides, in the leg extension, the volunteers performed crossover after 48 hours of the training sessions. CMJ measurements were collected before and immediately after each training protocol and after 10 and 15min of rest. Passive recovery between sets was three minutes. The intervals between training protocols were at least 45min. There were no statistical differences for the CMJ between the moments pre-, post-training session, 10 and 15min of rest in the different protocols, but progressive increases in the CMJ variables were observed, extending up to the 15th minute of rest, in all training protocols when comparing the results of the means of the CMJ variables of the moments post-training session, 10 and 15min of rest with the averages of the variables from the pre-training session, being more evident in the alternate unilateral protocol, which, unlike the other protocols of the study, performed series with the two lower limbs. It was evidenced that the training protocols of short duration and with high dynamic efforts, previously performed, influenced the performance of the CMJ, favoring for the transient improvement of the explosive muscular strength of the athletes.

Examining Neural Activity Related to Pitch Stimuli and Feedback at the Plate: Cognitive and Performance Implications.

This study investigated the relationships among neural activity related to pitch stimuli and task feedback, self-regulatory control, and task-performance measures in expert and novice baseball players. The participants had their event-related brain potentials recorded while they completed a computerized task assessing whether thrown pitches were balls or strikes and received feedback on the accuracy of their responses following each pitch. The results indicated that college players exhibited significantly larger medial frontal negativities to pitch stimuli, as well as smaller reward positivities and larger frontocentral positivities in response to negative feedback, compared with novices. Furthermore, significant relationships were present between college players' neural activity related to both pitches and feedback and their task performance and self-regulatory behavior. These relationships were not present for novices. These findings suggest that players efficiently associate the information received in their feedback to their self-regulatory processing of the task and, ultimately, their task performance.

Perceptual-Motor Efficiency and Concussion History Are Prospectively Associated With Injury Occurrences Among High School and Collegiate American Football Players.

Background:After a sport-related concussion (SRC), the risk for lower extremity injury is approximately 2 times greater, and the risk for another SRC may be as much as 3 to 5 times greater.Purpose:To assess the predictive validity of screening methods for identification of individual athletes who possess an elevated risk of SRC.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Metrics derived from a smartphone flanker test software application and self-ratings of both musculoskeletal function and overall wellness were acquired from American high school and college football players before study participation. Occurrences of core or lower extremity injury (CLEI) and SRC were documented for all practice sessions and games for 1 season. Receiver operating characteristic and logistic regression analyses were used to identify variables that provided the greatest predictive accuracy for CLEI or SRC occurrence.Results:Overall, there were 87 high school and 74 American college football players included in this study. At least 1 CLEI was sustained by 45% (39/87) of high school players and 55% (41/74) of college players. Predictors of CLEI included the flanker test conflict effect ≥69 milliseconds (odds ratio [OR], 2.12; 90% CI, 1.24-3.62) and a self-reported lifetime history of SRC (OR, 1.70; 90% CI, 0.90-3.23). Of players with neither risk factor, only 38% (29/77) sustained CLEI compared with 61% (51/84) of players with 1 or both of the risk factors (OR, 2.56; 90% CI, 1.50-4.36). SRC was sustained by 7 high school players and 3 college players. Predictors of SRC included the Overall Wellness Index score ≤78 (OR, 9.83; 90% CI, 3.17-30.50), number of postconcussion symptoms ≥4 (OR, 8.35; 90% CI, 2.71-25.72), the Sport Fitness Index score ≤78 (OR, 5.16; 90% CI, 1.70-15.65), history of SRC (OR, 4.03; 90% CI, 1.35-12.03), and the flanker test inverse efficiency ratio ≥1.7 (OR, 3.19; 90% CI, 1.08-9.47).Conclusion:Survey responses and smartphone flanker test metrics predicted greater injury incidence among individual football players classified as high-risk compared with that for players with a low-risk profile.

Relationship Differences in Pre-season Isometric Shoulder Strength, Humeral Torsion and Shoulder Range of Motion in Collegiate Baseball Players (218)

Objectives:Muscle strength, humeral torsion (HT) and shoulder range of motion (ROM) have been linked to throwing performance and injury risk in baseball players. Research suggests that players who demonstrate an isometric shoulder external rotation (ER)/internal rotation (IR) strength ratio of <0.75 are at a higher risk for developing a throwing-related upper extremity injury. While the relationships between HT and shoulder ROM have been examined in the literature, few studies have examined the potential relationships between these variables and isometric shoulder strength. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between isometric shoulder strength, HT and shoulder ROM at the start of each baseball season in a cohort of healthy junior college baseball players.Methods:Ninety-two healthy junior college baseball players (mean age=19.9±0.8 years) were prospectively assessed at the start of 2 consecutive spring seasons. Variables measured included HT, shoulder ROM and isometric shoulder strength. Both the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) shoulders of each player were assessed throughout the study. Chi square tests and bivariate Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to examine between group differences and the relationships between variables. Statistical significance was set a priori at α=0.05.Results:33.7% of junior college players demonstrated a D shoulder ER/IR strength ratio of <0.75 at the start of baseball season. Pitchers and position players demonstrated no significant differences in D shoulder ER/IR strength ratios at the start of the season (P=.40). Additionally, moderate positive relationships were observed between D HT and D IR ROM (r=0.35; P=.001) as well as D horizontal adduction (HA) ROM (r=0.43; P<.001). A moderate relationship was also observed between ND HT and ND IR ROM (r=0.56, P<.001), however ND ER and HA ROM demonstrated weaker relationships respectively (ER: r=-0.27; P=.01; HA: r=0.26; P=.01). Inverse relationships were observed between HT and ER strength in both the D and ND shoulders (D: r=-0.27, P=.01; ND: r=-0.28, P=.007). Internal rotation ROM was also inversely correlated with ER strength (r=-0.29, P=0.005) and ER/IR strength ratios (r=-0.31, P=.003), but only in the D shoulder. No significant correlations were observed between ROM and strength in the ND shoulder.Conclusions:One third of the junior college baseball players in this study began the season with marked deficits in D shoulder strength, irrespective of their position. We then examined the relationships between HT, shoulder ROM and isometric shoulder strength and confirmed the previously established correlation between HT and shoulder ROM. Moreover, there appeared to be inverse relationships between HT and ER strength in both the D and ND shoulders as well as IR ROM and ER strength in the D shoulder. This study emphasizes the importance of pre-season rotator cuff strength training, with an emphasis on improving ER strength, to potentially aid in the prevention of throwing-related upper extremity injuries in collegiate baseball players. Humeral torsion and shoulder ROM may influence isometric shoulder strength, however more research is needed to better understand these relationships in the throwing shoulder.

The Effect of Psychological Skills Training on Emotion, Self-Esteem, Flow and Perceived Performance of University Player

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of psychological skill training on emotion, self-esteem, flow, and perceived performance of a collegiate baseball player. The subject of this single-case experimental study was a collegiate baseball athlete who returned to the field after rehabilitation due to injuries during exercise. For the study, four measures (positive/negative emotion scale, self-esteem inventory, exercise flow scale, and perceived performance inventory) were developed and utilized to verify the effectiveness of the psychological skill training program based on previous studies, expert opinion, and interview data of research participants. The psychological skill training program in this study consisted of following four: (1) relaxation training, (2) image training, (3) self-esteem training, and (4) routine training. The training was conducted in eight sessions (about 60 minutes per session) after the baseline phase. The results of this study were as follows. First, it was confirmed that the psychological skill training program improved the positive emotions and reduced the negative emotions of the player. Second, the participant in the study felt that his self-esteem has enhanced through this training program. Third, the training program contributed to fostering the athlete’s exercise flow. Lastly, the participant recognized the improvement of performance through this training program.

지도자의 리더십 유형이 대학 운동선수의 운동 스트레스 및 경기력에 미치는 영향

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how coaches’ leadership types influence university athletes’ exercise stress and athletic performance.<BR> Method: Athletes from universities in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province were selected as the population for the study. 360 athletes were chosen using a convenient table, and the data of 314 people were used for the actual analysis. Statistical processing was performed using SPSS Version 21.0.<BR> Results: The final results of these research methods and procedures are as follows. First, coaches’ leadership types were found to influence university athletes’ exercise stress significantly. Second, coaches’ leadership influenced university players’ athletic performance significantly. Third, university athletes’ exercise stress was found to influence their athletic performance significantly.<BR> Conclusion: To sum up the above results, the leadership types of coaches play crucial roles in university athletes’ stress and athletic performance, and coaches’ leadership has important roles for the players.

Career concerns and personnel investment in the Major League Baseball player draft

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between career concerns of organizational decision‐makers and their investments by analyzing data from Major League Baseball's (MLB) annual player draft. Career concerns for MLB general managers (GMs) can create incentives to prioritize near‐term success and thus spend fewer draft resources on high school players (who, being younger than college players, are less likely to provide near‐term benefit to an MLB team). Findings are consistent with this: underperforming expectations in the prior season leads teams to spend significantly smaller proportions of signing bonus dollars on high school players, an effect driven by GMs with relatively short tenures.

Assessment of selected anthropometric variables of basketball, football and cricket Indian university players

Aims: The purpose of this study was Assessment of Selected Anthropometric Variables of Male Basketball, Football and Cricket Indian University Participation Players. Materials and Methods: There was seventy five (N=75) trained male basketball, football and cricket players between the ages of 17 and 25 years volunteered for this study. In other words, twenty five players participated in the study from each game i.e. basketball, football and cricket. Little is done to observe the effects of the training of each game on anthropometric profile or body size of male basketball, football and cricket players. Results: The mean age, height and weight of male basketball, football and cricket players was 22.12±1.61 year, 183.32±12.82cm and 78.08±12.18 Kg, 22.12±1.61 year, 183.32±12.82cm and 78.08±12.18 Kg and 21.12±1.66 year, 174.40±6.66cm and 63.28±3.92 Kg respectively. The study shows the relationship among body girths (circumferences). A statistical significant positive correlation was found between arm girth relaxed and arm girth flexed & tensed (r = .913 P

A study on aggressiveness between male and female sportsperson of all Indiainter university players

The paper is an empirical attempt to explore the influence of sex variables on aggressive behaviour of male and female sportsperson of All India Inter-University players. Sample of 200 sportsperson in the age group of 19 to 25 years studied by using semi-structured interview schedule. It is explored that impact of sex factor on the sports person has something to do with the aggressive behaviours of sportsperson. But results reveal that there is no significant difference in their aggressive behaviour of male and female sportsperson.

Mechanics of the Jump Shot: The "Dip" Increases the Accuracy of Elite Basketball Shooters.

The present study assessed the mechanics of the basketball jump shot to determine whether or not the “dip” increased shot accuracy. There remained a debate between coaches who believed “dipping” was too slow and coaches who believed “dipping” increased accuracy. A mixed design was used for the present study with elite high-school and university players all performing shots with and without the “dip” at four distances: the last hash mark before the free throw line (3.125 m), the length of an imaginary hash mark beyond the free throw line (4.925 m), the top of the free throw circle (6.025 m), and the three-point line (6.750 m). These distances best emulated where the majority of shots were attempted in a game. Thirty-six athletes completed the study, with accuracy and shot quality being measured using Hardy-Parfitt’s six-point scale. The results of the present study indicated that the “dip” led to approximately a 7–9% increase in accuracy of the jump shot for both high school shooters, and university shooters, suggesting that coaches should begin to teach the “dip” in a player’s shooting motion to improve scoring results.

In-and-Out: How Fashion Journalists Write About Black NBA Dandies

The National Basketball Association (NBA), now flush with lucrative television contracts from its broadcast partners and an owner-friendly collective bargaining agreement, is as popular as ever. Besides athleticism only reserved for a small portion of humans and basketball plays that can only be made by not even most elite college players, what also keeps fans on the edge of their seats are the outfits worn by Russell Westbrook, James Harden, Lebron James and the many other fashionable players. Using what Bourdieu’s (1984) termed cultural intermediary in Distinction as a conceptual framework, this study will examine how 12 fashion journalists write about Black NBA dandies. According to Bourdieu (1984), cultural intermediaries are involved in the presentation and representation of cultural and symbolic goods and services, some of whom are salespeople, advertising executives, and interior designers. Cultural intermediaries serve as the link between production and consumption, giving the end consumer access to legitimate culture. As fashion journalists, these participants educate their readers on the latest in bespoke wear, haute couture clothing and Black style. The Black NBA body provides a medium for fashion journalists to highlight the exclusivity and democratic ideals of fashion because of the ways in which they peel off the layers of celebrity, position Black NBA dandies within a network of images, and create a dialectic tension between Black culture and a generic White culture.