University Of North Dakota Research Articles

Editorial introductions

Editorial introductions

Risk of Bleeding on Anti-Platelet and Anti-coagulant Therapy Undergoing Elective Endoscopic Procedures

Introduction: The most common site for significant bleeding in patients receiving oral anticoagulation therapy is the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. (Choudari et al. GUT 1994) Acute GI hemorrhage in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents could results in a life-threatening situation. The GI safety profile of new oral anticoagulants is not yet entirely understood. We aim to assess the impact of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy continuation during the peri-procedural period on risk of bleeding or hospitalization in patients undergoing elective endoscopic procedures at Sanford Health in Fargo. Methods: IRB approval was obtained from University of North Dakota and Sanford health. Clinical database from Sanford medical center was searched by a data extraction expert with appropriate ICD-9 codes. 200 medical charts were manually reviewed from 6/23/2015- 11/5/2015; 141 patients were included in the final data analysis. Clinical endpoints included major bleeding during the procedure and bleeding requiring hospitalization or endoscopic intervention. Results: Out of 141 patients 56.7% were males and 43.3% were females, Average age was 67.7 ± 9.3 years in males and 66.9 ± 9.8 years in females (p=0.60). 67.3 % of patients (95 patients) had polyps and 43.3 % of patients (61 patients) had diverticulosis. 50 patients underwent polypectomies while on therapeutic anticoagulation and 56 patients were on aspirin. Median HAS-BLEDscore was 1 (range: 0-3). None of the patients developed the primary endpoints of major bleeding, bleeding requiring hospitalization or endoscopic intervention. Conclusion: Despite the fact that 52% (50/95) of patients undergoing polypectomy were on new oral anticoagulant agents or therapeutic doses of Coumadin there was no occurrence of major bleeding, bleeding requiring hospitalization and endoscopic intervention for bleeding. Our limited dataset shows results congruent with other studies done prior (Gerson et al, Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:1717-24.) regarding safety of screening colonoscopies with biopsies in patients on therapeutic Coumadin. Furthermore, our study provides preliminary evidence that performing screening colonoscopies with biopsies in patients on new oral anticoagulants is likely safe. Further larger studies are required to confirm our findings, especially in regard to safety when patients are on new oral anticoagulants.

Educational Needs Assessment Highlights Several Areas of Emphasis in Teaching Evidence-Based Medicine Skills to Physician Assistant Students.

An assessment of educational needs is essential for curricular reform in medical education. Using the conceptual framework of needs assessment, this study aimed to determine which content should be emphasized in teaching evidence-based medicine (EBM) skills to physician assistant (PA) students. Key content areas were identified from the published literature and objectives for previous courses. A questionnaire-type needs assessment instrument was created and given to a graduating class of PA students (n = 21) at the University of North Dakota. The response format had two 5-option scales, one to assess current skill levels and the other to assess ideal skill levels. Means for each category were calculated, and a mean difference analysis was performed. An average mean difference of 0.5 was noted in 3 domains (information retrieval skills, writing skills, and overall gains), and a mean difference of 0.7 was noted in one domain (statistical skills). Items with a mean difference of ≥ 0.7 were identified for prioritization for curricular reform. Open-ended input from respondents substantiated the need for greater emphasis on these content areas. Several content areas related to EBM skills can be identified and prioritized through a systematically conducted educational needs assessment. This method can be used to identify discrepancies between the existing and ideal states of affairs in PA education.

Publication Cycles and the Impact of Academic Research on Current Events

As we begin a new academic year, I would like to thank the dedicated services of past associate editors Carolyn Kitch and Wilson Lowrey and past book review editor Ron Rodgers. I would also like to introduce several new faces in our editorial team. First are our new associate editors, Randal Beam of University of Washington and Lana Rakow of the University of North Dakota. Next is our new book review editor, Daniel C. Hallin of University of California, San Diego. With his immense international research experience and expertise in book authorship, our journal will have more reviews of foreignlanguage books of our scholarly interest in the field. My competent editorial assistant, Dhiman Chattopadhyay, has also completed his 2-year term for the journal in August. Our new editorial assistant is a first-year PhD student Alyssa Fisher. Together, we will continue to provide our readers with the best research articles in the field.The passing away of Guido Stempel III, Professor Emeritus of Ohio University and the former editor of our journal from 1973 to 1990, on May 31, 2016, is a very sad news to me personally and the journal. He is one of my unofficial mentors. He was my very first article discussant as a doctoral student at a conference in Ohio University. I was one of the early contributors to his Web Journal of Mass Communication Research. After I accepted the editorship of the Quarterly, he shared his precious experience with me on editing the journal and the art of balancing reviewers' input with independent editorial judgment. He always accepted my review request whenever I needed him to review in a rush or fill in for reviewers that declined the invitation. Even in April when I was working on collecting archive journal issues to complete digitizing all issues of the journal, he still graciously helped me find information. Although he is no longer with us, his love for and contribution to the Quarterly will be remembered.All eyes are now focused on the U.S. presidential elections; people across the world are debating how the new U.S. President will affect them. I do not need to reiterate the roles that media are playing in politics and how the candidates utilize media to achieve their campaign goals. For this type of current event, how can academic research contribute to the understanding and advancement of knowledge? With its 93 years of history, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly (JMCQ) has a rich collection of research articles addressing how news media affect voting behavior in the United States and other countries. We took advantage of the online medium by compiling a virtual theme collection on media and voting. Editor Tom Johnson's introductory review essay of the collection titled, Media and Voting: Building Upon the Foundations of Journalism, explains how previous JMCQ authors examined traditional and non-traditional news media's influence on the voting behavior and their theoretical models from the 1960s to present times. These articles have long-lasting impact on our understanding of the topic of media and voting. I hope our readers who are either teaching or researching this topic will find this collection handy and useful.In addition to the virtual theme collection, we also have several upcoming articles on contemporary political communication research. Online publishing has increased the timeliness and short-term effects of research scholarship. Thanks to the efficient production team of SAGE, several articles have already been published online first such as Jason Turcotte's Who's Citing Whom? Source Selection and Elite Indexing in Electoral Debates, Lindsey Meeks's Aligning and Trespassing: Candidates' Party-Based Issue and Trait Ownership on Twitter, Sung Woo Yoo's Cognitive Benefits for Senders: Antecedents and Effects of Political Expression on Social Media, and Jay Hmielowski, Myiah Hutchens, Bruce Pinkleton, and Michael Beam's A Spiral of Skepticism? The Relationship Between Citizens' Involvement With Campaign Information to Their Skepticism and Political Knowledge. …

CO2-Based Enhanced Oil Recovery From Unconventional Reservoirs

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 168979, “CO2-Based Enhanced Oil Recovery From Unconventional Reservoirs: A Case Study From the Bakken Formation,” by G. Liu, J.A. Sorensen, J.R. Braunberger, R. Klenner, J. Ge, C.D. Gorecki, E.N. Steadman, and J.A. Harju, University of North Dakota, prepared for the 2014 SPE Unconventional Resources Conference—USA, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 1–3 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. In this study, detailed petrophysical and geological field models focusing on the middle and lower members of the Bakken Formation were developed on the basis of field characterization, well-log interpretation, and laboratory core analysis by scanning-electron-microscopy, ultraviolet-fluorescence, and standard-optical-microscopy techniques. A fine-scale model with a pair of horizontal wells was extracted from the initial model (Bailey area) to examine the potential effectiveness of oil-recovery techniques based on carbon dioxide (CO2) injection. The results show that CO2 injection may play a significant role in increasing oil production. Introduction Small improvements in productivity could increase technically recoverable oil in the Bakken by billions of barrels. While the use of CO2 in conventional reservoirs is a widely applied and well-understood practice, its use for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in tight oil reservoirs is a relatively new concept. The use of CO2 as an injection fluid may reduce the hydrocarbon viscosities in the reservoir and allow additional trapped oil to be produced. Another benefit of CO2 injection is to mitigate climate change by storing CO2 in the reservoir. The Energy & Environmental Research Center has conducted a multidisciplinary research program with the ultimate goal of providing industry with insight regarding the potential to use CO2 for EOR in the Bakken and Three Forks Formations. The Bakken CO2 Enhanced Recovery and Storage Project began in 2012 and was completed in 2013. The objective of this project was to use reservoir characterization and laboratory analytical data (e.g., core analyses, well logs, and oil analyses) coupled with state-of-the-art modeling to examine the viability of using CO2 for simultaneous CO2 storage and EOR in the Bakken. The ultimate goal of the project was to have a Bakken operator apply the knowledge gained from the laboratory, characterization, and modeling activities to a pilot-scale field test of CO2 injection into a Bakken or Three Forks reservoir. The presentation in this paper comprises a discussion of the initial near-wellbore-modeling aspect of the project.

Forecast Model Activities for North Dakota Cloud Modification Project

An overview of regional forecast simulations in support of North Dakota Cloud Modification Project (NDCMP) operations is presented. Simulations are run twice daily during the summer season by University of North Dakota. Object-based verification of observed and simulated radar reflectivity is conducted during the off-season. Verification of seasonal performance allows modifications to forecast simulations focused on improving operations for the North Dakota region. NDCMP simulated forecasts are found to biased towards too many convective objects and convection that is too intense and too large. Case studies showed that a change in microphysical scheme and adjustments to cloud droplet concentration lessened the biases.

Northern Great Plains Lipid Conference: An International Conference Coalescing the Lipid Scientists in the Northern Great Plains.

and the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Laboratory, June 11–12, 2016. One key element of our format is that it is focused on giving students an opportunity to hear leading scientist discuss topics on lipids, while also giving them an option to orally present their work at an international meeting in a highly collaborative environment. The 2015 meeting opened with the Lipids School and the topic was “A Look at Fundamentals” where I discussed multiple different techniques in lipid biochemistry, from extraction systems to colorimetric assays. After a short break, we had a session on Lipids and Health, with AOCS member Peter Jones giving a plenary lecture entitled “Dietary Lipids and Chronic Disease: What does the available evidence tell us?” This was followed by selected oral presentations from submitted abstracts from the faculty. After lunch, we continued the clinical nutrition theme with a session on Developing Dietary Guidelines for Lipids. This session was anchored by three plenary speakers; AOCS member Susan Raatz giving a talk entitled “Processes involved in setting the U.S. dietary guidelines for lipids”, which was followed by Maya Villeneuve discussing the Canadian perspective on lipid dietary guidelines in her talk entitled “The Canadian perspective on dietary recommendations for lipids”. These two talks were followed by AOCS member Matthew Picklo giving a talk entitled “Where are the gaps in the literature?” These talks all worked very well in giving details regarding how each nation viewed recommendations on dietary lipids, followed by a very good talk focused on what is known compared to what are myths in the field, which these myths really demonstrate what are gaps in our knowledge regarding lipid metabolism. This session was followed by a session giving graduate students an opportunity to give 15 min oral presentations. Following the oral presentations, there was an opportunity to view posters in a formal manner, although from the For years, groups at the University of North Dakota and at the University of Manitoba have discussed having a conference broadly covering topics related to lipids, but focused on nutrition and lipid biochemistry. But like many great ideas, too many items were on too many lists of too many people to make this a reality. Fast forward to discussions that started in 2014 between a number of faculty leading lipid biochemistry laboratories at the University of Manitoba and lead scientists at the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Unlike previous efforts, these discussions persisted and started with the idea that several labs would get together and have a small meeting in which various projects would be discussed and the potential for collaborations assessed. However, with the Canadian Nutrition Society holding its 2015 meeting in Winnipeg, the option to expand this meeting involving only select institutions and laboratories into a much larger effort was seized upon and the founders invited me to join this process. Through our efforts, the “Northern Great Plains Lipid Conference” was born and the first meeting was held at St. John’s College at the University of Manitoba May 31 and June 1, 2015. In this issue of Lipids you will see the proceedings from this meeting. Some of these papers are full research articles, while others are timely, topical reviews focused on lipid biochemistry and metabolism. The unique format of this first meeting has been maintained and expanded for the 2016 meeting hosted by the University of North Dakota

A New Method To Detect Blockage in Gas Pipelines

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 174751, “A New Method To Detect Blockage in Gas Pipelines,” by Kegang Ling, SPE, University of North Dakota; Xingru Wu, SPE, University of Oklahoma; and Zheng Shen, SPE, Weatherford, prepared for the 2015 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, 28–30 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Introduction The consumption of natural gas is next to that of oil and coal according to Energy Information Administration statistics. New gas pipelines are constructed and existing pipelines are expanded to transport more natural gas to plants or end users. A blockage, which is a common problem in gas-pipeline operations, is a result of chemical or physical deposition caused by changes in composition, pressure, or temperature. The reliable and timely detection of blockages along pipelines is one of the critical topics in flow assurance. The detection of pipeline blockage falls into two categories: physical inspections and mathematical models. Conventionally, physical-inspection methods include acoustic reflectometry, gamma ray transmission scanning, radio-isotope-tracer injection, tomography measurements, radiographic detection, and pipeline-diameter measurements. Physical inspections usually are accurate but come with the expense of production shutdown, high costs, and long downtimes, which may be infeasible with long pipelines or complex pipeline networks. Mathematical models use data such as flow rate, pressure, temperature, and pressure-wave reflection to locate a blockage. The models use mass conservation, momentum conservation, energy-balance equations, pressure-pulse decay, and phase shift to estimate blockage size and location. Mathematical models have the advantage of quick evaluation at lower costs and can monitor the pipeline continuously without interrupting pipeline operations. Usually, mathematical models require flow parameters, which are not always available; therefore, operators are more confident with physical inspection than mathematical modeling. Gas Flow Through Blockage in Pipeline Gas flow through blockage in pipelines is similar to the flow through a restriction, a throated pipe, or a choke, such as a nozzle or an orifice. It can be evaluated using choke-performance relationships. The flow regime can be classified into subsonic and sonic flows on the basis of gas velocity. Sonic flow occurs when gas velocity through a restriction reaches the sonic velocity in the fluid under the in-situ condition. Under sonic-flow conditions, the upstream cannot sense the pressure wave propagated from downstream upward because the gas is traveling in the opposite direction with the same velocity. Subsonic flow happens when gas velocity is lower than the sonic velocity in the gas at in-situ conditions. Sonic flow takes place when the downstream- to upstream-pressure ratio is less than the critical-pressure ratio. Please see the complete paper for equations to calculate a single-phase gas-flow rate at sonic-flow conditions using oilfield units.

Are Sleep Behaviors Associated with Cognitive Functioning and Dietary Risk in Preschoolers?

The aims of this study were to identify the relationship of sleep hygiene and preschool children's 1) dietary risk, 2) cognitive functioning, and 3) BMI status. Guardians of preschoolers (n= 45) were recruited to participate in a cross‐sectional study to assess sleep hygiene (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire), dietary risk (NutriSTEP), and cognitive functioning (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Preschool Version). Child height and weight were measured using a stadiometer and digital scale and guardians completed diet, sleep, and cognitive functioning surveys. Correlations were used to test the study aims. Sleep hygiene was related to flexibility index (r= 0.317, p= .039), emergent metacognition index (r= 0.494, p= 0.001), global executive composite (r= 0.455, p= .002), and dietary risk (r= 0.322, p= 0.031) but not BMI z‐score. These results suggest child sleep hygiene characteristics may be related to child cognitive functioning and dietary risk but not BMI in preschoolers. The relationship between sleep hygiene and dietary risk were moderated by child cognitive function. Future studies exploring the relationship between sleep and diet should consider the measure of cognitive functioning, as this may influence the relationship between the variables and study conclusions.Support or Funding InformationThis project was supported by the University of North Dakota.

The analysis of novel distal Cebpa enhancers and silencers using a transcriptional model reveals the complex regulatory logic of hematopoietic lineage specification

C/EBPα plays an instructive role in the macrophage-neutrophil cell-fate decision and its expression is necessary for neutrophil development. How Cebpa itself is regulated in the myeloid lineage is not known. We decoded the cis-regulatory logic of Cebpa, and two other myeloid transcription factors, Egr1 and Egr2, using a combined experimental-computational approach. With a reporter design capable of detecting both distal enhancers and silencers, we analyzed 46 putative cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) in cells representing myeloid progenitors, and derived early macrophages or neutrophils. In addition to novel enhancers, this analysis revealed a surprisingly large number of silencers. We determined the regulatory roles of 15 potential transcriptional regulators by testing 32,768 alternative sequence-based transcriptional models against CRM activity data. This comprehensive analysis allowed us to infer the cis-regulatory logic for most of the CRMs. Silencer-mediated repression of Cebpa was found to be effected mainly by TFs expressed in non-myeloid lineages, highlighting a previously unappreciated contribution of long-distance silencing to hematopoietic lineage resolution. The repression of Cebpa by multiple factors expressed in alternative lineages suggests that hematopoietic genes are organized into densely interconnected repressive networks instead of hierarchies of mutually repressive pairs of pivotal TFs. More generally, our results demonstrate that de novo cis-regulatory dissection is feasible on a large scale with the aid of transcriptional modeling.1Current address: Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9019, USA.

Filtrate and Mudcake Characterization: Implications for Formation-Damage Control

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 174273, “Study of Filtrate and Mudcake Characterization in High Pressure/High Temperature: Implications for Formation-Damage Control,” by Saeed Salehi, SPE, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Ali Ghalambor, SPE, Oil Center Research International; Fatemeh K. Saleh, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Hadi Jabbari, SPE, University of North Dakota; and Stefanie Hussmann, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, prepared for the 2015 SPE European Formation Damage Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 3–5 June. The paper has not been peer reviewed. This paper focuses on experimental methods quantifying water-based muds and investigating effects on particle bridging, filtrate invasion, and permeability. To show the particle-bridging effect, high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) filtration tests were conducted on sandstone cores with permeability ranging from 10 md to more than 1100 md. Analytical models were used to calculate mudcake permeability for the tests using different mix designs. The results from this study can be applied to designing wellbore-strengthening fluids to mitigate formation damage. Introduction In an overbalance situation, the fluid phase of the mud, called filtrate, invades the formation, whereas solid particles of the mud build up mudcake. Characteristics of filtrate and mudcake are strongly controlled by mud particle type, size, and concentration. It is often desirable for a mud to leave a thin, low- permeability cake that helps with near-wellbore stability and strengthens the wellbore. The goal is to reduce the amount of whole mud flowing into the formation and to prevent loss of circulation, which causes many drilling-related problems. Drilling-fluid particles present different sizes; the larger particles form the first layer of the filter cake, and the smaller particles deposit within the cake formed by the larger particles. At the same time, the filter cake is undergoing compaction by the effect of the fluid drag as the smaller drilling-fluid particles are flowing through the filter cake. As a result of the deposition and compaction undergone by the filter cake, the thickness of the cake and its porosity and permeability will vary, thus affecting the performance of the filtration. During filtration, new particles are deposited on the surface of the cake and, over time, the thickness of the cake increases until filtration subsides. Filtrate behavior of the drilling fluid affects the permeability of the filter cake. Thin mudcakes, which have low permeability, strengthen the wellbore; however, thick mudcakes can cause operational problems such as stuck pipe, excessive torque, drag, and high swab and surge pressures. Lost-circulation material, such as properly sized calcium carbonate, can prevent leaks of whole mud into the formation, which, in turn, prevents leaks of the base fluid such as oil or water. These two chain processes significantly increase wellbore strength to prevent fractures or fracture propagation.

Indian Spectacle: College Mascots and the Anxiety of Modern America by Jennifer Guiliano

Reviewed by: Indian Spectacle: College Mascots and the Anxiety of Modern America by Jennifer Guiliano Joe Schiller Indian Spectacle: College Mascots and the Anxiety of Modern America. By Jennifer Guiliano. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2015. ix + 165 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $27.95 cloth. At a glance, Jennifer Guiliano’s subtitle seems ambitious for such a concise book. Her impressive contextualization of the rise of Indian imagery in college athletic mascots and halftime shows, though, fulfills it well. Relying on archival sources from five universities formerly or currently using American Indian mascots, Guiliano argues that the creation of American Indian mascots and halftime spectacles was bound to the larger project of higher education. From the late nineteenth century to the early Cold War, the mascots’ establishment reinforced the modern university’s mission to develop white male middle-class athletic bodies in the service of community and country. The mascots sanitized narratives of colonial expansion in the face of anxieties about industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and wartime fitness for service. The work is organized chronologically in six chapters, each having a thematic emphasis. The first chapter chronicles the rapid rise in profitability of college football, showing how university identity became tied to the sport and its spectacle. The remaining chapters pan the scope of complicity in the Indian mascot’s invention and spread. The University of Illinois was historical ground zero, but the university’s influences were in the Great Plains. Progressive Era reformers like those with the Boy Scouts of America, often with connections to Dakota and Lakota people, trained early (white) Indian mascots in dance and costuming. The headdressed Plains Indian became the preferred image for mascots as far away as Stanford. Administrators, students, athletes, newspaper sportswriters, and band directors, among many others, embraced and disseminated ideas about community identities created through Indian mascotry. With variation between universities, the narratives were consistent: Indians could be present in the modern university when called forth by university mythology, or cued to perform by the band’s “sounds of ethnicity” (51), but must nobly cede university space to whites and remain in the past. Guiliano’s samples are well chosen for institutional diversity. However, she mischaracterizes the University of North Dakota as a “frontier agricultural school” (8) when, in fact, part of that university’s mission in creating an Indian identity was to distance itself from North Dakota Agricultural College (now North Dakota State University), in addition [End Page 333] to assuaging fears about its proximity to the frontier and finding a suitable opponent to the agricultural college’s bison. This is a very minor oversight, but placing und’s founding in its liberal arts tradition might actually have helped her already cogent argument for und’s effort to appear more civilized to eastern audiences. Begun as Guiliano’s dissertation, Indian Spectacle is tightly argued and well researched, theoretically rigorous and clearly written. It makes no effort to engage contemporary debates about Indian mascots or their effects on contemporary American Indians, yet illustrates why, amid never-ending battles over their use, we should understand the historical circumstances that bore them. Joe Schiller Department of History University of Oklahoma Copyright © 2016 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

An Examination of the Relationships between Safety Culture Perceptions and Safety Reporting Behavior among Non-Flight Collegiate Aviation Majors

Daniel Kwasi Adjekum University of North Dakota, kadjekum@yahoo.com Julius Keller Purdue University, keller64@purdue.edu Micah Walala Purdue University, micahwalala@gmail.com Cody Christensen South Dakota State University, cody.christensen@sdstate.edu Randal J. DeMik Lewis University, demikra@lewisu.edu John P. Young Purdue University, jpy@purdue.edu Gary J. Northam Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University -Prescott, northamgj@gmail.com Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.erau.edu/ijaaa Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Community College Leadership Commons, Curriculum and Social Inquiry Commons, Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons, Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education Commons, and the Student Counseling and Personnel Services Commons

The January 8-9, 2015 Frozen UAS Tour Blows into Grand Forks, North Dakota

AbstractASPRS attendees from the University of Minnesota, the Minnesota and Wisconsin Departments of Transportation, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, USGS, KMB, Inc. and others all want to thank the University of North Dakota, the Customs Air and Marine Operations and the USAF 69th Observation Squadron for hosting a bunch of frozen remote sensors gain a better understanding of high tech UAS platforms.

Modifying an information literacy game for outreach events

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss how to use a web-based library game as an outreach tool at events. Games in higher education are a trend that libraries have used for information literacy but less frequently for outreach. Although there are relatively few examples of the use of games in academic library outreach events, games have the potential to be excellent outreach tools by engaging students and presenting them with the opportunity to change their perceptions of the library. Design/methodology/approach – The University of North Dakota (UND) Libraries successfully connected with students at an outreach event by using a modified version of the Information Literacy Game originally developed by the University of North Carolina Greensboro (UNCG). UND Librarians created specific technical modifications and an event workflow, highlighted here, that other academic libraries can adapt for use at outreach events to attract both students who are and those who are not typically users of the library. Findings – The information literacy game, with some specific technical changes, is customizable in relatively inexpensive ways that allow librarians from institutions of all sizes to engage students with a game at outreach events. Originality/value – Games, especially Web-based games, have not previously been used in outreach events. The literature on the use of games in information literacy sessions but outreach is an even more logical fit for gaming. This paper presents a practical, value-oriented method for academic libraries to modify an information literacy game for use in outreach.

More Credit, More Problems? Government Student Loan Limits and Education Outcomes

The Federal Stafford loan program is the largest source of financial aid to students who attend college in the United States. Here we utilize the increase in Stafford loan limits that occurred between 2006 and 2008 to identify how a pooled cross-section of first-time freshmen at the University of North Dakota (UND) responded to an increase in the availability of credit. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we examine how borrowing, the composition of credit, and student outcomes were impacted by the policy changes. The student body at UND provides a unique opportunity to examine the treatment effects of these policies, as we are able to isolate the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on borrowing due to the strength and stability of North Dakota’s economy during the period. Freshmen are shown here to substitute an increase in their borrowing through Stafford loans with a partial reduction in borrowing via private loans. Substitution is particularly strong among more credit constrained students. Interestingly, despite having access to more credit, student academic outcomes did not improve as a result of the changes, and in some cases worsened.

Culturally Insensitive Athletic Mascots: Do Future Leaders in Sport Care

Since the passage of the 1964 US Civil Rights Act, insensitive cultural imagery has received ever-increasing scrutiny and opposition, thus many US universities have reconsidered their usage of culturally insensitive athletic mascots (CIAM). A primary goal of this article was to present information on the adoption, evolution, opposition, and, in most cases, transition away from CIAM. Regarding the historic usage and evolution of specific CIAM’s, this article will provide a detailed examination of Chief Illiniwek (University of Illinois), Colonel Reb (University of Mississippi), and The Fighting Souix (University of North Dakota). Another goal was to explore the opinions of traditional-age college students in academic majors related to sport leadership. In order to explore this topic, a survey (N = 142) was conducted regarding sport science student reactions to graphic images of CIAM. This survey was conducted to examine the potential effect of Color Blind Racial Ideology (CBRI) regarding CIAM. These findings provide support to the theory that future sport leaders also tend to exhibit CBRI related to school-based athletic mascots where dominant ethnic group perspectives have been the traditional viewpoint.

The Clerks of the Four Horsemen (Part II, George Sutherland and Pierce Butler)

The Clerks of the Four Horsemen (Part II, George Sutherland and Pierce Butler) BARRY CUSHMAN This is the second part of a two-part article. Please see volume 39, no. 3, pages 368-424 for the Introduction and Part I, discussing the clerks to James C. McReynolds and Willis Van Devanter. The Sutherland Clerks Justice Sutherland served from 1922 to 1938, but during that time he had only four clerks. The first, whom he inherited from his predecessor in office, was a career civil servant. The others were all graduates of George Washington University’s Law School, and went on to enjoy interesting and highly successful careers in private practice. Samuel Edward Widdifield was an 1898 graduate of the Detroit College of Law who clerked for Sutherland during the 1922 and 1923 Terms.1 Widdifield might be character­ ized as a career or serial clerk: he clerked for four different Justices. Bom in Uxbridge, Ontario, Widdifield moved to Michigan as a young boy in 1880 and was naturalized in Detroit in 1896. He was admitted to practice in Michigan in 1898, and in Massachusetts in 1904. Early in his career, Widdifield handled collections in the office ofa Detroit lawyer and practiced with the Traverse City, Michigan firm of Gilbert & Widdifield. He then moved to Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where he was secre­ tary and law assistant to the president of the Stanley Electrical Company.2 He first came to the Court in 1904 at the age of twenty-nine to clerk for Justice Rufus Peckham. After Peck­ ham’s death in 1909, Widdifield clerked for Justice Joseph Rucker Lamar during the 1910 and 1911 Terms.3 Following his clerkship with Justice Lamar, Widdifield engaged briefly in private practice in Lansing, Michigan before returning to Washington to serve as a secretary to Senator James P. Clarke ofArkansas and as a messengerto the Senate Commerce Committee from 1913 to 1916.4 He then returned to the Court to clerk for Justice John Hessin Clarke, 56 JOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY and, upon Clarke’s resignation in 1922, Widdifield moved to the chambers of Clarke’s successor, Justice Sutherland.5 After two years with Sutherland, Widdifield left to serve for more than five years as assistant counsel to the German Mixed Claims Commission in the State Department. In 1930 he operated his own real estate business in North Beach Maryland, where he served as mayor. From December of 1930 to August of 1931 he worked as an assistant clerk to the House Judiciary Commit­ tee. Widdifield then returned to the Court as assistant clerk, a position that he held for eighteen years until his retirement in 1949.6 In 1937 he sought to return to the position of law clerk, unsuccessfully applying for a position with the incoming Justice Hugo Black.7 He died in 1960 at the age ofeighty-five, a widower survived by two children, six grandchildren, and one great-grandchild.8 Alan E. Gray clerked for Sutherland from the 1924 term through the 1930 term.9 Gray may have been the most colorful of the Sutherland clerks. His father was a Scottish immigrant who came to Minnesota at a young age and settled in Grafton, North Dakota in 1891.'° Alan was bom in 1899, took his B.A. from the University ofNorth Dakota in 1921, and received his law degree from George Washington University in 1924.11 That year he married fellow Graftonite Grace Lunding Hope, and the couple moved to Chevy Chase, Maryland.12 Following his clerkship with Sutherland, Gray remained for several years in Washington,13 where he engaged in a law practice focused on tax matters.14 By 1938, the Grays had moved to Southern California, where they divorced by 1948. Gray quickly married Joan Kettering in 1949, but was as quickly divorced from her the following year. He then married Jan Hanson Fisher, who left him a widower. In 1967 he married his old Grafton schoolmate Helen Tombs, to whom he remained married until his death.15 Gray practiced in Southern California for the balance of his career.16 He continued to specialize in the tax area,17 and was recognized as an “income tax expert.”18 This...

Aging in rural America.

For older Americans, accessing high-quality care can be a challenge. For those in rural communities, it's even harder.

И.Н.ГОЛУБОВСКАЯ –СОЗДАТЕЛЬ УНИКАЛЬНОЙ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ МУТАЦИЙ ГЕНОВ МЕЙОЗА У КУКУРУЗЫ И ТАЛАНТЛИВЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ГЕНЕТИКИ МЕЙОЗА

Over 40 years, Inna Nikitichna Golubovskaya studied the fundamental problem of genetic control of meiosis, using meiosis in Zea mays as the model. She discovered more than half of 50 genes and gene alleles controlling meiosis in maize anthers and ovules, and studied even more of them. Having started with her researches at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) in 1972, she moved in 1986 to the N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (Leningrad/St. Petersburg) to become the leader of a research group. In 1993, she started to collaborate with the Department of Biology, University of North Dakota (USA). There she worked during the field seasons until 1998. In 1999, Dr. Golubovskaya was invited to work with the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, California State University at Berkeley. She developed and maintained a seed collection of genetic maize lines bearing mutations of meiotic genes, and in 2012 brought it to the Vavilov Institute. She was actively involved in cloning and studying major genes regulating meiosis in maize at the molecular level, and their expression in meiotic process. I. N. Golubovskaya’s contribution to the studies on maize genetics and genetic control of meiosis was expressly extolled by American geneticists.