University Of Nebraska Research Articles

189 Interventions for Reduction of Sporeforming Bacteria at Farm Level

Abstract Bacillus and Paenibacillus spp. are sporeforming bacteria with the ability to survive the pasteurization process due to their spore structure. These bacteria can produce different enzymes that negatively affect the quality of dairy products, reducing the shelf-life of fluid milk and limiting the market for powdered milk. Therefore, the control of sporeformers is crucial to improve the quality of fluid products and to reach specific international powder markets thus benefiting the US dairy industry. In this presentation an overview of sporeformers associated with the supply chain (fluid, condensed milk and dry powder) will be presented along with potential interventions that may be applied at the farm level to control these microorganisms. It has been previously reported that effective cleaning of teats, changes in bedding material, and CIP procedures could be potential interventions to decrease sporeformers in milk. Additionally, the type of sanitizers (i.e. iodine or chlorine based) used in the parlor could have an effect in this microbial population. These potential interventions have been the subject of research at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln, with some of the interventions showing to be successful in improving the quality of raw milk. This presentation will provide a brief overview of spore research done at UNL in the last five years, along with results obtained so far from interventions at farm level to reduce sporeforming bacteria in raw fluid milk.

341 How the IACUC uses the Ag Guide to ensure the best care

Abstract All Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) are all subject to the same regulatory requirements. Membership requirements (Scientist, Nonscientist, Attending Veterinarian, Public Members, and Chairperson) are established by the regulatory agencies and appointed by the Institutional Official (IO). Today we will review the basic role of the IACUC: reviewing animal use protocols, inspecting animal facilities and procedure areas, evaluating the program of animal care, investigating allegations of non-compliance, making recommendations to the institutional official about needed changes, and utilizing the Ag Guide as a guidance document. The role of the IACUC at Land Grant Institutions is confounded often by the variety of research that is conducted. At the University of Nebraska, we have traditional food and fiber, biomedical and wildlife research, which requires a diverse set of committee members to adequately review the animal care and use. All IACUC protocols, regardless of the species or funding mechanism, are required to address several common questions. As a principal investigator, you can help yourself tremendously by providing all the required information in a transparent, logical and organized manner. If you can anticipate your audience and provide key information in multiple formats, it will help streamline the review process. Based on membership requirements, most committee members will not come from agriculture backgrounds, so it is imperative you help the committee to understand standard agriculture practices. You can best accomplish this with standard operating procedures, herd management protocols, disaster plans, and veterinary care processes and provide photographs or short video clips of your proposed activities. Additionally, if you are asked to serve on this committee, be willing to proactively educate your peers on what is considered appropriate management, housing, experimental and humane endpoints. By acting as your own advocate, you can ensure good animal care as well as achieve timely approvals.

Competitive Sports, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic, and Big Ten Athletics.

Competitive Sports, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic, and Big Ten Athletics.

Safety & Health News

Safety & Health News

Studying acoustics within the College of Engineering at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln

Studying acoustics within the College of Engineering at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln

In Memoriam

3 April 1934–29 August 2020 Ronald W. Goede passed away, age 86, of complications related to cancer. His last days were at home under hospice care with his wife Lisa and family at his side. He was born in Columbus, Nebraska, and graduated from high school in Lincoln. Ron served 8 years in the Air Force and earned a BS from the University of Nebraska, majoring in zoology and botany. He completed a MS in fisheries biology at Utah State University in 1961. His career began with the Missouri Conservation Commission as a research biologist and expanded to training in fish disease at the Fish Farming Experiment Station at Stuttgart, Arkansas. In 1963, Ron was hired as Missouri’s first hatchery biologist, where he was sent to the Eastern Fish Disease Laboratory in Leetown, West Virginia to study fish diseases under his mentor, Stan Sniesko. In 1966, Ron was recruited by the Utah Department of Fish and Game. He served for 34 years as director of the Fisheries Experiment Station in Logan, retiring in 2000. As the sole state fish pathologist, Ron directed efforts on standard aquaculture methods, fish quality, health management, and disease control, while building a full-service diagnostic lab. He wrote policies, rules, and regulations for Utah’s public and private hatcheries and fought for their implementation during a time when IPN (viral disease) and whirling disease plagued the resource. Ron developed and presented a drainage concept of disease control, which was approved and adopted by all seven states of the Colorado River Wildlife Council in 1972. This initiative became a template for the states of the Great Lakes Commission and Canada, the Atlantic Seaboard, and the Columbia River drainages, effectively changing disease management nationwide. Ron was instrumental in changing the constitution of the American Fisheries Society to establish discipline sections. He helped develop the Fish Health Section as the first section, which established peer-reviewed standard methods and professional certification. Ron was president of the Bonneville Chapter, the Western Division, and the Fish Health Section of the American Fisheries Society. In 1988, Ron chaired an international 3-day meeting in Denver on Whirling Disease, and hosted the first Rocky Plains Fish Health Workshop, which continues annually. In subsequent years, Ron developed the Health/Condition Profile (HCP), a necropsy-based fish-health assessment protocol, illustrated by his own photographs. Ron taught the protocol to over a thousand biologists representing state and federal agencies, universities, and countries. The HCP became a standard tool used by fisheries professionals. Ron also taught a 2-week aquaculture course periodically to all Utah fish culturists, changing Fish and Game fish culture from an art to a shared science. From 1976 to 1986, Ron was part of the lecture staff at the National Fisheries Academy at Leetown, West Virginia, teaching diagnostic approach, health assessment, and bio-legal perspective. As an adjunct professor at Utah State University, he taught a course on fish diseases for 12 years and served on graduate committees. He was certified as a Fish Health Inspector and Fish Pathologist and was an expert witness in legal disputes. Ron worked to get legislation that created a Fish Health Policy Board with the mission to balance natural resource stewardship and commodity. In 1998, the Board was created within the Utah Department of Agriculture and continues to set policy for fish health management. Throughout his career, Ron received numerous awards and was well known for his quick wit and humor. Ron co-founded the Bridger Folk Music Society, which produced concerts featuring internationally-acclaimed artists, dances, and workshops. We’ll miss him.

Nanoindentation on peeled high-performance polymeric fibers reveals failure mechanisms

High-performance fibers are key to many structural and lightweight applications as they are the main reinforcing components of continuous fiber-reinforced composites and fabrics. These fibers are drawn from synthetic polymers such as poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PpPTA) or ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). During the drawing process, highly oriented and crystalline nanofibrils of 10–50 nm width form and assemble into larger bundles of 100–500 nm width, thereby creating a hierarchical microstructure. Although it is known that hierarchy generally improves the properties of materials, its role in the failure of synthetic fibers has not been studied. In particular, measuring properties at the intermediate submicrometric scale is challenging. To better understand the role of this organization in the mechanical performance of fibers, the research groups of Yuris Dzenis at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and Kenneth Strawhecker at the US Army Research Laboratory have taken up the challenge and studied the mechanical interactions between the bundles. Their results were published in ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces (doi:10.1021/acsami.9b23459).

Engaging Farmers and the Agriculture Industry Through the Testing Agricultural Performance Solutions Program

The University of Nebraska–Lincoln Testing Agricultural Performance Solutions (TAPS) program involves use of farm management competitions to increase engagement across producers, industry, and universities. Participants make several management decisions throughout the growing season in a controlled field trial held at the university research station. Results are analyzed, and awards are presented for most profitable farm, most efficient farm, and farm with the greatest grain yield. The TAPS program involves several techniques for facilitating participatory assistance, including two-way communication and transformational learning. It has resulted in participants' questioning their past management decisions and realizing that they need to improve their marketing skills to improve profitability.

The heart and living room of campus: A mixed-methods comparison of two informal learning spaces at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Universities are designing informal learning spaces as open, collaborative environments; while there is a need for collaborative spaces, the majority of students in both spaces are working independently. This article compares the usage and design features of informal learning spaces within the main library and union of a “university.” Frequently referred to as the “heart” or “living room,” this architectural study employs mixed-method, explanatory sequential design. Quantitative data was collected through unobtrusive observations and random-sample surveys, followed by qualitative data collection via focus groups. Students visit the library more frequently and stay for longer periods of time than the union. Certain design features found to be more desired than others included standard-height tables and chairs that are comfortable; areas with natural lighting; and large, individual tables to spread out users’ belongings. Overall, it was found that the “heart” and “living room” of campus are serving their intended purposes. It is important for designers to remember that a variety of users have different needs and preferences that are served by a variety of spaces. This study builds on the limited literature regarding informal learning spaces and is the first to compare a university campus’s library to their union. Results will help shape the future of informal learning space design and guide future research in this field.

Effects of burning and mowing on the soil microbiome of restored tallgrass prairie

AbstractUnderstanding soil microbiome responses to different land‐management strategies provides insights into tallgrass prairie restoration. However, few studies have examined these interactions. We addressed this issue by surveying samples from the University of Nebraska at Omaha's Glacier Creek Preserve, where a long‐term burn experiment was established in 1982, with the mow treatments incorporated in 2002. In 2015, we collected 89 soil samples and obtained ~2.3 million bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA sequence reads and ~2.4 million fungal ITS reads. Analysis of the sequences showed that dominant phyla were Proteobacteria (~30.0%) and Acidobacteria (~22.8%) in bacteria and Ascomycota (~66.2%) in fungi. We found that burning and mowing had a distinct effect on soil bacterial and fungal diversity: soils exposed to the burn treatments possessed a relatively high bacterial diversity but a relatively low fungal diversity. We also observed that burning and mowing had different effects on different microbial groups within bacteria and fungi. The burn treatments led to a relatively high abundance of bacterial groups such as Gemmatimonadetes and Armatimonadetes that prefer dry or warmer soils and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, whereas the mow treatments resulted in increased abundances of Nitrospirae bacteria. Moreover, functional prediction revealed that soil samples from the burn treatments were enriched with AM and plant saprotrophic fungi, and fungal plant pathogens were enriched in the mow samples. Considering soil functional differences between burn and mow treatments and an increased plant production after burning treatments, we speculate that burning could be a better strategy in the tallgrass land restoration, with certain fungal groups as an imperative indicator.Highlights Understanding soil microbiome responses to different land‐management strategies provides insights into tallgrass prairie restoration We showed differences in the soil bacterial and fungal communities between burn and mow treatments. Soil fungi were enriched in AM fungi and plant saprotroph functions after burning, but fungi with putative plant pathogens after mowing. The burn treatment is a better strategy for tallgrass prairie land restoration in this study region.

High precision 5 MeV Mott polarimeter

We report on the design and performance of a Mott polarimeter optimized for a nominal 5-MeV electron beam from the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) injector. The rf time structure of this beam allows the use of time of flight in the scattered electron detection, making it possible to cleanly isolate those detected electrons that originate from the scattering foil, and resulting in measured scattering asymmetries which are exceptionally stable over a broad range of beam conditions, beam currents, and foil thicknesses. In two separate series of measurements from two different photocathode electron sources, we have measured the Mott scattering asymmetries produced by an approximately 86% transversely polarized electron beam incident on ten gold foils with nominal thicknesses between 50 and 1000 nm. The statistical uncertainty of the measured asymmetry from each foil is below 0.25%. Within this statistical precision, the measured asymmetry was unaffected by \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1-mm shifts in the beam position on the target foil, and by beam current changes and dead-time effects over a wide range of beam currents. The overall uncertainty of our beam polarization measurement, arising from the uncertainty in the value of the scattering asymmetry at zero foil thickness as determined from our fits to the measured asymmetries versus scattering foil thicknesses, the estimated systematic effects, and the (dominant) uncertainty from the calculation of the theoretical Sherman function, is 0.61%. A simulation of the polarimeter using geant4 has confirmed that double scattering in the target foil is the sole source of the dependence of the measured asymmetry on foil thickness, and gives a result for the asymmetry versus foil thickness in good agreement with both our measurements and a simple calculation. Future measurements at different beam energies and with target foils of different atomic numbers will seek to bound uncertainties from small effects such as radiative corrections to the calculation of the polarimeter analyzing power. A simultaneous high-precision measurement of the beam polarization with a different polarimeter, AESOP (Accurate Electron Spin Optical Polarimeter), under development at the University of Nebraska, clearly possible at the CEBAF accelerator, will allow a high-precision comparison of our measured asymmetries with theoretical calculations of the Mott analyzing power. Finally, the improved precision of the current Mott polarimeter along with similar improvements to other Jefferson Lab polarimeters warrants another precision comparison of all of these polarimeters when measuring a beam of the same polarization.

Farm Management Competition Provides Impact for Researchers, Producers, and Industry Partners

AbstractAn interactive, real‐life farm management competition at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln is attracting committed participation from producers and industry all while generating a slew of data researchers can use to evaluate and compare impacts of multivariable crop management decisions. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Crop Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/844.

Patient satisfaction with telemedicine encounters in an allergy and immunology practice during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

The use of telemedicine dates as far back as 50 years ago, when the University of Nebraska used interactive telemedicine to transmit neurologic examinations.1 Since that time, despite advances in available technologies and proven utility of telemedicine in allergy and immunology (AI),2,3 the use of telemedicine by AI physicians remains low.4 With the global spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), AI physicians were abruptly forced to change their mode of health care delivery. Given the need for social distancing and exposure mitigation, many practices quickly adapted to remote encounters from primarily in-person care.

Continuous Evaluation of Track Modulus from a Moving Railcar Using ANN-Based Techniques

Track foundation stiffness (also referred as the track modulus) is one of the main parameters that affect the track performance, and thus, quantifying its magnitudes and variations along the track is widely accepted as a method for evaluating the track condition. In recent decades, the train-mounted vertical track deflection measurement system developed at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (known as the MRail system) appears as a promising tool to assess track structures over long distances. Numerical methods with different levels of complexity have been proposed to simulate the MRail deflection measurements. These simulations facilitated the investigation and quantification of the relationship between the vertical deflections and the track modulus. In our previous study, finite element models (FEMs) with a stochastically varying track modulus were used for the simulation of the deflection measurements, and the relationships between the statistical properties of the track modulus and deflections were quantified over different track section lengths using curve-fitting approaches. The shortcoming is that decreasing the track section length resulted in a lower accuracy of estimations. In this study, the datasets from the same FEMs are used for the investigations, and the relationship between the measured deflection and track modulus averages and standard deviations are quantified using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Different approaches available for training the ANNs using FEM datasets are discussed. It is shown that the estimation accuracy can be significantly increased by using ANNs, especially when the estimations of track modulus and its variations are required over short track section lengths, ANNs result in more accurate estimations compared to the use of equations from curve-fitting approaches. Results also show that ANNs are effective for the estimations of track modulus even when the noisy datasets are used for training the ANNs.

NSF names new head of chemistry division

University of Nebraska–Lincoln chemistry professor David Berkowitz has been named the new director of the National Science Foundation’s Division of Chemistry. Berkowitz, who started his new position on May 24, says he’s excited to be returning to the NSF. He spent 3 years there as a program director from 2010 to 2013, followed by a brief stint as interim division director in 2015. During his previous service, he was impressed by the permanent staff and their commitment to high-risk science and basic research, while at the same time considering the health and diversity of chemistry as a field. “I came to know the people, and they were so serious about the mission, I thought I’d like to work with this team” again if the opportunity came along, Berkowitz says. Chemistry plays an important role in some of the NSF’s major initiatives, including quantum computing and artificial intelligence, he says. Work

Reviewer Acknowledgements

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 3Agboola O. Paul, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MalaysiaAna Uka, Beder University, AlbaniaAntónio Calha, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, PortugalAslan,Yasin, Sinop University, TurkeyBegoña Montero-Fleta, Universitat Politécnica de València, SpainEmilio Greco, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyEncarnación ABAD ARENAS, National University of Distance Education (UNED), SpainHao Liu, Beijing Normal University, ChinaJehu Onyekwere Nnaji, University of Naples II,Italy and Globe Visions Network Italy, ItalyJuanita GOICOVICI, University Babeș-Bolyai of Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaK.O. Aramide, The Polytechnic Ibadan, NigeriaLaura Diaconu Maxim, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iasi, RomaniaMei-Ling Lin, National Open University, TaiwanMickey Langlais, University of Nebraska – Kearney, USAQingzhi Huan, Peking University, ChinaRachita Shrivastava Roy, Department of Higher Education, Chhatisgarh-India, IndiaRonaldo R. Larioque, NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, PhilippinesUğur DEMİRCİ, Turkish National Police, TurkeyYusramizza Md Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia, MalaysiaZlatan Begić, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com

Estimation of heterosis and combining abilities of U.S. winter wheat germplasm for hybrid development in Texas

AbstractHybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) offers promises to break the yield stagnation in global wheat productivity as a result of heterosis. But, for this promise to be realized, the level of heterosis must be adequate. To test this, elite winter wheat lines from the breeding programs of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL) and Texas A&M University (TAMU) were crossed in a 25‐by‐25 full‐diallel design using a chemical hybridizing agent (CHA) to produce experimental hybrids. These hybrids were planted in a modified augmented design with commercial checks and parents at McGregor, TX, in 2016 (n = 612) and Greenville and Bushland, TX, in 2017 (n = 470) to evaluate for yield heterosis and combining ability. A subset of hybrids (n = 333) were repeated between years. The effect of field heterogeneity in grain yield was corrected by spatial modelling in ASReml‐R. Commercial heterosis ranged from −78.3 to 20.4% in 2016 and −32.9 to 6.2% in 2017. High‐parent heterosis (HPH) ranged from −70.4 to 54.3% in 2016 and −26.9 to 29.2% in 2017. General combining ability (GCA) variance was significantly higher than zero, whereas specific combining ability (SCA) variance was not. Significant maternal effect was identified in some crosses tested by computing reciprocal effects between crosses and estimating variances. This indicates that most of the heterosis is due to additive rather than dominance effect. These results suggest exploitation of GCA for higher yield while underscoring the need for development of heterotic pools to maximize SCA and dominance effects.

Building Capacity: The Case for Values-based Operations

Since the opening of the University of Nebraska at Omaha’s (UNO) Community Engagement Center in 2014, both university and community building partners have been guided by a set of core values. Established by a community/university task force after months of focus groups, community conversations, and other data gathering activities, these values have helped provide a foundation for the selection of university and community building partners, decision-making, and ongoing operations. This study explored the ways in which building partner alignment with the Weitz CEC values influenced their subsequent perceived organizational capacity. Results indicated that embracing the values was positively associated with increased perceptions of organizational capacity. Essentially, those who indicated they embraced the values experienced heightened feelings of belongingness, participated in more networking activities, and agreed that the culture was more cooperative, which contributed to their organization’s perceived capacity.

Selinexor in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (SADAL): A Single-Arm Multinational Phase 2 Trial

Background: Relapsed or refractory diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma (RR DLBCL) is an aggressive cancer with a median survival of less than 6 months. The SADAL trial aims to assess the response to the oral selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) selinexor in patients with RR DLBCL who have no therapeutic options of demonstrated clinical benefit. Methods: SADAL was a multicenter, open-label Phase 2b study conducted at 59 sites globally. Patients 18 years with previously treated, pathologically confirmed de novo DLBCL, or DLBCL transformed from previously diagnosed indolent lymphoma, and having received at least two prior therapies were enrolled. Germinal center B-cell (GCB) or non-GCB tumor subtype and double/triple expressor status were determined by immunohistochemistry and double/triple hit status was determined by cytogenetic assays. Patients received 60 mg selinexor orally on days 1 and 3 weekly until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary outcome was overall response rate (ORR) by central radiologic review. A modified intent-to-treat population was used for all efficacy endpoints. Findings: 127 patients were enrolled from October 21, 2015 through November 2, 2019. The ORR was 28.3% (95% CI: 20.7%, 37.0%), including complete response in 15 (11.8%) and partial response in 21 (16.5%) patients. Median overall survival (OS) was 9.1 months (95% CI: 6.6, 15.1) with longer OS observed in responding patients. Responses were observed across different subgroups regardless of age, gender, prior therapy, DLBCL subtype, refractory status or prior ASCT therapy. Adverse events were generally reversible and managed with dose modifications and/or standard supportive care. Interpretation: In both GCB- and non-GCB DLBCL subtypes, single agent oral selinexor induced durable responses which were associated with longer survival. Selinexor may be a new oral, non-cytotoxic treatment option for patients with RR DLBCL after two lines of chemo-immunotherapy. Trial Registration: This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02227251. Funding Statement: This study (NCT02227251) was funded by Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Newton, Massachusetts, USA, which provided all study materials. Declaration of Interests: NK reports research support from Verastem, Gilead, Celgene, and Roche, as well as honoraria from Gilead, Janssen, and Karyopharm. FC reports personal fees from Takeda, Gilead, and Janssen, outside the submitted work. MC reports personal fees from Celgene, Gilead, Janssen, Karyopharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, and Servier outside the submitted work. GF reports personal fees from Karyopharm and Roche, outside the submitted work. AG reports personal fees and honoraria from AstraZeneca, personal fees and board membership from Cota and Kite/Gilead, personal fees from Janssen, Celgene, Acerta, and research funding from Constellation, Bayer, CALBG, Genentech, Hoffman-La Roche, MD Anderson, Morphosys, Pharmacyclics, and the University of Nebraska, outside the submitted work. OC reports grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Roche, personal fees and non-financial support from Takeda, BMS, Amgen, Janssen, Abbvie, grants and personal fees from Gilead, and personal fees from Merck, outside the submitted work. BH reports grants and personal fees from Karyopharm, outside the submitted work. UJ reports personal fees from Karyopharm, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from AbbVie, Celgene, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Roche, Takeda, Amgen, Miltenyi, and BMS, outside the submitted work. JMS reports honoraria from Roche, Janssen, Gilead, Celgene, Novartis outside the submitted work. MS reports personal fees from Karyopharm during the conduct of the study, and personal fees from Amgen, Abbvie, Gilead, Takeda, Celgene, Pharmacyclics, Astellas, Verastem, Merck, Novartis, Genentech, and Seattle Genetics, outside the submitted work. TPV reports honoraria from WinMedica, Astellas, and Gilead, honoraria, advisory board membership and research support from Takeda, honoraria and advisory board membership from Roche, Bristol, Genesis, and Novartis, advisory board membership at Janssen, honoraria and research support from Merck and Amgen, and research support from Pfizer and Karyopharm. AJ reports personal fees from Karyopharm Therapeutics during the conduct of the study. YL reports personal fees from Karyopharm Therapeutics, outside the submitted work. HC, YL, XM, KC, DM, HW, JS, JRS, SS, and MK are employees of Karyopharm. AJ is a consultant for Karyopharm. MK and SS are stockholders of Karyopharm. SS holds patents (8999996, 9079865, 9714226, PCT/US12/048319, and I574957) on hydrazide containing nuclear transport modulators and uses, and pending patents (PCT/US12/048319, 499/2012, PI20102724, and 2012000928) on hydrazide-containing nuclear transport modulators and uses. All other authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The institutional review board or independent ethics committee at each study center approved the protocol, and the study was performed in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Aromatic Hydrazide Compounds That Inhibit the Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Aims: To demonstrate the efficacy of aromatic hydrazide compounds to inhibit growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
 Study Design: To synthesize tuberculostats and test their antibacterial activity in-vitro.
 Place and Duration of Study: University of Nebraska, Durham Science Center, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha NE 68182, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, 8447 State Hwy 47, Medical Research and Education Building, Room #3012, Bryan, TX 7780. From March 2019 to October 2019.
 Methodology: Hydrazide functional groups were formed by covalently bonding hydrazine onto a carbonyl carbon that is a substituent of a single aromatic ring. Microwave excitation was utilized for synthesis, followed by evaluation of antibacterial activity. These compounds were placed into tissue culture media at various concentrations and then Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria was added, in order to determine the level of growth inhibition. Growth inhibition of the bacteria was measured as a function of compound concentration versus growth inhibition.
 Results: Compounds A, B, C, and D carry hydrazide groups as a substituent to a single aromatic ring. All four compounds show zero violations of Rule of 5, indicating favorable drug-likeness. All four compounds showed greater than 50% growth inhibition of bacteria at concentrations below 50 micrograms per milliliter. Growth inhibition was measured by colony forming units and luminescence. Polar surface area, Log P, molecular volume, and other molecular properties were determined for these four compounds.
 Conclusion: These four hydrazide compounds induced substantial inhibition of bacterial growth. Microwave excitation for the synthesis of hydrazide compounds is effective. These compounds have favorable drug-likeness properties and are highly effective inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.