University Of Karachi Research Articles

Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine and Povidone Iodine in Preventing Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) in C-Section Deliveries

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of Chlorhexidine and Povidone iodine in preventing SSIs in C-section deliveries. Methodology: The study was conducted at a medical university and hospital in Karachi, from January 2021 July 2021. A non-probability consecutive sampling technique was used to select 35 participants. The study included women aged 18 to 45 years. The efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Povidone iodine in preventing SSIs was evaluated. Two groups were randomly assigned, with Group 1 receiving Chlorhexidine gluconate and Group 2 receiving Povidone-Iodine for skin preparation. Data on various factors were recorded, and the occurrence of SSIs within ten days of cesarean delivery was assessed. Results: The study included women aged 18 to 45 years. The efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Povidine iodine in preventing SSIs was evaluated. The results showed that Chlorhexidine was effective in preventing SSIs in 94.3% of cases, while Povidone iodine was effective in 91.4% of cases. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. The study results were consistent with previous research showing a reduction in SSI rates with the use of Chlorhexidine or Povidone- iodine. The overall rate of SSI was lower in the Chlorhexidine group, but contextual factors and adherence to infection control practices may influence outcomes. Conclusion. This study augments existing knowledge on preventing SSIs in C-section deliveries. While both Chlorhexidine and Povidone-iodine demonstrated comparable efficacy, Chlorhexidine appeared slightly more effective in reducing SSIs. Nonetheless, the study's limitations underscore the necessity for further research in diverse healthcare settings.

Motivation of Learning English Language by The Administrative and Academic Support Staff at Workplace in A Private Sector University in Karachi

Introduction: Recently, institutions have promoted English language ability among personnel to improve communication with students and professors. Many employees may lack motivation to learn or use English at work. Language learning motivation might be integrative, instrumental, or both. This study examines administrative and academic support staff's English learning motivation at a Karachi private institution. Problem Statement: Some university staff may lack motivation to study English, despite its relevance. Staff English language acquisition strategies can benefit from understanding motivation. Methodology: This quantitative study assessed administrative and academic support staff English learning motivation. Data was acquired using a modified Kitjaroonchai (2012) questionnaire. Participants' motivation mean scores were interpreted using Degang (2010). Mean scores and standard deviation were used in data analysis. Results/Findings: The study found that most participants were very motivated to learn English interactively and instrumentally. This implies that Karachi's private university's administrative and academic support staff value language acquisition. Future Direction: Future research could identify the causes of this study's high motivation. Interventions to improve English language learning and staff assistance could also be tested. Understanding and tackling motivation hurdles can help university personnel learn English

Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure Profile of Newly Enrolled Health Sciences Students in a Medical University of Karachi, Pakistan

Objectives: To measure the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood pressure (BP) of newly enrolled undergraduate students in a medical university in Karachi, Pakistan, and to assess any association between BMI and BP levels among them. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on pre-existing three-year data of 1403 students. The age, gender, BMI, and BP were recorded. The BMI of students was classified according to the Asian cutoff and BP was categorized using the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC) classification. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Descriptive statistics were used to present quantitative and qualitative variables. The association was measured using the Chi-square test of significance. A p-value of < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Total n= 1403 students with a mean age of 19 + 1.4 years students were enrolled including 397 (28.3%) males and 1006 (71.7%) females. A total of 667 (47.5%) students had a normal weight while 216 (15.4%) students were underweight, and 512 (36.5%) were either overweight or obese. Mean systolic BP was 111.42 + 10.7 mmHg and mean diastolic BP was 73.45 + 7.96 mmHg. Most students had normal systolic BP 901 (64.2%) while 501 (35.7%) had prehypertension or stage- I or II hypertension (HTN). The majority of the students had normal diastolic BP 1357 (96.7%) and 45 (3.3%) had stage- I or II HTN. There was a significant association between BMI and BP (0.0001). Conclusion: A significant number of the students are either under or overweight. There is a significant relationship between BMI and BP levels.

To evaluate how a tobacco cessation curriculum affects the professional competency of dental students in delivering effective counseling for tobacco cessation

Objective To assess the impact of tobacco cessation curriculum on the professional competency of dental students in providing effective TCC, ii) To determine the intention of dental students in providing TCC and whether this intention can be explained by TPB. To identify barriers in providing effective TCC Methods An Analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2023 to August 2023. Using a consecutive sampling technique data of 300 was gathered. Students from clinical years of BDS i.e. (third year and fourth year), dental interns, and postgraduate students from all Public and Private dental colleges in Karachi who had tobacco cessation curricula in formal dental teaching. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used as a data collection tool which served the purpose of studying intentions and perceived barriers in tobacco cessation counseling (TCC) using constructs of the theory of Planned Behaviour Results The majority of participants demonstrated high intention to deliver Tobacco cessation counseling and certainly reported that it is their responsibility as dental health care providers to educate and aid the consumers in quitting. There was no significant difference observed in the intention of dental students and dentists to provide effective TCC. Statistically significant differences were observed between the barriers faced by dental students and dentists in terms that the students were more concerned that they lack skills of TCC in comparison to dentists; they were also hesitant as they thought it might impact the dentist-patient relationship. Conclusion: This study provides useful insights into the importance of TCC in oral healthcare and the willingness of dental professionals to incorporate it into clinical practice. It also highlights the positive impact of the tobacco cessation curriculum in effective TCC.

Evaluation of English Language Curriculum: A Case Study of Public Sector Degree Colleges Affiliated with Karachi University

Introduction: The subcontinent of Indo-Pak, rule by British, has a rich history of language development. Despite linguistic diversity post-independence, English has emerged as a globally significant language. Pakistan, since its inception, has been multilingual with Urdu as the national language. English, now co-official in Pakistan, plays a crucial role in governance and communication. Methodology: The present study used qualitative thematic research design. Thematic analysis of data collected from students and teachers at public sector colleges affiliated with the University of Karachi forms the core of the research. Themes include undergraduate assessment experiences, challenges faced by graduates in the job market, the role of teachers in English language delivery, and insights from professionals involved in curriculum design. Results: The study reveals critical challenges in English language education. Undergraduates face difficulties in understanding literature, leading to a gap in communication skills. The current syllabus lacks clarity on objectives, hindering skill development. Teachers often use traditional methods, impacting students' ability to comprehend and communicate effectively. Professionals emphasize the necessity of communication skills in the job market, highlighting the mismatch between education and industry requirements. Future Direction/Implications: The findings underscore the urgency for reform in English language education. Recommendations include revising the syllabus to align with contemporary communication needs, implementing professional development courses for teachers, and incorporating practical, activity-based learning methods.

Exploring the Impact of University Type and Facilities on Students’ Academic Achievement

Introduction: The study aimed to explore the relationship between university type (public and private) and students' academic achievement, as well as the association between university facilities and academic performance. Previous literature suggested potential differences in academic achievement based on university type and highlighted the significance of university facilities in influencing student outcomes. Methodology: The study examined research objectives using correlation and cross- sectional methods. All Karachi university students—152 (62 males and 90 female), 72 from public and 80 from private—were sampled. The data was analysed using descriptive and correlational statistics to determine how institution kinds affect academic success and how facilities affect student performance. Results/Findings: Different types of universities significantly affected academic accomplishment, revealing differences in student performance between public and private institutions. University amenities, including labs, audiovisual aids, first aid, and transportation, correlate with student achievement. Other facilities, including comfortable seats, writing boards, classroom ventilation, e-libraries, social events, and sports grounds, do not affect student performance. Future Direction: Future research and longitudinal investigations may be utilized to evaluate the enduring impacts of university infrastructure on students' achievements, thereby facilitating the formulation of focused strategies to bolster scholastic triumph.

Acceptance of IoT by Students in Universities of Sindh, Pakistan: A Proposed Framework

The Internet of Things (IoT) encompasses a convergence of physical and virtual technologies, connecting devices through networks to enhance the overall quality of life. These technologies offer diverse interactions, featuring unique user interfaces and functionalities. Beyond its technological prowess, IoT presents contemporary methodologies and tools, catering to both modern and traditional learning approaches. While IoT components have received considerable attention, there exists a notable gap in exploring factors influencing students' receptiveness to these services. This research centers on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT 2), a widely acknowledged framework for assessing user willingness to adopt new technologies. The primary objective of our pilot study is to establish a conceptual framework based on UTAUT 2 and assess its reliability and validity. This framework sets the stage for future investigations into IoT acceptance among higher education students in Pakistan. To achieve this, an online pilot research questionnaire was distributed via Google Forms to students across various institutions, including the University of Karachi, University of Sindh Jamshoro, University of Sufism and Modern Sciences Bhitshah, Government College University Hyderabad, and SALU Khairpur. Fifty participants completed the questionnaire, and the ensuing data attests to the questionnaire's high reliability (ranging from .795 to .961), affirming its suitability for broader surveys.

Media and Self-Objectification of Women in Pakistan: Exploring the Role of Culture and Religion

The aim of study is to explore the self-objectification of women and media exposure. It explores the relationship of media and self-objectification with reference to culture and religion as moderating variables. For this purpose, quantitative survey was chosen as research design and data from four universities of provincial capitals were collected through simple random sampling. It Includes the Punjab University Lahore, Karachi University Sindh, Baluchistan University, Baluchistan and Peshawar University, KPK. The total respondent was 400. Hundred from each university. STATA and SPSS were used to applied the test. Linear regression was run to know the relationship between variables. Our analysis shows a relationship between media exposure and self-objectification of women. More exposure to media objectified images leads to more self-objectification in female students. Association with religion and culture decline the self-objectification tendencies among female students. Our finding suggest that more media literacy can decrease the self-objectification phenomenon and more cultural association can omit the effects of media objectified images on female students of universities.

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING & LOCUS OF CONTROL IN YOUNG ADULTS IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN

Psychological wellbeing (PWB) is a person’s ideal disposition of mental and emotional functioning, marked by positive emotions, satisfaction, serenity, resilience & purpose. These aspects are often influenced by locus of control (LOC), which enhances self-awareness & awareness of intrinsic capabilities. As LOC is a trait, knowing its links with PWB will illustrate the contribution of more permanent aspects of the personality in PWB. Most studies have not examined these important variables together. This research aims to bridge this knowledge gap and uncover predictive relationship between these factors and hypothesized that LOC would be correlated with to PWB. To conduct a cross-sectional survey a sample of 400 young adult participants from University of Karachi was drawn. Correlation that links LOC & various facets of psychological wellbeing is insignificant, except for correlation of internal LOC & personal growth, where there is slight negative correlation, as higher scores of the measure of LOC meant higher degrees of internal locus of control & vice versa. This result shows that the more external locus of control the more personal growth. This study sheds light on interesting perspective about the impact of perceived internal LOC on specific aspects of psychological well-being. These findings open new avenues for further research in this field.

Perception of Undergraduate Students and Faculty Members Regarding the Use of Advanced Technology and Social Media in Nursing Education

The advanced digital technology is a need of the century. The Covid-19 shifted the educational world to e-learning. The closure of institutes has extensive negative implications for healthcare industry. To assess perception of undergraduate nursing students and faculty members regarding the use of advanced and social media in education, a descriptive cross-sectional study was performed at Jinnah College of Nursing, Sohail University Karachi, Pakistan from September to October 2021. 160 male and female nursing students and 20 faculty members were included after ERC approval. Two Questionnaires, one for students and another for faculty members were used.. A significant median comparison of student’s perception score was found with program of nursing (p=0.011) and qualification (p=0.033). This study describes the positive perception of nursing students and faculty members. However, proper and planned training can create significant outcomes.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS AND MATERNAL DYSLIPIDEMIA AN UPCOMING INVESTIGATION

Background: Gestational diabetes and maternal dyslipidemia are linked, although obesity’s role is uncertain. InGDM patients, we examined the relationship between maternal obesity at the first prenatal visit and oral glucosetolerance test (OGTT) fasting lipids.Objectives: The study examines the relationship between maternal dyslipidemia and gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), identifies risk variables, explains processes, and informs pregnancy health measures.Study design: A prospective studyDuration and place of study: from Sep 2021 to March 2022 at Dow University Karachi, PakistanMethods: Dow University Karachi, which graduates around 150 students annually, conducted this prospectiveresearch. Participants 17-20 years old with at least one maternal risk factor for GDM were recruited at their firstprenatal hospital visit. Women with diabetes or multiple pregnancies were excluded. Maternal risk factors and GDMoutcomes were examined by medical records, interviews, and laboratory testing. The research employed descriptivestatistics and logistic regression to find risk variable-GDM relationships. This study examined how risk factors affectGDM incidence in Dow University Karachi’s young women.Results: The study population was classified by GDM status. At the first prenatal session, 150 women accepted theresearch. A substantial correlation was found between maternal factors and gestational diabetes mellitus incidence.GDM risk increased with younger maternal age, averaging late teens. Maternal obesity was a substantial risk factorfor GDM. High fasting cholesterol, especially triglycerides, and total cholesterol were particularly high in the GDMgroup, emphasizing the importance of maternal cholesterol. Family history of diabetes mellitus, previous diagnosis ofGDM, and high BMI were associated with GDM risk. These results emphasize the complexity of GDM developmentand the need for focused prevention.Conclusion: The research examined how obesity affects maternal dyslipidemia and gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM). The abstract describes the study’s aims and procedures, but not its conclusions. The findings may help usunderstand the complex relationships between maternal obesity, dyslipidemia, and GDM. These findings may helpidentify at-risk pregnant women and develop targeted therapies to improve their health and that of their unborn children. More research and a complete report are needed to properly grasp the study’s advantages to maternal healthcare.Keywords: maternal dyslipidemia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and pregnancy complications

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Life Goals of University Students: Orientation and Role in Educational Success

Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) describes life goals as being intrinsic goals and extrinsic goals. The intrinsic goals include self-acceptance, affiliation, and community feeling; however, financial success, image, and popularity are extrinsic goals. The theory suggests that intrinsic goals are positively related to human functioning and wellbeing, while extrinsic goals are negatively related to it. Empirical studies conducted in developed and individualist societies support the theory. This study explores these life goals of university students in a developing and collectivist society of Pakistan. The study also investigates the relationship of these goals with critical thinking skills and academic achievement of the students. The data was collected from 193 male and female students, aged above 18 at a public sector university in Karachi. It was a survey and the study used self-administered questionnaires on demographics, intrinsic and extrinsic life goals, critical thinking skills, and academic achievement. The analysis revealed that students’ intrinsic goals were significantly higher than their extrinsic goals. Also, it was found that intrinsic goals were significantly positively linked to their critical thinking, and extrinsic goals were significantly positively linked to their achievement. The findings conclude that university students are more intrinsically oriented than they are extrinsically oriented. Also, extrinsic goals may not undermine students’ educational success in developing and/or collectivist cultures. Therefore, it is recommended that students' extrinsic goals may not be condemned by the teachers, parents and society. There is a need for more research into intrinsic and extrinsic life goals in various cultural and socioeconomic contexts.

PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH MENSTRUAL DISORDERS AMONG NURSING STUDENTS IN A PRIVATE NURSING COLLEGE AT KARACHI

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of anemia among nursing students at a private college in Karachi and its association with menstrual problems. The institution approved the study and conducted it with the participation of 144 nursing students who provided informed consent. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data to estimate the risk factors for anemia in nursing students, and hematological examinations were conducted on their blood samples at Jinnah Sindh Medical University Hospital. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. The results showed that 52.7% of nursing students suffered from anemia. Interviews with the students revealed that 70.1% had a monthly menstrual flow of 5-7 days, 9.5% had a flow of 3-5 days, and 22.9% had a flow of less than three days. The study found that a menstrual flow length of 3-5 days was associated with a higher incidence of anemia (P=<0.001 chi-square 14.3). However, the number of sanitary pads used per day was not significant in relation to the prevalence of anemia (p=0.5 1.2). In conclusion, menstrual issues were found to be the leading cause of anemia among nursing students. Therefore, raising awareness about this health condition and implementing necessary measures can significantly enhance students' quality of life in educational institutions.

Impact of haemodialysis on plasma carnitine concentrations in haemodialysis patients.

To evaluate the impact of haemodialysis on plasma carnitine levels. The cross-sectional study was conducted from April 20, 2020 to May 10, 2022, at the dialysis unit of the nephrology ward of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, and the Pakistan Navy Ship Shifa Hospital, Karachi, in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, and comprised patients of either gender aged >18 years. They were divided into chronic kidney disease group A and end-stage renal disease group B. Control group C included subjects from the general population. Free carnitine and total carnitine values were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Acyl carnitine was estimated by applying the standard formula, and the ratio between acyl carnitine and free carnitine was calculated for accurate assessment of the carnitine status. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Of the 203 subjects, 143(70.44%) were cases and 60(29.55%) were controls. Among the cases, 120(84%) were recruited from Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre and 23(16%) from Pakistan Navy Ship Shifa Hospital. There were 60(29.55%) patients in group A, 83(40.88%) in group B and 60(29.55%) in group C. The mean age in group A was 47.90 5.±65 years, it was 44.10 ±8.92 years in group B and 40.90 ± 6.73 years in group C. There was a significant difference related to free carnitine, total carnitine, acyl carnitine values and the ratio between acyl carnitine and free carnitine values in groups A and B compared to control group C (p<0.05). Patients on maintenance haemodialysis developed were found to have developed carnitine deficiency.

Prescribing patterns of antidiabetic drugs and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes patients visiting tertiary care hospital based in Karachi, Pakistan

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health concern with elevated blood glucose levels and insulin dysfunction. Our study analyzed antidiabetic drug prescriptions and their effectiveness in managing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with or without comorbidities. We aimed to gain insights into prescribing practices and efficacy in diverse patient populations. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at The Aga Khan University in Karachi, Pakistan, over a three-month period. It analysed prescriptions of anti-diabetic drugs for male and female patients aged 18 years and above with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patient data, including prescribed drugs, diabetes duration, co-morbid conditions, and HbA1c levels, were reviewed using the hospital's Health Information Management System (HIMS). Results: Data from 552 diabetic patients were analysed. The mean age of participants with type-2 DM was 58 years, with 53.3% males and 46.7% females. 25.2% had diabetes for 5-10 years. Good glycaemic control was achieved by 48.7% of patients. Metformin (83.9%), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4) inhibitors (61.1%), and sodium-glucose transport 2 inhibitors (SGLT2) inhibitors (54.0%) were the most prescribed medications. Three-drug combinations were predominant (41.5%). Conclusions: Metformin was the most prescribed monotherapy for T2DM, followed by DPP4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors. Common combinations included DPP4 inhibitors with metformin, three-drug combinations with metformin, DPP4 inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors, and four-drug combinations with metformin, DPP4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and sulfonylurea. DPP4 inhibitors were commonly used after metformin due to availability and cost-effectiveness. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibitors (GLP-1) analogs were less commonly prescribed due to cost, patient preference, and concerns about side effects.

Relationship Between Genetic Variant Of OXTR (Rs53576) And MTNR1B (Rs1387153) And Symptoms Of Psychological Stress In Females With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

To assess the association of oxytocin receptor (rs53576) and melatonin hormone receptor 1B (rs1387153) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms with psychological symptoms in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. The case-control study was conducted from May 1 to June 1, 2022, at the Department of Physiology, University of Karachi, in collaboration with the Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Fifty gestational diabetic pregnant women and ninety healthy pregnant women were recruited. Sanger sequencing was performed to assess the genotypic frequency and polymorphic variation of all subjects. Perceived stress scale and diabetes-related distress scale were used to assess the stress levels. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Of the 140 subjects, 90 (64.3%) were controls with mean age 24.96±4.35 years, and 50 (35.7%) were cases with mean age 28.78±5.25 (p<0.05). Mean body weight and mean gestational age were not significantly different between the groups (p>0.05). Melatonin hormone receptor 1B rs1387153 frequency was significantly different between the groups (p<0.05). Among the cases, a significant mean difference for regimen distress scores between AA and GG was observed for oxytocin receptor rs53576 (p=0.04). A significant mean difference in sum of PSS, diabetes-related stress, total diabetes- related stress and emotional distress was noted between CC and TT genotypes for melatonin hormone receptor 1B rs1387153 (p=0.001). MTNR1B rs1387153 genotypes were associated with perceived stress, diabetes-related stress, diabetic distress, and emotional burden, while OXTR rs53576 genotypes were associated with regimen distress in GDM women.

Pir Hussamuddin Rashidi's Urdu Literary Services

Pir Hussamuddin Rashidi was a famous journalist, historian, scholar and political analyst of his time. He was born on 20th September 1911 in Behman village Near Nusrat Railway Station Taluka Rattodero District Larkana. He was founder member of Sindhi Adabi Board, Urdu College Karachi, Urdu Trust Karachi, Institution of Central and West Asian Studies, Karachi University, Idara-e-Yaadgaar-e-Ghalib etc. He had also been the Chairman of Advisory Council of Sindh University, member of Syndicate of Sindh University. Pir Hussamuddin was basically a historian and it was with reference to history that he viewed other Sciences and Arts.Today Sindhi new generation is treading the path of Scholarship and research in the light of Pir Sahib’s work. Pir Sahib introduced the tradition of modern research in Sindh. The Government of Pakistan, in 1964, conferred on him the literary award Sitaara-e-Imtiaz for his meritorious services in the fields of literature and history. He expired on 1st April 1982. He is buried in the historical graveyard of Makli, Thattaa, Sindh, Pakistan

PREVALENCE AND COPING STRATEGIES OF DYSMENORRHEA AMONG UNDERGRADUATE NON-MEDICAL STUDENTS

Although dysmenorrhea is not a life-threatening disorder, it can have a significant negative impact on both individuals and society. Dysmenorrhea is a chronic condition that causes significant pain, cramping, and constriction in the lower abdomen. Additional symptoms like sweating, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea frequently accompany it. Primary dysmenorrhea is another pain term with no obvious medically identifiable gynecological etiology. This study conducted a cross-sectional investigation on a sample of 377 people gathered from various women's colleges in Karachi. Version 24 of SPSS was utilized for the analysis. The results show that the participants knew about the risk factors of dysmenorrhea, but knowledge regarding dietary recommendations and physical activity was low. This study provides insight into the incidence of dysmenorrhea among undergraduate non-medical females and the coping strategies used by these students. This information will benefit medical care providers to recommend the most effective strategies according to medical literature to those not using the effective method. A program of awareness development is required to promote young females' health.

Prevalence of Smoking Habit and Its Associated Factors Among the Students of Public Sector Universities in Karachi

Smoking, which accounts for a large portion of preventable deaths worldwide, has a huge negative impact on public health expenditures, reduces lifespans, and reduces daily productivity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of smoking and its associated factors among students enrolled in public sector universities in Karachi in order to address this urgent issue. Data were gathered using questionnaires that students completed, and they were then rigorously statistically analyzed using the chi-square method and IBM SPSS Statistics 20. The results of this study provide insight into important factors affecting students' smoking habits. Notably, gender was crucial, with significant differences between male and female pupils. Another important component that emerged was age, with smoking prevalence rising sharply as people aged. The survey also found that there were significant correlations between students' smoking habits and those of their siblings and close friends. Additionally, it was discovered that people's religious beliefs have a big impact on their smoking habits. These findings highlight the critical importance of including these aspects in the creation of successful anti-smoking initiatives geared toward college students. The prevalence of smoking among this group can be lowered by using personalized treatments that consider factors including gender, age, peer pressure, and religious attitudes. This will ultimately enhance public health and lower healthcare costs.

Examining the Impact of Social Facilitation on Performance: Insights from a Study with University Students at Karachi University

Examining the Impact of Social Facilitation on Performance: Insights from a Study with University Students at Karachi University