University Of Hawaii Research Articles

A Tribute to Richard M. Crooks on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday

A Tribute to Richard M. Crooks on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday

How did Titan’s dunes form?

On Saturn’s moon Titan, the lakes, seas, and rain are made not from water but from hydrocarbons. The moon even has hydrocarbon dunes, standing 100 m high. Until now, scientists have proposed that reactions in Titan’s atmosphere produced the dunes’ particles, but new laboratory experiments suggest that cosmic radiation interacting with acetylene ice on the moon’s surface could provide another explanation (Sci. Adv. 2019, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5841). One clue that atmospheric reactions might not be the only source of the dune hydrocarbons: observations suggest that the dunes’ particles are more than 100 times as large as what atmospheric chemistry can produce. Ralf Kaiser and colleagues at the University of Hawaii, Manoa, decided to test an alternative origin with a lab experiment that simulates the effect of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) on acetylene ices, which are thought to exist on Titan’s surface in the same areas as the dunes. GCR itself doesn’t

Alternative futures for North Korea economy: From the North Korean perspectives

Recent mood of reconciliation between the two Koreas as well as the two historic summits between Donald Trump and Kim Jong-Un over the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula attracted worldwide attention. Despite growing security concerns in North Korea, studies on North Korea have often neglected the viewpoints of the North Korean regime and most studies analyzed from the viewpoints of South Korea and the United States. In this respect, we explore the alternative futures for North Korea and its economy from the perspective of North Korea and concludes that unification with South Korea may not be the preferred future of the North. To envision alternative futures for North Korea, we utilize the ‘four generic alternative futures’ of Manoa School at the University of Hawaii. Based on the four alternative futures, we suggest four strategies for the North Korean economy to achieve its preferred future.

Correction to: A newly developed APCC SCoPS and its prediction of East Asia seasonal climate variability

Upon publication, it came to our attention that certain revisions were necessary to honor the agreement between University of Hawaii and APEC Climate Center for the project, “Development of APCC Seamless Prediction System”. There are three sections that are to be corrected to accurately reflect the agreement of project.

Whispering southern right whale mums and calves seek refuge in surf

Most mammalian new mums are fiercely protective of their precious offspring; even 5–8 m-long southern right whale calves are vulnerable to attack by voracious killer whales. Mia Nielsen from Aarhus University, Denmark, explains that whale mothers and calves often try to hide from predators by gravitating to cloudy water. But the loss of visual contact could force mothers and their young to call to each other more, increasing the risk of attracting the wrong attention. Knowing that humpback whale mothers resort to whispering to their young to protect them from harm, Nielsen and her colleagues, Lars Bejder from the University of Hawaii at Manoa and Peter Madsen, also from Aarhus University, decided to listen in on the conversations between southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) mothers and their calves, to find out how they go unnoticed.‘One of the initial challenges was getting to know the whales in our study area’, says Nielsen, who travelled to Flinders Bay – off the southern tip of Western Australia where the whales breed – with Madsen, Bejder and Fredrik Christiansen to track the graceful creatures. ‘The number of whales that frequent the bay is low’, says Nielsen, who admits that she was surprised when they eventually located the females with their calves in the surf zone close to shore; which puzzled the researchers. Why were the mothers taking refuge in the most turbulent water? Were the crashing waves providing acoustic cover? And would the mothers and their offspring call to each other more frequently in the stirred-up water to keep in touch?Stealthily approaching the whales while they rested at the surface, the team attached sound recording tags to the youngsters and their mums in the hope of recording the pair's interactions. ‘The tags stayed on the mothers for about 7 hours on average’, says Nielsen; however, the calves’ tags detached within 40 mins. ‘Southern right whales are very physical with each other, the calves spend a lot of time rubbing against the mother and rolling over her back, tail and rostrum’, says Nielsen, which explained why the tags wouldn't stay in place. However, after successfully tagging nine whale mums the team recorded almost 63 h of conversation as the mothers and calves sheltered in the surf.Back in Denmark, Nielsen, Madsen and Simone Videsen scrutinised the recordings. ‘It was difficult to assign the calls to either the calf or the mom, because they are so close to each other’, says Nielsen; instead she assigned the calls to the calf–mother group. Although it was clear that the animals were producing two types of call – a grunt and a mooing sound – the team was surprised when they realised that instead of communicating continually the mother and calf called less than once per dive. And when the researchers analysed the sound volume of the animals’ calls, they were surprised by how quiet the moos and grunts were. The pounding waves drowned out the calls within a few hundred metres, making it difficult for killer whales to eavesdrop on the soft conversations.Nielsen suspects that it is unnecessary for southern right whale calves and their mothers to raise their voices in their cloudy coastal breeding grounds as the calves remain in close physical proximity to their mothers, swimming in mum's slipstream. And Nielsen and her colleagues suspect that the whales’ unconventional choice of location in the crashing surf could conceal and protect them from unwanted attention.

P199 Student Perception Between a Publisher Textbook Versus an Open Educational Resource Textbook for an Introductory Nutrition Course

Objective To evaluate student perception on a publisher textbook versus an open educational resource (OER) textbook adapted for introductory nutrition. Use of Theory or Research Efforts to increase OER adoption have become wide spread across post-secondary education. The Cost, Outcomes, Usage, and Perceptions (COUP) framework was developed by the Open Education Group to provide a consistent approach to studying OER impacts. Target Audience Participants were students registered in an introductory nutrition course offered at one public university during the 2017 – 2018 academic year. Program Description During the fall semester a publisher's textbook was used in an introductory nutrition course. In the spring semester, the publisher's textbook was replaced with an OER nutrition textbook that was purposely created for the university. Evaluation Methods An online survey to assess usage, perceptions, and engagement was distributed to students one month prior to finals. Responses to the questions related to the likes and dislikes of the textbook were coded using thematic analysis by two different reviewers and then confirmed by a third, independent reviewer. Responses were compared across semesters. Results Sixty-four percent (223/346) of students in the fall responded to the “like” question and 55% (190/346) responded to the “dislike” question. In the spring, 92% (285/311) responded to the “like” question and 49% (153/311) responded to the “dislike” question. Students liked both textbooks’ structure, content, application, and accessibility. More students commented positively on the publisher's textbook structure (n = 87) while more students commented on liking the OER textbook's accessibility (n = 122). For both textbooks, students “dislike comments” related to structure, application, accessibility, and necessity. More students commented that they did not need the publisher's textbook (n = 25) vs the OER textbook (n = 6). Conclusions In addition to perception, further investigation is needed on the cost, usage and engagement of OER introductory nutrition textbooks to inform the integration of OER textbooks in nutrition post-secondary education. Funding University of Hawaii at Manoa, Children's Healthy Living Summer Institute.

Internal Medicine Residents' Perception of Cancer Prognosis.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA. Many internal medicine physicians feel uncomfortable having to prognosticate; however, oncology patients often ask this of them. The inability to provide an accurate prognosis could lead a patient to make a treatment decision incongruent with their true wishes. We conducted this study to assess resident and attending physicians' knowledge of cancer prognosis and to establish the source of residents' knowledge. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study to assess internal medicine resident and attending physician knowledge of median survival for seven different oncologic case scenarios. Correct answers were defined by results of randomized, phase III trials. Residents were asked to identify the source(s) of information that most significantly influenced their choices. All residents and attending physicians affiliated with the University of Hawaii were invited to participate. A total of 67 of 85 surveys (78.8%) were completed, representing 41 residents and 26 attending physicians. Overall, the respondents correctly estimated median survival 42.6% of the time. The respondents underestimated more often than overestimated median survival (46.3% vs. 14.9%, p = 0.0001). Seventy-three percent of residents cited inpatient experience as influencing their oncologic knowledge. Internal medicine residents and attending physicians correctly estimate median survival of cancer patients less than 50% of the time and often underestimate survival. Inpatient rotations, where residents care for the oncologic patients experiencing significant complications of their cancer and treatment, may be giving them an unbalanced perspective on cancer prognosis.

Does Intermittent Energy Restriction Plus Mediterranean Diet Reduce Visceral Adipose Tissue and Minimize Adaptive Responses of Energy Restriction? A Randomized Pilot Study (P21-016-19)

ObjectivesTest if an intermittent energy restriction with a Mediterranean diet (IER + MED) preferentially promotes loss of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) over subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), with minimal changes to resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL), compared to an active control, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, in an East Asian adult population. MethodsMen and women in Hawai’i (n = 60, aged 35–55, BMI 25–40, VAT ≥ 90cm2 for men and ≥ 80cm2 for women) of East Asian origin, were randomized equally to IER + MED (2 days with 70% energy restriction and 5 days euenergetic MED) or a 7 day euenergetic DASH diet for 12 weeks. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for estimation of VAT and abdominal SAT, REE through indirect calorimetry, and physical activity questionnaires were collected at baseline and week 12. Four-days mobile food records were completed at baseline, weeks 5–6 and 11. ResultsAt week 12, participants in the IER + MED group lost greater amounts of VAT (−22.6 ± 3.6 cm2 vs. −10.7 ± 3.5 cm2 in DASH, P = 0.022) and SAT (−48.2 ± 6.4 cm2 vs. −15.0 ± 6.1 cm2 in DASH, P < 0.001). The IER + MED diet did not preferentially promote loss of VAT over SAT compared to DASH. Changes in VAT: SAT were 0.01 ± 0.01 for both groups (IER + MED vs. DASH, P = 0.825). Mean daily energy intake reductions at week 11 were larger in IER + MED (27%) than DASH (16%); and mean loss of weight at week 12 was higher in the IER + MED group (−5.9 ± 0.7 kg vs. −3.3 ± 0.6 kg in DASH, P = 0.007). Despite the significant drop in energy and weight for IER + MED, there was a non-significant change in REE of −105 ± 56 kcal/day for IER + MED (P = 0.068) and −25 ± 57 kcal/day for DASH (P = 0.663). Hours of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day were 1.6 ± 0.2 for IER + MED and 1.4 ± 0.3 for DASH at baseline and did not change significantly over 12 weeks. ConclusionsIn this short-term pilot study, the IER + MED diet was more effective at reducing VAT, SAT and weight; however, it did not preferentially promote loss of VAT over SAT, as compared to the active control DASH group. Loss of VAT, SAT and weight from the IER + MED diet may be sustainable long term as REE and PAL, which commonly decrease with large energy restriction, did not significantly change over 12 weeks. Funding SourcesThe William & Ellen Melohn Endowed Research Fund, University of Hawaii; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute.

The Complete Calibration of the Color–Redshift Relation (C3R2) Survey: Analysis and Data Release 2

Abstract The Complete Calibration of the Color-Redshift Relation (C3R2) survey is a multi-institution, multi-instrument survey that aims to map the empirical relation of galaxy color to redshift to i ∼ 24.5 (AB), thereby providing a firm foundation for weak lensing cosmology with the Stage IV dark energy missions Euclid and WFIRST. Here we present 3171 new spectroscopic redshifts obtained in the 2016B and 2017A semesters with a combination of DEIMOS, LRIS, and MOSFIRE on the Keck telescopes.13 The observations come from all of the Keck partners: Caltech, NASA, the University of Hawaii, and the University of California. Combined with the 1283 redshifts published in DR1, the C3R2 survey has now obtained and published 4454 high-quality galaxy redshifts. We discuss updates to the survey design and provide a catalog of photometric and spectroscopic data. Initial tests of the calibration method performance are given, indicating that the sample, once completed and combined with extensive data collected by other spectroscopic surveys, should allow us to meet the cosmology requirements for Euclid, and make significant headway toward solving the problem for WFIRST. We use the full spectroscopic sample to demonstrate that galaxy brightness is weakly correlated with redshift once a galaxy is localized in the Euclid or WFIRST color space, with potentially important implications for the spectroscopy needed to calibrate redshifts for faint WFIRST and LSST sources.

PGM-Free Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst: From the Design to Manufacturing

Recently, a significant interess to the development of PGM-free catalysts for both the anode [1] and cathode [2] catalysts for the low temperature fuel cells resulted in increasing of their activity, stability and durability [3]. The activity of transition metal/nitrogen/carbon (M-N-C) materials already achieved ~30% of Pt/C. In order to further advance the research, development and commercialization of these materials Pajarito Powder, LLC utilizes the manufacturing platform under a trade mark VariPore™ which allow to control morphology and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, level of graphitization and final activity [4-8]. In a close collaboration with world leaders in MEA manufacturing EWII Fuel Cells these materials were integrated in high performed fuel cell MEAs, which were comprehensively tested in segmented cell at Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawaii. All three organization are part of US DOE ElectroCat consortium.The synthetic approach is based forming the M-N-C ORR electrocatalyst from organic molecules (ranged from low molecular weight ones up to polymeric materials), which are combined with precursors of transition metals: M=Fe, Ni, Co, Mn. The main parameter which allow to control mentioned above properties is an addition to hybrid Organic-Transition Metal (TM) mixture the particles and pore forming agents (PFs). In the present work these agents were selected from the family of so called “hard templates”: silica, magnesia and a number of high surface area oxides of transition metal. The fine mixture of Organic-TM-PF was heat treated in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen in order to create the matrix of the catalyst enriched with M-Nx active sites [3]. The catalytically inactive PFs were removed from the heat-treated material by the know-how leaching process developed at Pajarito Powder.The family of Fe-N-C materials prepared at Pajarito Powder by the VariPore™ method at the scale of 200 gram per batch were provided to the EWII Fuel Cell MEA manufacturing Team, where a series of MEAs were fabricated with a variation of catalyst:ionomer ratio, deposition method and other. The electrochemical evaluation of these MEAs at low potentials (OCV-0.85V) were performed at Hawaii Natural Energy Institute using a segmented cell. The main focus of these experiments was the understanding the PGM-free ORR behavior during the MEA activation and revealing the highest intrinsic ORR activity of these catalysts. It should be mentioned that all fuel cell experiments were performed at recommended by DOE ElectroCat consortium conditions and can be compared around the ElectroCat community as well as around research groups adopted these protocols. The details on the materials synthesis and evaluation will be presented.Acknowledgments:We would like to acknowledge the financial support from US DOE EERE under the grant DE-EE0008419 “Active and Durable PGM-free Cathodic Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cell Application” (PI: Alexey Serov).

Free-electron laser inverse-Compton interaction x-ray source

Free-electron lasers (FEL) and synchrotron sources of high brilliance x-rays have proven to be of tremendous value in basic and applied research. Inverse-Compton sources (ICS) can achieve brilliance matching the requirements of many applications pioneered at those FEL and synchrotron facilities---including phase contrast imaging, macromolecular x-ray crystallography, and x-ray microscopy---but with size, cost, and complexity compatible with a small laboratory. The free-electron laser inverse-Compton interaction compact x-ray source at the University of Hawaii at Manoa is a unique approach to an ICS which employs an FEL as the laser source. We have measured a total average flux of $3.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{photons}/\mathrm{second}$ with an average brilliance of $2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{photons}/\mathrm{s}\text{ }{\mathrm{mm}}^{2}\text{ }{\mathrm{mrad}}^{2}$ 0.1% of bandwidth (BW) with a peak energy of 10.9 keV from the source. While these results are modest in comparison to the standards set by other IC sources, upgrades to the system have the potential to increase the total average flux to $9.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{photons}/\mathrm{second}$ with an average brilliance of $1.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{photons}/\mathrm{s}\text{ }{\mathrm{mm}}^{2}\text{ }{\mathrm{mrad}}^{2}$ 0.1% BW: comparing more favorably to other sources. We discuss the scientific program, the progress made in design and development, and the achievements of the source to date. We also outline future upgrades and integration needed to yield an enabling source for emerging high brilliance x-ray applications.

Historical and Molecular Evidence of Genetic Identity of Macadamia Cultivars HAES741 and HAES660

The Hawaiian cultivars Keaau (HAES660) and Mauka (HAES741) were selected by the University of Hawaii—released in 1966 and 1977, respectively—and have been used extensively in macadamia orchards throughout the world. Recent molecular evidence suggests that these two cultivars are almost identical genetically; however, commercially they have been considered phenotypically different. This study reviews available molecular, historical, and phenotypic evidence to examine the hypothesis that these two cultivars are the same genotype. Phenotypic variability for morphological traits was observed in a replicated trial at Wolvi, QLD. Historical evidence suggests that both ‘HAES660’ and ‘HAES741’ were derived from the same orchard. We identified strong genetic and phenotypic similarities between these cultivars, with variability in some simple traits. This study provides evidence that these two cultivars are isogenic or near isogenic and may have been derived from the same plant source.

An Effective, Low Cost, Do-it-Yourself Suture and Knot Tying Training Kit for the Novice Learner

Introduction Too Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System is a seminal report that highlights how improved training and objective assessment are key to reducing medical errors. The purpose of this study is to design a low cost, do-it-yourself (DIY) suture and knot tying training kit that enhances the novice learner’s basic surgical skills and to evaluate the efficacy of this training kit. Materials and Methods: Pre-medical and medical students from the University of Hawaii were administered a pretest to evaluate their two-handed knot tying and simple interrupted suturing with instrument tie using an objective scoring system. Then, subjects were shown an instructional video and allowed to practice using a low-cost, DIY training kit. A posttest was administered in the same format as the pretest. The primary outcome was subject confidence level, and secondary outcomes were time and quality of suturing and knot tying. Results: 20 subjects were recruited. After using the training kit, mean confidence levels increased for two-handed knot tying (1.55 vs. 7.15, p&lt;0.0001), suturing (1.75 vs. 6.95, p&lt;0.0001), and instrument tie (1.50 vs. 6.95, p&lt;0.0001). Mean time to complete two-handed knot tying (116.03 vs. 52.85 seconds, p&lt;0.0001) and simple interrupted suturing with instrument tie (300.00 vs. 181.05 seconds, p&lt;0.0001) both decreased. Mean quality of both knot tying (0 vs. 4.25, p&lt;0.0001) and simple interrupted suturing with instrument tie (0 vs. 13.1, p&lt;0.0001) increased. Conclusions: This low-cost, DIY suture and knot tying training kit increased the confidence and basic surgical skills of the novice learner.

Reflections on a community health elective in Native Hawaiian Health: a community-centred vision for health and the medical profession in Indigenous contexts.

The medical profession is fundamentally thought of as a vocation and calling, one that requires the translation of knowledge and skill into counselling, diagnosis and interventions that benefit the lives of patients. Physicians and healthcare professionals have the immense privilege to compassionately use their vocation to improve the health of communities. What does this commitment look like in an Indigenous health setting? Using the author's own experience as a participant-observer in the University of Hawaii's John A. Burns School of Medicine's Native Hawaiian Health elective, an example is provided of an educational curriculum that seeks to integrate community health in Native Hawaiian settings. This paper shows the ways that the author's understanding of health broadened to include environmental stewardship and healthcare professionals' compassion and involvement in the life of the community throughout the elective. By providing this example, the author seeks to shed light on how a medical education initiative can change the way students approach Indigenous health.

First Report of Apple of Peru (Nicandra physalodes) Infected with Pepper Mottle Virus in Hawaii

Apple of Peru (Nicandra physalodes [L.]) is a member of the Solanaceae family and one of the serious weed threats in crop fields. It is tolerant to commonly used herbicides and competes with cultivated crops (Watanabe et al. 2002). Additionally, apple of Peru and other solanaceous weeds are known as an alternative host of several viruses (Barbosa et al. 2009; Hobbs et al. 2000). Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) in the genus Potyvirus (family Potyviridae) is a monopartite, positive-sensed, single-stranded RNA virus. PepMoV causes economic losses to peppers and tomatoes in Honduras, South Korea, and Hawaii (Kim et al. 2009; Melzer et al. 2012). In February 2018, we observed apple of Peru plants with severe virus-like symptoms: mosaic, mottling, and crinkling of leaves in a fallow area at the University of Hawaii in Manoa, HI. Six samples with severe symptoms and three asymptomatic samples were collected and tested for potyvirus infection using a potyvirus-specific ELISA (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) and universal potyvirus-specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (Zheng et al. 2010). All of the symptomatic apple of Peru plants tested positive for potyviruses in both tests, whereas three asymptomatic plants tested negative. To identify the specific potyvirus involved, amplicons (328 bp) of the nuclear inclusion body (NIb) region of potyviruses that were generated by RT-PCR using universal potyvirus-specific primers were directly sequenced (GenBank accession MH476197). BLASTn analysis of the sequences showed that this virus isolate shared 95% nucleotide sequence identity with a PepMoV isolate from Florida (AF501591). Two additional primer pairs were used to further characterize the isolate: PepMoV coat protein (CP) gene primers 900/S (Melzer et al. 2012) and PepMoV NIb gene primers PMoVFP (5′-GTGATTTCAACAACCAGTTT-3′)/PMoVRP (5′-CCACTGTTATTGCCTCTGAA-3′) designed from the sequence generated by the universal potyvirus-specific primers (GenBank accession MH476197). The cDNA (1 µl) was subjected to PCR in a 20-µl reaction mixture containing 10 µl of GoTaq Master Mix (Promega) and 10 pmol of PMoVFP and PMoVRP primers. The thermal cycler program was as follows: 94°C for 5 min; followed by 35 cycles of amplification at 94°C for 30 s, 48°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s; and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. BLASTn analysis of the 670-bp CP amplicon (GenBank accession MH499458) shared 98% nucleotide sequence identity to a Hawaii isolate of PepMoV (JQ429788) infecting tomato. BLASTn analysis of the 310-bp NIb amplicon (GenBank accession MH476198) shared 97% nucleotide sequence identity to a PepMoV isolate from Florida (AF501591). These samples also tested positive for PepMoV by triple-antibody sandwich (TAS) ELISA using PepMoV-specific antibodies (Agdia). In June 2018, nine new apple of Peru samples with severe symptoms and three asymptomatic samples were collected from the same area and tested again. All of the symptomatic apple of Peru plants tested positive for PepMoV in TAS-ELISA using PepMoV-specific antibodies, whereas three asymptomatic plants tested negative. This study is the first report of apple of Peru as a host of PepMoV in Hawaii. Apple of Peru is an invasive weed in tomato and pepper fields in Hawaii, and our results indicate eliminating solanaceous weeds is an important management step to mitigate potential losses by PepMoV in these commercial crops.

An Empirical Study on Clarification Requests in Korean Language Education

한국어 교육에서 명료화 요청에 대한 실증 연구. 국제한국어교육 4(2). 1-28. 초중급 한국어 학습자의 의사소통에서 명료화 요청은 중요한 화행 중 하나다. 하지만 초중급 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 한 한국어 교육과정과 교과서에서 명료화 요청에 대한 체계적인 교육은 거의 전무하다고 볼 수 있다. 이 논문은 먼저 현재 교육 현장 에서 많이 쓰이고 있는 대표적인 한국어 교과서에 명료화 요청이 제시 되고 있는지를 조사하고, 실제로 한국어 강사들이 수업에서 명료화 요청을 교육하고 있는지, 그리고 현재 학생들이 명료화 요청을 어떻게 실행하고 있는지를 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 현재 한국어 교육과정에서 초중급 한국어 학습자가 명료화 요청 능력이 부족하므로 교육 과정에 포함하여야 한다는 의견을 갖게 되었다. 한국어 모국어 화자가 실제 명료화 요청을 해야 하는 상황에서 구체적으로 어떠한 표현을 사용하는지 조사하고, 그 표현을 사용하여 초급 한국어 수업에서 명료화 요청을 학생들에게 교육을 한 후, 학생들의 화행 수행 능력이 어떻게 변화하는지 보았으며, 분석 결과 명료화 요청을 학습한 학생들에게서 그 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 실험 결과를 바탕으로 초급 한국어 수업에서 실질적으로 사용 가능한 구체적인 명료화 요청 학습 방법을 단계별로 제시하였다. 덧붙여 한국어 교과서에 명료화 요청을 어떻게 제공할 수있는지에 대해 간단한 모델도 제시하였다. (버지니아대학교, 하와이대 학교 마노아 캠퍼스)Yoon Hwa Choi & Hye Seung Lee. 2018. An Empirical Study on Clarification Requests in Korean Language Education. International Journal of Korean Language Education 4(2), 1-28. Requesting clarification can be considered one form of the speech act of requesting. The ability to request clarification is a critical aspect of language learning, because it can directly affect a learner’s success in communication, especially for beginning and intermediate students. This research analyzes data collected through textbook analysis, surveys of KFL teachers, and two experiments with KFL learners and one with Korean native speakers, to discover whether existing textbooks include instruction on how to request clarification, whether KFL instructors teach how to request clarification in the classroom, and whether KFL learners know appropriate ways to request clarification. The textbook analysis found that most current KFL teaching materials used in Korea and the United States, including textbooks for beginning and intermediate students, do not seem to acknowledge the necessity of teaching expressions for requesting clarification. The survey of KFL teachers found that many of them do not teach such expressions, and when they do, they use their own intuition to provide examples. The results of the study’s first experiment demonstrate that beginning and intermediate KFL learners at a university in the United States lacked the competence to request clarification. The second experiment identifies the most frequent forms used by native speakers of Korean to request clarification. In the third experiment, beginning-level KFL learners at the same university in the United States were explicitly taught one of these frequent forms in class, after which their competence in requesting clarification was assessed. The results demonstrate that learners’competence increases after they receive formal in-class instruction in how to request clarification as a communicative strategy, which indicates the importance of including such communicative strategies within the regular curriculum. The study therefore calls for the implementation of a change in current KFL pedagogical practices to improve KFL students’ competence in requesting clarification. In addition, it suggests how to provide such instruction in beginning-level KFL classrooms, and how to provide basic models for clarification requests in textbooks. (University of Virginia & University of Hawaii at Manoa)

Faculty of Management, Department of Business Administration, LIGS University Hawaii, USA

Faculty of Management, Department of Business Administration, LIGS University Hawaii, USA

Compositional distributions and evolutionary processes for the near-Earth object population: Results from the MIT-Hawaii Near-Earth Object Spectroscopic Survey (MITHNEOS)

Advancing technology in near-infrared instrumentation and dedicated planetary telescope facilities have enabled nearly two decades of reconnoitering the spectral properties for near-Earth objects (NEOs). We report measured spectral properties for more than 1000 NEOs, representing >5% of the currently discovered population. Thermal flux detected below 2.5 µm allows us to make albedo estimates for nearly 50 objects, including two comets. Additional spectral data are reported for more than 350 Mars-crossing asteroids. Most of these measurements were achieved through a collaboration between researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Hawaii, with full cooperation of the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) on Mauna Kea. We call this project the MIT-Hawaii Near-Earth Object Spectroscopic Survey (MITHNEOS; myth-neos). While MITHNEOS has continuously released all spectral data for immediate use by the scientific community, our objectives for this paper are to: (1) detail the methods and limits of the survey data, (2) formally present a compilation of results including their taxonomic classification within a single internally consistent framework, (3) perform a preliminary analysis on the overall population characteristics with a concentration toward deducing key physical processes and identifying their source region for escaping the main belt. Augmenting our newly published measurements are the previously published results from the broad NEO community, including many results graciously shared by colleagues prior to formal publication. With this collective data set, we find the near-Earth population matches the diversity of the main-belt, with all main-belt taxonomic classes represented in our sample. Potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs) as well as the subset of mission accessible asteroids (ΔV ≤ 7 km/s) both appear to be a representative mix of the overall NEO population, consistent with strong dynamical mixing for the population that interacts most closely with Earth. Mars crossers, however, are less diverse and appear to more closely match the inner belt population from where they have more recently diffused. The fractional distributions of major taxonomic classes (60% S, 20% C, 20% other) appear remarkably constant over two orders of magnitude in size (10 km to 100 m), which is eight orders of magnitude in mass, though we note unaccounted bias effects enter into our statistics below about 500 m. Given the range of surface ages, including possible refreshment by planetary encounters, we are able to identify a very specific space weathering vector tracing the transition from Q- to Sq- to S-types that follows the natural dispersion for asteroid spectra mapped into principal component space. We also are able to interpret a shock darkening vector that may account for some objects having featureless spectra. Space weathering effects for C-types are complex; these results are described separately by Lantz, Binzel, DeMeo. (2018, Icarus 302, 10–17). Independent correlation of dynamical models with taxonomic classes map the escape zones for NEOs to main-belt regions consistent with well established heliocentric compositional gradients. We push beyond taxonomy to interpret our visible plus near-infrared spectra in terms of the olivine and pyroxene mineralogy consistent with the H, L, and LL classes of ordinary chondrites meteorites. Correlating meteorite interpretations with dynamical escape region models shows a preference for LL chondrites to arrive from the ν6 resonance and H chondrites to have a preferential signature from the mid-belt region (3:1 resonance). L chondrites show some preference toward the outer belt, but not at a significant level. We define a Space Weathering Parameter as a continuous variable and find evidence for step-wise changes in space weathering properties across different planet crossing zones in the inner solar system. Overall we hypothesize the relative roles of planetary encounters, YORP spin-up, and thermal cycling across the inner solar system.

A Study on the Status of Korean Collection at the University of Hawaii - Focus on the Special Korean Collection -

A Study on the Status of Korean Collection at the University of Hawaii - Focus on the Special Korean Collection -

Stopping the sting.

Jellyfish almost killed Angel Yanagihara. Now, she is on a mission to save others from their fatal venom.