University Of Chicago Research Articles

New archival digital exhibit.

Innovations in Language, Emotion, and Empathy Research is a digital exhibit which celebrates the forgotten contributions to psychology by Prof. Vincent V. Herr, S. J. (1901-1970) and his colleagues in the mid-20th century. It draws on the substantial unpublished material in the Herr Papers at the Loyola University Chicago Archives and Special Collections. The online exhibition showcases over 40 archival documents, images, and photographs. These are elaborated with detailed text presenting Herr's research achievements and impactful collaborations. During his time at Loyola University Chicago, Herr pursued a range of interrelated projects using innovative assessment approaches to measure linguistic, emotional, and social aspects of healthy and disordered mental states. He was adept in experimental techniques which he applied to questions in psychiatry and social psychology. Herr investigated individual differences in emotionality and empathy through original tasks and instrumental measures. He collaborated with colleagues at Harvard and Yeshiva Universities on the religion and mental health project in the 1950s and 1960s supported by the National Institute of Mental Health and became an advisor to Vatican II in 1965. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Chronic Pain and Pain Management in Older Adults: Protocol and Pilot Results.

Chronic pain occurs in 30% of older adults. This prevalence rate is expected to increase, given the growth in the older adult population and the associated growth of chronic conditions contributing to pain. No population-based studies have provided detailed, longitudinal information on the experience of chronic pain in older adults; the pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies that older adults use to manage their chronic pain; and the effect of chronic pain on patient-reported outcomes. This article aims to describe the protocol for a population-based, longitudinal study focused on understanding the experience of chronic pain in older adults. The objectives are to determine the prevalence and characteristics of chronic pain; identify the pharmacological and nonpharmacological pain treatments used; evaluate for longitudinal differences in biopsychosocial factors; and examine how pain types and pain trajectories affect important patient-reported outcomes. Also included are the results of a pilot study. A population-based sample of approximately 1,888 older adults will be recruited from the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago's AmeriSpeak Panel to complete surveys at three waves: enrollment (Wave 1), 6 months (Wave 2), and 12 months (Wave 3). To determine the feasibility, a pilot test of the enrollment survey was conducted among 123 older adults. In the pilot study, older adults with chronic pain reported a range of pain conditions, with osteoarthritis being the most common. Participants reported an array of pharmacological and nonpharmacological pain strategies. Compared to participants without chronic pain, those with chronic pain reported lower physical and cognitive function and poorer quality of life. Data collection for the primary, longitudinal study is ongoing. This project will be the first longitudinal population-based study to examine the experience and overall effect of chronic pain in older adults. Pilot study results provide evidence of the feasibility of study methods. Ultimately, this work will inform the development of tailored interventions for older patients targeted to decrease pain and improve function and quality of life.

Externally validated deep learning model to identify prodromal Parkinson’s disease from electrocardiogram

Little is known about electrocardiogram (ECG) markers of Parkinson’s disease (PD) during the prodromal stage. The aim of the study was to build a generalizable ECG-based fully automatic artificial intelligence (AI) model to predict PD risk during the prodromal stage, up to 5 years before disease diagnosis. This case–control study included samples from Loyola University Chicago (LUC) and University of Tennessee-Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare (MLH). Cases and controls were matched according to specific characteristics (date, age, sex and race). Clinical data were available from May, 2014 onward at LUC and from January, 2015 onward at MLH, while the ECG data were available as early as 1990 in both institutes. PD was denoted by at least two primary diagnostic codes (ICD9 332.0; ICD10 G20) at least 30 days apart. PD incidence date was defined as the earliest of first PD diagnostic code or PD-related medication prescription. ECGs obtained at least 6 months before PD incidence date were modeled to predict a subsequent diagnosis of PD within three time windows: 6 months–1 year, 6 months–3 years, and 6 months–5 years. We applied a novel deep neural network using standard 10-s 12-lead ECGs to predict PD risk at the prodromal phase. This model was compared to multiple feature engineering-based models. Subgroup analyses for sex, race and age were also performed. Our primary prediction model was a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) that was built using 131 cases and 1058 controls from MLH, and externally validated on 29 cases and 165 controls from LUC. The model was trained on 90% of the MLH data, internally validated on the remaining 10% and externally validated on LUC data. The best performing model resulted in an external validation AUC of 0.67 when predicting future PD at any time between 6 months and 5 years after the ECG. Accuracy increased when restricted to ECGs obtained within 6 months to 3 years before PD diagnosis (AUC 0.69) and was highest when predicting future PD within 6 months to 1 year (AUC 0.74). The 1D-CNN model based on raw ECG data outperformed multiple models built using more standard ECG feature engineering approaches. These results demonstrate that a predictive model developed in one cohort using only raw 10-s ECGs can effectively classify individuals with prodromal PD in an independent cohort, particularly closer to disease diagnosis. Standard ECGs may help identify individuals with prodromal PD for cost-effective population-level early detection and inclusion in disease-modifying therapeutic trials.

Filling the gaps: A community case study in using an interprofessional approach and community-academic partnerships to address COVID-19-related inequities.

Public health challenges rapidly escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to a severe lack of resources and support in the near western suburbs of Chicago, the COVID Equity Response Collaborative: Loyola (CERCL) was established by an interprofessional team of Loyola University Chicago students, staff, and faculty. CERCL sought to minimize the negative impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable communities, those that are largely Black, Hispanic, or low-income. From April 2020 to the present, the collaborative utilized community-academic partnerships and interdisciplinary collaborations to conduct programming. CERCL's programming included free community-based testing, screening for and assistance with social determinants of health, dissemination of relevant and reliable COVID-related information, provision of personal protective equipment, and facilitation of access to vaccines. With partners, the collaborative conducted 1,500 COVID-19 tests, trained 80 individuals in contact tracing, provided over 100 individuals with specifically tailored resources to address social and legal needs, distributed 5,000 resource bags, held 20 community conversations, canvassed 3,735 homes, and hosted 19 vaccine clinics. Community-academic partnerships with the health system, community and governmental agencies, and the local public health department have been critical to CERCL efforts. The interdisciplinary and interprofessional successes demonstrated in this case study lends the example of a relevant, sustainable, and practical intervention to address nuanced public health issues.

What Happened to US Business Dynamism?

Previous articleNext article No AccessWhat Happened to U.S. Business Dynamism?Ufuk Akcigit and Sina AtesUfuk Akcigit Search for more articles by this author and Sina Ates Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Just Accepted Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/724289 Views: 84Total views on this site HistoryAccepted January 10, 2023 © 2023 The University of Chicago. All Rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Gun violence prevention policy: Perceived and actual levels of gun owner support

Gun violence prevention is often viewed as polarizing, although gun owners actually support many gun safety policies. The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between gun owners' perceptions of other gun owners' support for gun policies and their own individual support for such policies. NORC at the University of Chicago, which uses a panel of adults recruited through probability sampling, conducted an online/phone survey of 1,078 adult gun owners. Respondents were asked about their individual support for seven gun safety policies and their perceptions of other gun owners’ support for those policies. We used two-sample t-tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the relationship between perceived and individual support.We found that gun owners underestimated fellow gun owners’ support for gun violence prevention policy, especially if they personally opposed that policy. Gun owners’ perception of fellow gun owners’ support for a policy was significantly associated with the likelihood of individual support for that policy for all laws examined. These findings have important implications for correcting misperceptions of the level of gun owner support for gun safety policies as well as conducting and targeting educational campaigns to respond to and correct media misinformation.

Public perceptions of the police and violence: an examination of both sides of the issue

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to gain a broad understanding of public perceptions of the police and violence.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses survey data collected from a nationally representative sample (N = 1,223) by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) Center for Public Affairs Research at the University of Chicago. Descriptive, bivariate correlational and multivariate regression analyses of the data were conducted.FindingsDescriptive analyses show the populace is equally concerned about the police use of violence and violence against the police, but bivariate analyses indicate the two types of concern are unrelated, and multivariate regression analyses show that few variables impact both types of concern. Consistent with prior research, young people and racial/ethnic minorities reported greater concerns about police violence than did older adults and Whites, yet neither age nor race/ethnicity impacted concerns about violence against the police. Perceived mistreatment by the police was the only variable which impacted perceptions of police violence and violence against the police in a consistent and cogent manner.Originality/valueThis study is the first to examine public perceptions of the police as both the agents and victims of violence. The results indicate public perceptions of the police are more complex than was previously believed.

Applying a validated scoring rubric to pre-clerkship medical students’ standardized patient notes: a pilot study

BackgroundWith the elimination in 2021 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 Clinical Skills test, it is incumbent upon U.S. medical schools to develop local validated assessments of clinical reasoning. While much attention has been paid to summative exams for graduating students, formative exams for pre-clerkship students have not been well studied.MethodsWe applied the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine (UIC-COM) Patient Note (PN) Scoring Rubric to templated PNs written by 103 pre-clerkship students for two cases in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) at the Yale School of Medicine. The rubric consists of four section scores (Documentation, Differential Diagnosis, Justification, and Workup, each scored 1 to 4) and a composite score (scaled 23 to 100). We calculated item discrimination for each section score and Cronbach’s alpha for each case. We surveyed students about their experience writing the templated PN.ResultsMean Documentation, Differential Diagnosis, Justification, Workup, and composite scores for case A were 2.16, 1.80, 1.65, 2.29, and 47.67, respectively. For case B, the scores were 2.13, 1.21, 1.60, 1.67, and 40.54, respectively. Item discrimination ranged from 0.41 to 0.80. Cronbach’s alpha for cases A and B was 0.48 and 0.25, respectively. A majority of the students felt that the exercise was useful and appropriate to their level of training.ConclusionsDespite performing poorly, pre-clerkship students found the note-writing task beneficial. Reliability of the scoring rubric was suboptimal, and modifications are needed to make this exercise a suitable measure of clinical reasoning.

Understanding Cross-Country Differences in Health Status and Expenditures: Health Prices Matter

Previous articleNext article No AccessUnderstanding Cross-country Differences in Health Status and Expenditures: Health Price MattersRaquel Fonseca, Francois Langot, Pierre-Carl Michaud, and Thepthida SopraseuthRaquel Fonseca Search for more articles by this author , Francois Langot Search for more articles by this author , Pierre-Carl Michaud Search for more articles by this author , and Thepthida Sopraseuth Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Just Accepted Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/724113 Views: 60Total views on this site HistoryAccepted December 02, 2022 © 2023 The University of Chicago. All Rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Recipes and Economic Growth: A Combinatorial March Down an Exponential Tail

Previous articleNext article No AccessRecipes and Economic Growth: A Combinatorial March Down an Exponential TailCharles I. JonesCharles I. Jones Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Just Accepted Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/723631 Views: 68Total views on this site HistoryAccepted November 16, 2022 © 2023 The University of Chicago. All Rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

A World of Contradictions

Journal Article A World of Contradictions: Globalization and Deglobalization in Interwar Europe Get access Tara Zahra, Tara Zahra Hanna Holborn Gray Professor of History and Roman Family Director of the Neubauer Collegium, University of Chicago, US Corresponding Author: Dr. Tara Zahra E-mail: tzahra@uchicago.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Peter Becker, Peter Becker University of Vienna, Austria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kate Brown, Kate Brown Thomas Siebel Distinguished Professor in the History of Science, Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, US Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Zachary Doleshal, Zachary Doleshal Clinical Assistant Professor, Sam Houston State University, US Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jamie Martin, Jamie Martin Assistant Professor of History and of Social Studies, Harvard University, US Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Małgorzata Mazurek, Małgorzata Mazurek Associate Professor in the History Department, Columbia University, US Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Petruccelli, David Petruccelli Assistant Professor of History, Dartmouth College, US Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Máté Rigó, Máté Rigó Assistant Professor of History, Brandeis University, US Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Carolyn D Taratko Carolyn D Taratko Research Associate and Lecturer, University of Erfurt, Germany https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-0597 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 128, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 703–881, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad231 Published: 22 June 2023

Kaveh Yazdani and Dilip M. Menon, eds. Capitalisms: Towards a Global History.

Journal Article Kaveh Yazdani and Dilip M. Menon, eds. Capitalisms: Towards a Global History. Get access Kaveh Yazdani and Dilip M. Menon, eds. Capitalisms: Towards a Global History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. 400. Cloth $75.00. Jonathan Levy Jonathan Levy University of Chicago, US Email: jlevy@uchicago.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 128, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 993–995, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad019 Published: 22 June 2023

240-OR: Islet Allotransplantation into Prevascularized Sernova Cell Pouch—Early Results from the University of Chicago

Each of 6 patients with T1DM and problematic hypoglycemia received 2 islet transplants into pre-implanted Sernova Cell Pouches (SCPs). Each procedure involved transplantation of islets into two 8-channel SCPs and one mini sentinel SCP. SCP implants and the combination of SCP with human cadaveric islets are both well tolerated with durations exceeding 3 years. Detectable islet function (≥0.3ng/ml peak serum c-peptide in mixed meal tolerance test) was achieved in 4 patients following islet transplant to SCP. It was correlated with transplanted islet mass of 300k-500k IEQ per procedure. Transplantation of islet mass <300k IEQ did not lead to detectable c-peptide secretion. C-peptide was detectable for periods ranging from days up to 12 months after the procedure. Three patients with suboptimal levels of immunosuppression due to non-compliance experienced antibody mediated rejection based on de novo donor specific antibodies (DSAs). One patient with DSAs had detectable stimulated c-peptide at 90 days post-transplant. Histological assessment of sentinel SCPs retrieved ≥90 days post-transplant revealed surviving functional islets within vascularized SCP channels via positive immunofluorescence staining of insulin, c-peptide, glucagon and somatostatin in 5 of 6 patients. Five patients received supplemental intraportal islet transplants (IPITx) and all of them remain insulin independent (>2.5Y, >1Y, 10M, 2M, 1M). The sixth patient is awaiting an IPITx in the coming months as per protocol. Safety and dose-response observations from the first cohort of 6 patients led to the implementation of 10-channel SCPs with 50% greater transplant capacity than the 8-channel configuration in a second study cohort. Two additional patients were recently implanted with 10-channel SCPs and are currently awaiting their first islet transplantation. Disclosure M.Ogledzinski: None. L.Wang: None. M.Tibudan: None. R.Barth: None. J.Fung: None. P.Witkowski: Advisory Panel; Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Novartis. S.Gondek: None. W.Lin: None. K.Milejczyk: None. B.Juengel: None. L.Potter: None. P.J.Bachul: None. L.Basto: None. L.Perea: None. Funding Sernova; JDRF

1259-P: Resting Heart Rate and Sleep Disorders in Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young

Background: Sleep disturbances have been linked to higher resting heart rate (RHR), a marker of cardiovascular risk. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insomnia are common in other types of diabetes, but they have not been studied in Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), a unique subtype characterized by patients being lean and not using insulin. Objective: To evaluate sleep disorders and RHR in MODY. Methods: Participants were recruited from the Monogenic Diabetes Registry at the University of Chicago. The presence and severity of OSA was objectively assessed by a validated home screening device. Insomnia was assessed by a validated survey (Insomnia Severity Index). Resting (sleeping) heart rate was assessed by Fitbit activity tracker for 2 weeks. Results: Considering all patients (n=51; Table 1), OSA was found in 37% (31% mild, 2% moderate, 4% severe). Insomnia was found in 47% of patients (10% clinical insomnia and 37% subthreshold insomnia). Overall, the mean RHR was 66±9 bpm, with transcription factor (TF) related MODY (HNF1A, HNF4A, HNF1B) having significantly higher RHR compared to GCK-MODY (70±10 bpm vs. 63±8.7 bpm; p=0.01). Conclusion: OSA and insomnia are common in patients with MODY despite their lack of traditional risk factors for sleep disorders. TF-related MODY has a higher RHR compared to GCK-MODY. Future research should investigate the pathophysiology of sleep-diabetes relationship in MODY. Disclosure M.A.Arosemena: None. K.Wroblewski: None. E.Tasali: None. L.H.Philipson: Advisory Panel; Nevro Corp., Research Support; Novo Nordisk, Dompé, Provention Bio, Inc., Imcyse, Novo Nordisk Foundation.

Development of a predictive model for identifying women vulnerable to HIV in Chicago

IntroductionResearchers in the United States have created several models to predict persons most at risk for HIV. Many of these predictive models use data from all persons newly diagnosed with HIV, the majority of whom are men, and specifically men who have sex with men (MSM). Consequently, risk factors identified by these models are biased toward features that apply only to men or capture sexual behaviours of MSM. We sought to create a predictive model for women using cohort data from two major hospitals in Chicago with large opt-out HIV screening programs.MethodsWe matched 48 newly diagnosed women to 192 HIV-negative women based on number of previous encounters at University of Chicago or Rush University hospitals. We examined data for each woman for the two years prior to either their HIV diagnosis or their last encounter. We assessed risk factors including demographic characteristics and clinical diagnoses taken from patient electronic medical records (EMR) using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. We created a multivariable logistic regression model and measured predictive power with the area under the curve (AUC). In the multivariable model, age group, race, and ethnicity were included a priori due to increased risk for HIV among specific demographic groups.ResultsThe following clinical diagnoses were significant at the bivariate level and were included in the model: pregnancy (OR 1.96 (1.00, 3.84)), hepatitis C (OR 5.73 (1.24, 26.51)), substance use (OR 3.12 (1.12, 8.65)) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) chlamydia, gonorrhoea, or syphilis. We also a priori included demographic factors that are associated with HIV. Our final model had an AUC of 0.74 and included healthcare site, age group, race, ethnicity, pregnancy, hepatitis C, substance use, and STI diagnosis.ConclusionsOur predictive model showed acceptable discrimination between those who were and were not newly diagnosed with HIV. We identified risk factors such as recent pregnancy, recent hepatitis C diagnosis, and substance use in addition to the traditionally used recent STI diagnosis that can be incorporated by health systems to detect women who are vulnerable to HIV and would benefit from preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Intergenerational Transmission of Health at Birth: Fathers Matter Too!

Previous articleNext article No AccessIntergenerational Transmission of Health at Birth: Fathers Matter Too!Osea Giuntella, Giulia La Mattina, and Climent Quintana-DomequeOsea Giuntella Search for more articles by this author , Giulia La Mattina Search for more articles by this author , and Climent Quintana-Domeque Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Human Capital Just Accepted Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/724282 Views: 11Total views on this site HistoryAccepted January 17, 2023 © 2023 The University of Chicago. All Rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Phylogeography of Icelandic Agrostis (Poaceae) Reveals a New Geothermal Lineage

Previous articleNext article No AccessPhylogeography of Icelandic Agrostis (Poaceae) reveals a new geothermal lineageJan-Niklas Nuppenau, Elsa Höglund, Nikolaos Minadakis, Kent Kainulainen, and Aelys M. HumphreysJan-Niklas Nuppenau Search for more articles by this author , Elsa Höglund Search for more articles by this author , Nikolaos Minadakis Search for more articles by this author , Kent Kainulainen Search for more articles by this author , and Aelys M. Humphreys Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by International Journal of Plant Sciences Just Accepted Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/725164 Views: 8Total views on this site HistoryAccepted March 20, 2023 © 2023 The University of Chicago. All Rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Opportunities and Areas for Improvement in Public Library Makerspaces for Adults with Disabilities

Previous articleNext article No AccessOpportunities and Areas for Improvement in Public Library Makerspaces for Adults with DisabilitiesAmelia Anderson and Abigail L PhillipsAmelia Anderson Search for more articles by this author and Abigail L Phillips Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Library Quarterly Just Accepted Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/726323 HistoryAccepted November 09, 2022 © 2023 The University of Chicago. All Rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Multilingual Support in Digital Environments: A Case Study of Online Catalogs in US Public Libraries, with a Focus on Korean-Language Speakers

Previous articleNext article No AccessMultilingual Support in Digital Environments: A Case Study of Online Catalogues in U.S. Public Libraries with a Focus on Korean Language SpeakersTae Hee Lee and Inkyung ChoiTae Hee Lee Search for more articles by this author and Inkyung Choi Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Library Quarterly Just Accepted Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/726321 HistoryAccepted October 10, 2022 © 2023 The University of Chicago. All Rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Why Caregivers Take Preschool Children to the Library: A Study of Caregiver Perceptions

Previous article No AccessWhy caregivers take preschool children to the library: A study of caregiver perceptionsHui-Yun Sung and Marianne BamkinHui-Yun Sung Search for more articles by this author and Marianne Bamkin Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Library Quarterly Just Accepted Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/726326 HistoryAccepted December 01, 2022 © 2023 The University of Chicago. All Rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.