University-industry Linkages Research Articles

Exploring University-Industry Technology Transfer in India: Two Models

The purpose of this paper is to understand the influence of policy environment on development of technology transfer in university industry linkage in India. This study reviews literature on design perspectives of university spin offs including large scale survey of Indian universities, cross national comparisons and analysis of documents from professional bodies. There is evidence that policy environment is composed of structures that influence the implementation of a design. There is a policy shift that favoured indigenous state led technology transfer to private partnership in technology transfer in India. The opening of the Indian economy introduced policy environment favouring entrepreneurship. Two models of technology transfer in university-industry are proposed. The type I model is a technology push process that results in an IPR based regime where as the type II is a business pull model that favours university spin offs. Unlike the linear model of growth of technology transfer in the West, there has been a persistent divide between the sub systems of intellectual property and entrepreneurship in India. Research into the environment that designs a policy outcome in academic entrepreneurship may offer a template for a system that co-opts both IPR and entrepreneurship. Indian universities have been analysed for performance based on their traditional role in academics. The non traditional roles like technology transfer have been evaluated only through comparative case studies. This research fills the gap by giving an overview of the Indian scene and proposes theoretical models to understand them.

How effective are interface organizations in the promotion of university-industry links? Evidence from a regional innovation system

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of the interface organizations of a regional innovation system on the dynamics of knowledge transfer between universities and firms. Design/methodology/approach – The Triple Helix approach is used as a heuristic tool. The paper is based on a face-to-face survey to a sample of 800 innovative firms in Andalusia (Spain). The analysis focusses on the effectiveness attributed by the firms to technology transfer offices (TTOs), science parks and the regional innovation agency. Findings – Different organizations have different roles in the relationships that firms maintain with universities in a regional innovation system. Firm’s positive perceptions of TTOs, science parks and the innovation agency in the promotion of knowledge transfer are associated to the kind of relationships maintained with universities. Research limitations/implications – The research focusses on the region of Andalusia. Further studies could consider the applicability of the findings in other regional innovation systems. Practical implications – The paper helps governments and managers of TTOs, science parks and innovation agencies to understand the real use that interface organizations have for the industrial tissue of a regional innovation system. Originality/value – There have been few studies that observe together the value attributed by firms to the several interface organizations in a specific innovation system. The analysis contributes to the debate on the adjustment of the different roles of interface organizations in the promotion of knowledge transfer and innovation dynamics.

Kecenderungan Global Pendidikan Tinggi Dan Pergeseran Paradigma Reformasi Pendididikan Tinggi Pada \Institusi Pendidikan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam

Abstract Massifikation impact of globalization and the phenomenon has changed the global trend of higher education around the world over the past decades. The global trend include: globalization and internaionalisasi, access and equity, private higher education and privatization, quality assurance framework, accountability and qualifications, financing higher education, centralization and crisis of academic profession, experience of students, teaching, learning and assessment, information technology communication and distance education, research, university-industry linkages. The global trend is also creating a number of opportunities and challenges for institutions of higher education. More juah, the global trend is also helped provide a significant impact to the paradigm shift in institutional reform of higher education, including higher education which includes the Islamic religious dimension of globalization, localization, and individualization. Keywords: global trends, Higher Education, Higher Education Islamic Religious

Innovation System Reform in Indonesia and Vietnam: A new Role for Universities?

<p>This paper introduces the importance of the role of universities in emerging economies such as Indonesia and Vietnam, underscoring the need for universities to contribute more extensively to the dynamic development of innovation systems. The theoretical approach is a functional analysis of innovation systems, identifying essential issues that call for recognition among policymakers and in society generally. Innovation systems in Indonesia and Vietnam share some weaknesses, particularly in comparison with innovation systems in more advanced countries. There is limited ability to mobilize the resources required for innovation, as the investment in research and development as percentage of GDP is relatively low and dominated by public funding with little contribution from private sources. Financial regulation for universities seriously hampers the development of university–industry linkages. It is essential that universities gain more autonomy in order to move beyond their current role in training of skilled human resources to providers of innovation.</p>

From patent counting towards the system of IP strategic indicators

The strategies of the European Union and its Member States suppose that intellectual property (IP) created as the result of R&D is the engine of economic growth and welfare in society. Studies based on the European Regional Innovation Scoreboard (RIS) have demonstrated that R&D investments, support to the high technology industry and patenting intensity of the public sector differ in high- and low-income European countries. This fact refers to the need for adequate IP strategic indicators’ system facilitating innovation in less developed countries. The paper aims to conceptualize and suggest a strategic indicators’ system of IP for a small efficiency-driven economy. In contrast to the rather modest level of patenting by industry, universities of the Baltic States file approximately 50% of PCT patent applications. Therefore, it is crucial to overcome barriers, hindering universities’ IP commercialization. Academia-Industry collaboration includes two types of IP strategies: Active non-linear and Passive linear behavioural models of universities and public sector. An essential part of the active approach focuses on the “soft measures” for networking with firms in collaborative platforms such as AIMday® at the Uppsala University in Sweden. The proposed IP strategy system involves qualitative and quantitative indicators at the state as well as university and company level. The comparison of academic publishing and patenting by the staffs of Tartu and Uppsala universities testifies to their rather same levels of productivity. Three times wider patent families of the inventions of Uppsala origin characterize actors’ market ambition as well as the strength of University-Industry linkages that are more developed in Uppsala than in Tartu. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.27.3.13799

How and what knowledge do universities and academics transfer to industry in African low-income countries? Evidence from the stage of university-industry linkages in Mozambique

Drawing from the Mozambican case, this paper addresses the stage of university-industry linkages (UILs) in Sub-Saharan Africa, from the perspective of universities. The paper examines the kind of knowledge universities transfer to industry, the knowledge channels used, the incentives and barriers faced, including influencing contextual conditions. The findings suggest that UILs in Mozambique weak and informal, and that academics engage with companies mainly through DUI-innovation model and exchange of embodied knowledge, particularly ideas in informal meetings, internship/employment for students, consultancies for academics, rather than through disembodied knowledge, such as patents and technology prototypes, embedded in R&D and STI-innovation model.

Can university-industry linkages stimulate student employability?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify important university-industry linkage (UIL) activities that can stimulate the likelihood of employability among students. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 404 respondents located in Tanzania, comprising students, faculty members and employees from 20 companies operating within the oil and gas industry and mining constitute the empirical basis for the study. Descriptive analysis, the Mann-Whitney U-test and a Kruskal-Wallis test were applied to help analyse the data. Findings – The results reveal that UIL activities were strongly perceived to raise the employability of students, in particular student internships in companies followed by joint projects and the involvement of companies in modernizing university curricula. Adoption and diffusion internship strategies are suggested for foreign companies and for local firm, respectively, as vehicles for increasing employability. Research limitations/implications – Perceived effects on the likelihood of employability are measured, and not actual effects. Practical implications – The findings have implications for foreign companies exploring resources in the host country, local firms trying to improve competitiveness, universities trying to improve its role in society, students preparing for work-life and policy makers defining premises for resource-extractive foreign companies. Originality/value – Very few empirical studies of UILs have previously been carried out in a developing country context, and in particular in dealing with student employability. The fact that many developing nations have attractive rich natural resources implies that international companies have a motive to invest in the UILs, and possess valuable competencies that can improve the overall quality of the universities and the attractiveness of graduating students.

Relationships matter – towards understanding university–industry links

The main aim of this paper is to better understand the influence of relationships on the value created within university–industry links. Organizational and environmental differences (OED) between a university and a company create one of the main sources of barriers in their cooperation. The author suggests that the quality of the relationships may mediate the OED influence on the co-created value. The variables identified in three groups, i.e., organizational and environmental factors, the value created, and the quality of relationships, contribute to creating a relationships management model within the university‒business networking.

Collaboration with foreign universities for innovation: evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms

While prior research has focused upon the role of university-industry linkage in the promotion of innovation, there has been little research distinguishing the different roles of domestic and foreign universities in this pursuit. This paper explores the different impacts of domestic and foreign universities on innovation performance in emerging economies using a national firm-level survey database from China. It finds that international innovation collaboration with leading universities in other developing countries, especially with those in the Newly Industrialised Economies (NIEs) and the emerging South, is fruitful in enhancing the creation of ground-breaking innovations in indigenous Chinese firms. In contrast, the contribution of universities in the US/EU/Japan is significantly beneficial to foreign-invested firms. Collaboration with domestic universities has played a significant role in the diffusion of advanced technology in China.

농업계 고등학교 학생의 자기효능감, 사회적 지원, 지각된 유용성이 진로결정에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to verify the influence between the variables affecting the Agricultural high school students in career decisions. The results of this study are as follow. First, self-efficacy(<TEX>${\beta}=.14$</TEX>, p=.000), perceived usefulness(<TEX>${\beta}=.52$</TEX>, p=.000) and social support(<TEX>${\beta}=.31$</TEX>, p=.000) were found to be significant according to career decision of agricultural high school student the result of analysis of multiple regression. all regression coefficients were positive. second, perceived usefulness(<TEX>${\beta}=.52$</TEX>) was found on the most influential of the three variables. Finally, when students perform studies related to agro-industry can be called self-efficacy are important factors. also The real working environment for the agro-industrial field placement, explore the world of work, ways of understanding reality based on what they learned at school such as university-industry linkage will also be established.

University-Industry Linkages in Two Industrial Clusters in Norway

The paper compares the collaboration between a university and an industrial cluster in two different regions in Norway. One is a small Western coast regional university with many ties to the regional maritime industry, which is part of the strongest national industrial cluster. To examine an influence of university-business cooperation on education and research in the medical imaging industry and maritime industry of Norway, a case study approach was selected. Our study reveals a clear division of labor between teaching-oriented regional universities serving regional firms, and research-intensive large universities catering for knowledge and candidate needs for larger firms all over the country.

TECHNOLOGY INCUBATORS AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Globally, technology business incubator (TBI) has become a growing initiative to promote the entrepreneurship. Recently TBIs has gained significant attention from research scholars and play a vital role to facilitate the development of entrepreneurial society. The institutions are established and leadership is groomed via entrepreneurial society. Moreover, entrepreneurial culture encourages the entrepreneurial society for economic development, innovation, technology competitiveness and sustainable job creation. A government backed TBI, Plan9, is presented to highlight the significance towards developing an entrepreneurial society in a developing country context, Pakistan. Plan9 has introduced unique practices with a broad vision for a sustainable entrepreneurial growth. University industry linkages are created, entrepreneurial education and training programs for social awareness are operationalized, innovative ideas are encouraged and financial innovation without equity share and funding support are designated. This paper presents a comprehensive spotlight over the dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial culture of plan9. Furthermore plan9 is encouraging to promote entrepreneurial society, institutional development and leadership. Lastly this research recommends that the other TBIs should be initiated by the collaboration of government and private sector to nurture the entrepreneurial society.

Government-driven university-industry linkages in an emerging country: the case of China

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze and summarize the development of science and technology (S &amp; T) policies in China from a government-driven perspective in chronological order. To develop knowledge-based economy, China enacts a range of S &amp; T policies since “Reform and Open Policy” started in 1978. Furthermore, it investigates the overall effects of these S &amp; T policies on university-industry linkages (UILs). Design/methodology/approach – This paper conducts an analysis framework of S &amp; T policies in historical sequence to explain how government drives UILs to stimulate technological progress and economic growth in China. Findings – More than a site for high-quality workforce education and knowledge spread, universities as an important part of national innovation are required to participate in economic activities. Considering that most Chinese universities are national, S &amp; T policies with particular regard to university technology transfer would be more important and essential. This research finds that S &amp; T policies enacted by government have made critical contributions to UILs in economic transition period, such as improving academic faculty, enhancing university–industry collaborations and supporting university spin-off formation. The experiences of China suggest that government should enact more effective S &amp; T policies in the knowledge-based economy era. Practical implications – First, universities need to educate high-level human resources that are important for economic growth and social development. Second, universities need to engage in R &amp; D activities and enhance their collaboration with industries, such as consulting services, research contracts with industry, patent licensing and other general knowledge commercial mechanisms. Third, universities also can directly transfer commercial knowledge to start up new businesses by itself or in partnership with industrial sectors. Without doubt, a series of S &amp; T policies or programs enacted by China’s government to drive entrepreneurship continuously played critical role in the UILs over the past 26 years. Originality/value – This paper is a pioneering work on how S &amp; T policies enacted by government drive UILs to stimulate technological progress in transitional China.

University-industry linkages. Among italian regions: a supply-demand analysis

The aim of this work is to investigate University-Industry (U-I) collaborations in biopharmaceuticals applying a supply-demand analysis at a regional level. As the most representative science-based industry, the biopharmaceutical, unlike other high-tech industry, has the vital need to engage in research activities with universities and public research centers to exploit knowledge spillovers, essential to its growth. Using co-publishing as a proxy for U-I linkages we explore through a supply- demand analysis the market for co-publication among Italian regions. Moreover, using a dataset constructed for the purpose of the research, we are able to exploit, for the first time, the panel dimension of data to investigate the determinants of U-I collaborations applying probabilistic models over a wide time horizon, which goes from 2001 to 2010. Among the main results, we document: 1) a marked shortage of demand for collaborations coming from firms; 2) heterogeneity among universities’ interaction performances; 3) limited collaborations with multinationals, often activated with the country of origin rather than with local branches; 4) positive impact on U-I linkages of geographical proximity, stock of academic staff and agglomeration of firms Il presente lavoro si propone di indagare le collaborazioni tra universita e industria biofarmaceutica tramite un’analisi domanda-offerta a livello regionale. La biofarmaceutica e la piu rappresentativa industria science-based per la quale, a differenza di altre industre ad alta intensita di tecnologia, lo sfruttamento degli spillovers di conoscenza provenienti dalle universita e un requisito essenziale per la sua crescita e profittabilita. Metodi e risultati Utilizzando le co-pubblicazioni come proxy di collaborazione, si analizzera il fenomeno dei legami tra universita e industria tramite l’analisi della domanda e dell’offerta di collaborazioni di ricerca utilizzando una base di dati costruita per i fini della presente ricerca, la quale consente di condurre l’analisi su un arco temporale particolarmente ampio che va dal 2001 al 2010. Pertanto, sara possibile sfruttare sia la dimensione sezionale sia longitudinale dei dati per la seconda delle analisi condotte, che e quella relativa alle determinanti delle collaborazioni tramite modelli probabilistici. Tra i risultati piu rilevanti si registrano: 1) una mancanza di domanda di collaborazioni di ricerca provenienti dalle imprese; 2) marcata eterogeneita tra le performance di interazione tra le diverse universita presenti nel panorama italiano; 3) limitate collaborazioni con le multinazionali, spesso attivate con la sede di origine piuttosto che con le sedi locali; 4) impatto positivo della prossimita geografica, dello stock di personale dedicato alla ricerca e della concentrazione di imprese. Conclusioni La biofarmaceutica e un settore strategico per l’Italia in quanto rappresenta il 49% delle esportazioni italiane ad alta tecnologia. Il 90% della ricerca nel settore e finanziata dai privati ed e popolato principalmente da grandi multinazionali. Alla luce dell’analisi condotta, l’Italia appare come un luogo di attrazione per le multinazionali principalmente per la presenza di lavoro qualificato a basso costo. Pertanto, la crescente migrazione di imprese del comparto verso altri Paesi europei desta particolare preoccupazione. Infatti, l’interazione sul piano della ricerca tra universita italiane e industria appare limitata e spesso si concretizza con i Paesi di origine delle multinazionali piuttosto che con le sedi locali configurandosi per l’Italia solamente una funzione di luogo di delocalizzazione della produzione piuttosto che di terreno fertile per produzione, ricerca e commercializzazione. In questo scenario, l’Italia dovrebbe tentare di invertire tale tendenza cercando strategie volte a incentivare il coinvolgimento dell’industria nelle attivita della ricerca pubblica.

Tracing the flows of knowledge transfer: Latent dimensions and determinants of university–industry interactions in peripheral innovation systems

Firms interact with universities through a variety of channels, ranging from collaborative research projects, patents, spin-off creation, consultancy and specialized training, to informal relationships. This article explores the combination of mechanisms used by firms in Andalusia, a peripheral region in Spain and Europe, when interacting with universities. Using information from a survey of 737 innovative firms, the empirical study found evidence that university–industry links can be grouped into five latent dimensions (knowledge generation and adaptation, involvement in new organisations, training and exchange of human resources, intellectual property rights, and facilities and equipment) which are mainly based on exploitation or exploration activities. A typology of firms was created, highlighting the large number of firms with no interactions, and six clusters that specialize in specific mechanisms (IPR exploiters, Institutionalized interactors, University facility users, Training and education beneficiaries, Tacit knowledge users, and R&D interactors). The study also presents the determinants for engaging in each type of channel, concluding that whilst firms developing exploitation activities also develop parallel exploration activities, the reverse is not significant. The absorptive capacity of firms is important in determining the type of interaction, but is not fully conclusive about the range of exploration and exploitation activities. The article ends by discussing the policy implications associated with incentives to adapt knowledge transfer mechanisms to the industrial fabric of peripheral innovation systems.

The Role of Human Capital in University-Business Cooperation: The Case of Mexico

The interaction between industrial firms and academia has long been extremely weak in Mexico in spite of the manufacturing revival sparked by NAFTA since 1994. This situation is paradoxical given the persistent efforts from the Mexican State to encourage university-industry linkages. Over the years, this uncoupling has produced two effects: on the one hand, university research has followed its own agenda, mainly driven by scientists’ interests based on their career tracks, and on the other hand, most firms lack research and development capabilities because they have preferred to seek abroad for technological advice. Because human capital plays a crucial role in this phenomenon, we then focus on answering the following question: to what extent are Mexican industrial firms able to harness university knowledge? Analyses carried out on a survey of 39,336 enterprises, which were collected by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), suggest that larger firms are more capable of absorbing the knowledge generated by universities thanks to their higher level of human capital, whereas smaller firms face harder challenges to harness academic knowledge because of their lack of qualified engineers and technicians that can help them to address their innovative endeavours. The implication of these results for public policy is that collaboration between industry and academia in Mexico can be encouraged by selectively supporting the hire of relatively low-trained engineering graduates and technicians, whereas universities should also be able to promote key programming skills, technical training, infrastructure skills and even sales training and negotiation skills, much earlier in the academic process.

The role of geographical proximity in the establishment and development of science parks –evidence from Nanjing, China

The emergence of science parks is a relatively new phenomenon in China. Apart from the widely debated topics of university–industry linkages, collaboration among firms and spontaneous/policy-driven science parks, the development of science parks in China also has several distinguishing characteristics, such as their ambiguous linkage with urban expansion and their hierarchical structuring pattern. This paper attempts to discuss the motivation and efficiency of spatial proximity in science park development and to explore the role of universities in science parks, the function of science parks as a government project and a case study of location choice by on-site firms. The qualitative analysis, based on in-depth interviews with tenant firm managers and district-level government officers in Jiangning, Nanjing, is used as a basis for discussion.

Role and Capabilities of Intermediaries in University–Industry Linkages: A Case of Hard Disk Drive Industry in Thailand

The intermediaries are important organisations in mitigating systemic failures. Few of such failures are those of university–industry linkages (UILs). Although there are several previous studies, they did not pay adequate attention on how these intermediaries accumulate their capabilities that are necessary to perform their roles over time. This study will try to partially fill in such gap by investigating capabilities-building processes of intermediaries. The intermediaries in Hard Disk Drive (HDD) industry in Thailand was selected as a case study. Qualitative data was collected from 20 semi-structured and in-depth interviews of intermediaries’ management, university researchers and industrial companies in the intermediaries’ networks. The findings show that the intermediaries play consulting, brokering, mediating and resources providing roles. They assist to increase levels of interactions between university and industry, transform informal to formal relationships and nurture potential human resources for the industry. However, performing such activities depends on the intermediaries’ capabilities. Four key capabilities encompass network capabilities, coordination capabilities, knowledge-building capabilities and management capabilities. Underneath them, strategic capabilities, depending on leadership, engender the intermediaries’ visions and strategies. Human resources development is stimulated through individual and collective learning. These four capabilities are embedded into the existing organisational systems by using mentoring and on-the-job training for newcomers, building up the database system and arranging meetings for knowledge sharing on a regular basis. However, discontinuity of government supports leads to a decrease in network members, transformation of formal relationships back to informal ones and the close down of intermediary.

An investigation into the key determinants of university–industry links in Algeria

Abstract The role of higher education institutions (HEIs) in developing the innovative capacity of societies is well recognized. As the main producers of knowledge, they contribute directly and indirectly to economic growth. Yet, little is known on the engagement of universities in developing countries with their social and economic environment. This article adopts a quantitative approach to identify the main factors affecting the role of Algerian HEIs in promoting and cooperating with their economic and social environment.

Knowledge transfer between actors in the innovation system: a study of higher education institutions (HEIS) and SMES

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to understand how and why small to medium enterprises (SMEs) access knowledge from external actors in general and from higher education institutions (HEIs) in particular and what is the extent to which these knowledge access pathways affect SME innovativeness.Design/methodology/approach– The paper involved both quantitative and qualitative approaches: a survey of 1,226 SMEs and a mini case study to follow-up on issues arising from the survey analysis. Survey data were analysed using both non-parametric and multivariate Poisson regression analysis. The case study was based on a medium-sized manufacturing firm in South Australia.Findings– While there are significant differences between the micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, the evidence suggests that SMEs generally use “generic” university–industry knowledge transfer pathways (e.g. published research results) rather than university–industry links with high “relational” involvement. More significantly, the results indicate that SMEs are more likely to rely on organisations other than universities and related R&amp;D enterprises for knowledge acquisition like clients/customers or suppliers. While collaboration is most likely to occur within the same state/territory, or Australia, many SMEs also collaborate internationally, usually as part of normal supplier–customer relationships, reinforcing knowledge acquisition from organisationally proximate partners. These findings are also supported by the case study.Research limitations/implications– This research was limited to surveying SMEs in one geographic (metropolitan) region in Australia. It also does not account for the different patterns of HEI–SME interactions in different industry sectors. There is also only one case study.Originality/value– First, the research adds to the few field studies that have investigated accessing knowledge for innovation among SMEs. Specifically, the research contributes to an understanding of the heterogeneous roles that different actors play in facilitating knowledge access for improving innovative SMEs outcomes. Second, the research does not treat all SMEs similarly in terms of size effects but instead accounts for differing SME sizes and how this affects their selection of knowledge access pathways. Third, the research contributes to a small number of studies that attempt to understand how HEIs and SMEs can work better together in the context of a regional innovation system, especially one that is relatively less competitive to the larger economy.