Russian Universities Research Articles

Моделирование структуры лаборатории эргодизайнерских систем искусственного интеллекта на основе анализа отечественных и зарубежных исследований

The article analyzes the theoretical aspects of the importance of creating and developing ergonomic scientific laboratories based on domestic universities and research institutes. The paper considers modern technologies for modelling scientific structures in the organizations (institutions) subordinate to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and describes the main models of initiating and operating scientific laboratories created at Russian universities and research organizations. To demonstrate the relevance of building a laboratory in the field of ergonomics, the authors conduct an analysis of the availability of laboratories in this profile at the world’s leading universities.

The sectoral aspect of staffing for strategic development of the sphere of artificial intelligence

The resource support of any developed strategy according to the chosen priorities is one of the most important stages of its formation and implementation. The solution of this task affects the dynamics of development of the economy’s high technology industries as the objects of strategizing in the emerging digital economy. One of the priority technological vectors of development of Russia is the sphere of artificial intelligence (AI), and so there arises the problem of the resource support of this direction. The purpose of the article is to study staffing as one of the key factors of strategic development of the Russian AI sphere in the industry context. The analysis is based on the methodology of strategizing by Professor V.L. Kvint and the concept of strategic human resources management by Doctor I.V. Novikova. The calculations are based on the Russian universities’ data on the number of graduates by educational programs in the AI sphere in 2023 and their employment. During the research the authors found out the number of graduates in the AI sphere by the industry specialization of educational programs; defined the sectoral specifics of employment of the graduates specializing in the AI sphere; identified the key employment organizations and jobs. The authors made conclusions about resource support of the AI development strategy in the industry context. The results will be useful for correcting the developed strategies in the AI sphere and for predicting staffing provision with the consideration of the time lag in the staff training.

Tutoring as a form of support for the adaptation of foreign students at the university

Introduction. Strengthening globalization processes leads to the expansion of international cooperation in the field of education. This is especially reflected in the growth of international mobility of students in higher education institutions, in particular, Russian universities. And if the first students of the beginning of the large waves of mass educational migration were proficient in the Russian language and were familiar with Russian culture, then the students who followed them were much less proficient in the language and cultural code. And, since the internationalization of education remains a prerequisite for the existence of universities, and long-term adaptation of foreign students to learning conditions worsens the quality of their training, there is a need to organize their psychological and pedagogical support in the first years of study. The purpose of the article: to specify the main problems of adaptation of foreign students to the conditions of study in Russian universities and to justify the need to organize their tutor support. Materials and methods. The study involved 556 international students of the first and second years of study of three Tatarstan universities (Kazan National Research Technological University (KNRTU-KICT), (Kazan); Kazan National Research Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev (KNRTU-KAI), (Kazan); Elabuga Institute of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (EI KFU) (Elabuga). Research results. The results of the study confirmed the presence of adaptation problems among foreign students. The main ones are difficulties with the Russian language (41%) and acclimatization (21%). It takes 46% of students about a year to get used to the learning conditions, and 23% – more than a year. The main learning difficulties they identify are awkwardness when speaking in public in front of an audience (23%) and teachers’ underestimation of their educational results (20%). More than half of the students see older compatriots as a source of help in overcoming cultural and educational barriers; The help of a supervisor turned out to be effective only for 15% of respondents. Taking into account the results obtained, it is proposed to organize the training of future tutors from among foreign senior students who have undergone appropriate psychological and pedagogical training. Conclusion. While maintaining the institute of curatorship, it is necessary to create a tutoring institute in universities that train foreign students. The main functions of tutors, which are absent from the curators of academic groups, should be to help foreign students overcome barriers to socio-cultural adaptation and insufficient proficiency in Russian, promote the acceptance of foreigners by their new environment, help in building effective interaction with the university administration and teachers, study students' personalities, monitor the results of their educational activities, help in professional identification, monitoring of newly emerging difficulties of students, strengthening cooperation between Russian and foreign students.

Organizing activities of student associations in higher education institutions of Russia and China

Introduction. Student associations of higher education institutions contribute to successful socialization and early professionalization. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that designing educational and upbringing programs for future bachelors and masters of social work at the university, great importance is to be attached to professionally focused student associations. The study aims to develop and test the authors' practice-oriented methodology for training future specialists in social work in the context of student associations of higher education institutions using the example of Russia and China. Materials and methods. To determine the readiness of students for professional activities in the context of student associations, the authors conducted a survey based on the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kostroma State University; it lasted from September to December 2023 and involved 1-4 year students (100 people) specializing in social work. Research methods and techniques were: content analysis of documents, frequency analysis, observation, survey, questionnaires and experience generalization. Results. The authors’ methodology for organizing student associations activities was developed; psychological and pedagogical conditions necessary for the training of future bachelors of social work were experimentally tested and clarified. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of how student associations activities in universities in Russia and China are organized. The abovementioned authors' methodology helps students form meanings and values: professional experience (23.25%); communication with friends (19.77%); social support and assistance to people in difficult life situations (15.11%); participation and organization of work forms related to professional activity (12.79%); obtaining new knowledge (9.30%), emotions (4.65%); teamwork (6.98%); visiting professionally focused institutions (3.49%). Conclusion. The ‘Social Work’ educational program includes practices of the following student associations: Abilympics, PROVICH, Studaktiv, Student Scientific Community in the Social Work Training Program ‘#SR’, and Chinese Student Association of Kostroma State University. Organizing activities of student associations is held in accordance with the following pedagogical conditions: assistance of the head of the student association in searching for variability in professional self-determination; psychological and pedagogical conditions; organizational and pedagogical conditions (external): internal environment of student association’s activities (pedagogical potential: managerial, educational, existential); the level of comfort students enjoy when working in the student association program; external environment of the student association (social partners, employers, social protection institutions, etc.); as well as internal psychological and pedagogical conditions (subjective conditions that contribute to the formation of personal psychological mechanisms of professional development).

On improving the efficiency of providing budgetary places in Russian universities (on the example of engineering and technical areas of study)

Relevance. In the current economic and political conditions in Russia, there is an acute shortage of welltrained engineers, and not only in the IT field. In order to overcome this problem, the state annually raises the admission target numbers (CAP) for technical educational programs. This increases the amount of public funding for universities (both per capita and for general development); it is measured in hundreds of billions of rubles, which requires studying the efficiency of resource use. The purpose of the article is, based on the results of a comprehensive empirical analysis, to identify the key problems that reduce the effectiveness of state financing of state-funded places in engineering and technical areas, and to substantiate proposals for minimizing them. Methodology and methods. The methodological basis is a systematic approach, within which general scientific methods (deduction, induction, generalization, comparative analysis, etc.) were used, as well as special economic and statistical research methods. Results and scientific novelty. It was revealed that the use of the current methodology for the distribution of CSC by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia leads to the fact that a significant part of budget places in engineering and technical areas of study are occupied by students with low (18.2% excluding IT areas) and extremely low (at least 14.5 %) by the level of incoming knowledge. In a number of areas, the proportion of such students reaches 87%, despite the fact that ¾ of the applicants have an extremely weak physical and mathematical base (within the framework of the school course). The actual scale of the problems turned out to be greater due to the non-linear scale of the Unified State Examination, “tuned” by the Ministry of Education of Russia to overestimate the score for “C” students. Taken together, this naturally leads to the training of engineers of the appropriate level at the state expense. A set of measures is substantiated to change the methodology for distributing budgetary places, aimed at improving the efficiency of the use of public funding. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, as well as by the administrations of technical universities to improve the quality of applicants for engineering education programs.

ФОРМЫ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЙ МОБИЛЬНОСТИ В ВУЗЕ

The article raises issues of international education in the global educational space. The work is devoted to studying the organization of the main forms of international academic mobility in Russian universities. The experience of organizing large-scale and academic mobility, as well as its form, is described. An analysis and assessment of the degree of implementation of various forms of mobility at the Department of Training of Foreign Specialists of Volgograd State Technical University was carried out. The main prospects for the development of such international forms of academic mobility are highlighted.

Application of Speech Therapy Techniques in Teaching Russian language to Spanish-speaking Students

Currently, there is an increase in Spanish-speaking students studying at Russian universities. Therefore, the problem of developing approaches, methods and means to minimize the difficulties associated with the adaptation of foreign speakers to learning remains relevant. However, issues related to the use of speech therapy techniques for teaching Russian as a foreign language remain insufficiently studied. The purpose of the study is to study the effectiveness of using speech therapy techniques to teach Russian as a foreign language to Spanish-speaking students. The article describes the practice of using speech therapy techniques when Spanish-speaking students study Russian as a foreign language, as well as the influence of this approach to teaching the Russian language on the indicators of psychological adaptation of these students. Research methods. Fifty-three Spanish-speaking first-year undergraduate students participated in the study. The students were interviewed, during which they found out their level of Russian language proficiency, as well as what difficulties they encountered while studying. During speech therapy diagnostics using the methods of T. F. Fotekova and T. V. Akhutina studied the state of the pronunciation side of speech; To study psychological adaptation, we used the scale for assessing the level of reactive and personal anxiety by Ch. D. Spielberg, Yu. L. Hanina. To correct speech pronunciation disorders, speech therapy work was carried out using the principles of universal design when building a university education system. Research results. During the diagnostics, specific auditory-pronunciation difficulties were identified among Spanish-speaking students, which negatively affected their communication with classmates and teachers and psychological adaptation. After speech therapy work, Spanish-speaking students showed an improvement in the sound pronunciation aspect of speech, foreign language phonemic hearing and rhythm and intonation design of phrases. A decrease in the level of situational anxiety was also observed. Conclusion. Speech therapy work at the stage of adaptation of Spanish-speaking students to study at a university helps to reduce auditory-pronunciation difficulties, situational anxiety, and reduce manifestations of maladjustment.

Portrait of a Profile vice-rector for Educational Work in Educational Organizations of Higher Education

Introduction to the problem. The solution of educational tasks in higher education is accompanied by the expansion of subjects of organization of this activity. In higher education institutions there began to appear positions at the level of vice-rector, who is responsible for educational work. From the practical point of view it is important to consider the actors of the implementation of educational programs in higher education at the level of organization The purpose of the article is to analyze the functionality of the organizers of student youth education in higher education institutions. The research methodology was based on systemic, personal-activity approaches, as well as analytical and synthetic theoretical methods, methods of comparison, generalization and systematization. The official websites of one hundred higher education institutions, which were included in the rating of the best Russian universities RAEX-100 in 2022, served as an independent base for the study. The results of the study. Three groups of job profiles of educational vice-rectors depending on the accompanying functionality were identified; the peculiarities of gender and age differentiation of persons responsible for the specified work were established. Conclusion. The results of the conducted research allowed us to create an average portrait of the person responsible for educational work in a higher education institution at the present stage. Educational work in higher education institution directly affects the quality of training of highly qualified personnel.

Actual Problems of Historiography of the Legal Status of Russian Universities in the XIX — early XX Centuries

Actual Problems of Historiography of the Legal Status of Russian Universities in the XIX — early XX Centuries

Sociopsychological aspects of adaptation of Foreign Students in the conditions of Educational Migration

Introduction. In modern society, the issues of social adaptation of students in higher education institutions are becoming more and more relevant and significant. Entering the environment of a higher education institution is a complex and multifaceted process that requires students to adapt to new conditions. That is why the study of socio-psychological aspects of adaptation of foreign students in Russian universities is an important direction for the scientific field. In the framework of our study we considered theoretical aspects of social adaptation of international students, the problems they have to face, as well as students’ attitudes towards their studies and chosen specialty.Objective. Analyze the sociopsychological aspects of adaptation of foreign students in the conditions of educational migration.Materials and Methods. In this study, a survey method was applied: questionnaires and interviews. During the application of the stated methods, it is possible to identify the personal characteristics of educational migrants, to familiarize with the specifics of perception of difficult life situations by young people prone to experience, and to obtain information about the general satisfaction and dissatisfaction of educational migrants with educational activities and self-assessments of their performance in the course of social adaptation.Results. The study involved 136 international students aged 18–25 years. During the course of the study, data on the prevalence of various barriers in the adaptation process were obtained by the survey method. They show that the greatest significance and difficulty for foreign students were first of all the problems related to language communication, the lack of knowledge of the Russian language. Accordingly, it involved the formation of problems with studies and worries related to the realization and well-being. Insufficient preparation of students for new conditions of the educational process can lead to stress, disorientation, and low motivation.Discussion. As a result of the study, it can be concluded that sociopsychological aspects play an important role in the adaptation of educational migrants to new conditions and culture, which requires special attention and support from educational and social institutions.

From RP to Global Adaptability: Examining Language Education Trends in Russian Universities

From RP to Global Adaptability: Examining Language Education Trends in Russian Universities

Pedagogical conditions for supporting the adaptation of international students in a Russian university taking into account the potential of the digital environment

Pedagogical conditions for supporting the adaptation of international students in a Russian university taking into account the potential of the digital environment

Russian universities as a key element of personnel training to provide technological sovereignty of the country

Russian universities as a key element of personnel training to provide technological sovereignty of the country

Проблемы социокультурной адаптации китайских студентов в российских вузах

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the socio-cultural adaptation of Chinese students in Russian universities. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems encountered by students from China in the process of studying in Russia. The article examines the specific problems and difficulties of Chinese students in the process of learning, learning the Russian language, spending leisure time, and intercultural communication with other students. The research is supported by data from a sociological study, and methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization are used. The stages of adaptation from cultural shock to the dialogue of cultures are highlighted. The experience of domestic universities in identifying difficulties and ways of adapting Chinese students was analyzed. On this basis, the authors identified the following specific problems of Chinese students studying at Russian universities: the language barrier; adaptation to climatic conditions. There are: availability in the structure of the specialized university services to support and accompany Chinese students; conducting introductory trainings on the issues of admission; increasing the number of hours for studying Russian language, including the organization of additional teaching and methodological work; inclusion in active social life, organization of international cultural and educational events; conducting trainings on communication with Russian students aimed at establishing mutual understanding and cultural interchange; conducting cultural and communicative trainings for professorial and pedagogical staff working with international students; providing psychological support; obtaining feedback and evaluating the effectiveness of the sociocultural adaptation measures used.

The "machine translation + post-machine translation editing" model on the YiCAT platform: using the example of the discipline "Stylistic post-machine text editing" for first-year graduate students of the Higher School of Translation of Moscow State University

In this article, the author analyzes the process of machine translation and post-machine editing by Chinese students in classes on the discipline "Stylistic post-machine text editing" using the YiCAT translation platform, which uses a model of combining machine translation and post-machine editing in order to organize the educational process and allocate study time. In 2017, the Russian government approved the "Digital Economy Plan of the Russian Federation", as a result of which the digitalization process gradually penetrated into all scientific spheres. The author of the article concludes that Russian universities should pay more attention to teaching machine translation and post-machine translation editing. In addition, the article presents the idea that the translation departments of modern universities should focus on the introduction and application of translation technologies and the latest translation tools in the framework of teaching translation skills. There are only a few hundred articles in Russia dealing with the specifics of machine translation. Most of them are devoted to the study of existing limitations, development opportunities and ways to improve machine translation systems. At the same time, there are extremely few articles dealing with the features of post-machine editing of the translation text. The number of such articles does not exceed several dozen. Thus, there are many challenges in the field of post-machine translation editing research that should be addressed as soon as possible so that the field of post-machine translation editing can correspond to the era of artificial intelligence. At the same time, Russian universities should pay attention to the teaching of disciplines involving machine translation tools and post-machine editing skills. Large translation faculties should actively use translation technologies and machine translation tools in the classroom, add new academic disciplines implying the familiarization and application of such technologies and tools by students, as well as integrate such disciplines into the framework of existing training programs for specialists in the field of translation. All this will allow universities to form a reliable basis for the education of modern and qualified specialists who meet the requirements of the new era.

Рассуждение о соединении аргументации с риторикой

The article discusses the position that rhetoric occupies in Russian universities today. The current situation in which rhetoric is being forced out of teaching and research at the faculties of the humanities and being replaced by the theory of ar­gumentation is proposed to be regarded as a temporary injustice, which can be recast either through turning on to Perelman’s New Rhetoric or through the work in the spirit of the pragma-dialectics approach, which pays enough at­tention to rhetoric. This article proposes another mode to reverse rhetoric and to conjunct it with argumentation theory, which tends to be the most appropriate of all. It consists in viewing arguments not as pseudo-syllogisms, with premises, a conclusion and a connection between them, but as stories that embrace three elements: first, an initial state of affairs, then an action that is applied to this ini­tial state, and finally, some other state, that emerges from that one due to the im­plemented action. To consider arguments as three-part story-like structures means to have an ability to use in the analysis and the evaluation of persuasive tests and speeches the entire arsenal of rhetoric and argumentation, since the questions that a story raises are not limited to questions about the nature of the relationship between the initial and final states (as it holds in basic argumentation theories) and extend into the characters of the narrator, the story “cast”, and the listeners, as well as their reactions that the story evokes, including those that are not only affective. With this view, the content of rhetoric restores its relevancy, and the dis­cipline itself becomes again desired in the educational process and in society

Система практико-ориентированных образовательных технологий формирования культуры финансового поведения студенческой молодежи

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need to implement a system of practice-oriented educational technologies during university studies aimed at creating a culture of financial behavior among students. Students of higher educational institutions of Russia, representing one of the target groups of the population and representing the potential for the future development of Russia, were selected as the object of the study. The information base for the study is scientific publications by scientists in the field of financial literacy and the culture of financial behavior of students, as well as the results of a questionnaire survey of 565 students from 29 Russian universities. The results of the study indicate that students have elements of a culture of consumption and savings. At the same time, many components of the culture of financial behavior (lending, investing, insurance, etc.) remain outside the field of view of students. At the same time, with an increase in the course of study at a university, the range of structural elements of financial literacy that are of interest to students expands, and the proportion of students who want to develop and improve the culture of their financial behavior increases. The proposed intra-university system of practice-oriented educational technologies for the formation of financial literacy and a culture of financial behavior of students can contribute to improving the culture of financial behavior of students.

Digital Platforms in the Focus of National Law

The paper contains an overview of the research workshop Digital platforms: new environment for collaboration at the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Federal Government (ILCL) on 23 April 2024, and findings of the expert survey Digital platforms in the focus of national law. Presentations by participants were systematized by the authors of the overview around the most relevant subjects related to digital platform operations: general issues of digital platform regulation; digital platforms’ impact on human rights; digital platforms in public administration; digital platforms in private law, criminal law and specific branches. The workshop was attended by researchers representing the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law, Kutafin Moscow State Law University, National Research University–Higher School of Economics, Moscow State University, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of Russia, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Orenburg State University, Siberian Federal University, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Saint Petersburg University of the Interior Ministry, MTS Joint-Stock Company, etc. Legal themes under discussion included the legal nature of digital platforms; digital platforms’ impact on the economy, public administration, human rights and the underlying changes to their amount and content; associated risks; digital platforms and anti-trust regulation; networking effect of digital platforms; labor relations and platform employment; labor right protection and digital platforms; dangers of discrimination related to digital platforms.

Clinical application of "Ethoxysclerol" and "Bleomycin" in the management of retention cysts of the salivary glands in pediatric patients: case studies

Relevance. Retention cysts of the salivary glands are a frequent occurrence in dental practice. Traditional treatments, such as cystadenectomy and cystotomy, are commonly employed. However, these procedures are associated with postoperative complications, including recurrence, damage to adjacent structures (e.g., ducts of neighbouring salivary glands, blood vessels, and nerves), and inadvertent opening of the submandibular salivary gland capsule.Description of clinical cases. This paper presents clinical cases of four pediatric patients diagnosed with retention cysts of the salivary glands, treated at the Department of Pediatric Maxillofacial Surgery, Russian University of Medicine. All patients received treatment with "Lauromacrogol-400" ("Ethoxysclerol") and "Bleomycin." In the postoperative period, no complications or adverse effects related to the administered drugs were observed. Follow-up examinations revealed no clinical manifestations of retention cysts or ultrasonographic evidence of cysts.Conclusions. Sclerotherapy using "Ethoxysclerol" and "Bleomycin" for the treatment of retention cysts of the salivary glands presents a viable minimally invasive alternative to conventional surgical methods, potentially mitigating the risks associated with more invasive procedures.

Exploring Academic Mobility Experiences of Russian University Faculty Members

Exploring Academic Mobility Experiences of Russian University Faculty Members