Universitas Gadjah Mada Research Articles

Development Of Student Entrepreneurship Skills Through The Independent Entrepreneurship Program At Gadjah Mada University 2023

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in driving economic growth and creating new jobs. Therefore, the development of entrepreneurial skills among students is very important. This study aims to analyze the development of student entrepreneurship skills through the Wirausaha Merdeka program at Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) in 2023. The Wirausaha Merdeka program is a national program that aims to create resilient and financially independent young entrepreneurs. This research uses a qualitative approach method. Data were collected through observation and in-depth interviews with students participating in the Wirausaha Merdeka program at UGM. The results showed that this program has successfully developed various entrepreneurial skills of students, such as managerial, marketing, financial, leadership, and communication skills. Through a series of training, mentoring, and hands-on practice in building a business, students can apply the knowledge gained in real terms. The positive impact of this program can be seen from the increase in students' interest and motivation for entrepreneurship, as well as the emergence of new innovative business ideas. However, there are also challenges such as lack of initial capital and difficulties in reaching a wider market. This research contributes to providing insight into the role of the Wirausaha Merdeka program in developing students' entrepreneurial skills and provides recommendations for future program improvements.

Developing Informed Consent for Academic Hospital-Based Biobank Modeling: An Experience from Indonesia.

Background: Informed consent (IC) for biobank practice is vital to ensure that sample collection, storage, and utilization are ethical. However, the standard practices in biobanking in upper-middle-income countries such as Indonesia often rely on specific consent, leading to restricted sample use and ethical concerns. This article describes the development of an IC model that meets ethical standards and yet is acceptable for biobanking practice in an Indonesian academic hospital. Method: We conducted a study involving Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Biobank Unit and the UGM Academic Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, between 2019 and 2021. The IC development process consisted of four stages: (1) conceptualization, (2) preparation, (3) pilot, and (4) evaluation. These activities were part of a more extensive pilot study for an academic hospital-based biobank (Medical Biobank for Research in Indonesia (MBRIO) study). Result: We conceptualized a broad consent model, consisting of an information sheet, comprehension test, agreement sheet, and exit survey. We tested and revised the broad consent document to ensure readability, trained 10 consenting staff (1 surgeon and 9 nurses), and then piloted the IC procedure on 24 patients with elective surgery. The evaluation showed that patients understood the information objectively and subjectively. Consenting staff considered the broad consent model acceptable for the academic hospital setting and suggested improvements to increase the readability of information sheets and have more trained staff for better coordination. Conclusion: The IC development process and model consent are ethically sufficient, acceptable and feasibleto be implemented in academic hospital-based biobanks in Indonesia adjusted to the business processes.

Management of COVID-19 in Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Academic Hospital: Balancing to save the patients and protect the staffs

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide outbreak disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world and is predicted to be affected significantly over a more extended period. Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Academic Hospital is one of the COVID-19 referral hospitals located in the Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Since the early months of the pandemic, the hospital has prepared strategies to provide effective and efficient patient care. The focus has been safety for both patients and healthcare staff. Here, we will share our experiences activating a Hospital Incident Command System (HICS) as a hallmark for preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic disaster so it can be adopted in other hospitals nationwide or worldwide. The HICS in the UGM Academic Hospital includes 1) surge capacity for isolation rooms, 2) infection prevention and control, 3) human resources, 4) continuity of essential health services and patient care, 5) communication, 6) logistics and management of supplies including pharmaceuticals, 7) essential support services, 8) case management system, 9) surveillance early warning and monitoring, 10) laboratory services, and 11) additional programs including community service programs. Based on our experiences, early preparedness with a proactive response, and adapting plans to local needs, the national and global current situation are the keys to managing patient care. Implementing all levels of the hierarchy of control infection and keeping the human resources adequate also could protect staff

Analisis Kebutuhan Hard Skill Pustakawan dalam Menunjang Transformasi Digital di Perpustakaan Universitas Gadjah Mada

This study examines the essential hard skills needed by librarians at the Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Library to support digital transformation. Utilizing a qualitative approach through interviews with four faculty library heads at UGM, this research describes the skills required to meet these challenges. The findings indicate that technological skills, English proficiency, public speaking abilities, and research skills are necessary hard skills for current needs. It is crucial for university libraries to develop their librarians' expertise, including aspects of service quality, support for research and learning activities.

Application of Hedonic Pricing Model and Geographic Information System on Property Valuation in Yogyakarta

This study aims to: 1) identify the differences in housing choices between Generation Z (students) and the previous generation (parents or guardians); 2) determine the factors influencing housing purchase decisions; and 3) map the areas of interest for Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) students based on price. The research employs a combination of the Hedonic Pricing Model (HPM) and Geographic Information System (GIS), a method that remains limited in the field of property research. The findings reveal that significant factors affecting property prices are building area and location, with the majority of UGM students choosing to reside in Ngaglik District, Sleman Regency. Sleman Regency is also the predominant area where UGM students purchase housing in Yogyakarta. Key attributes influencing UGM students' housing decisions include a safe neighbourhood, residential environment, and distance from waste centers. This research contributes valuable information to property appraisers regarding property price distribution in Yogyakarta and its influencing factors, and provides crucial insights for effective decision-making and policy implementation in regional economic development planning, especially in less popular areas.

Characteristics of patients associated with antibiotic use among gastrointestinal surgery at the Academic Hospital, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Digestive surgery is a treatment for diseases of the parts of the body involved in digestion, which has a fairly high risk of infection. The study aimed to obtain a description of the types and specific characteristics of patients and the rationality of antibiotic use among digestive surgery patients. This study was conducted using observational analysis. Data on antibiotic use was collected prospectively from medical records of digestive surgery inpatients at the Academic Hospital Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) from January to March 2023. The Gyssens method was used to evaluate qualitatively the use of antibiotics. A total of 76 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. No significant difference between the number of male and female patients was identified. The results showed that 24 (31.58%) acute appendicitis patients are the primary diagnosis most often encountered in patients undergoing digestive surgery. The most frequently used prophylactic antibiotics for digestive surgery patients were ceftriaxone (53.85%) and cefazolin (41.03%). Meanwhile, the most frequently used therapeutic antibiotics were ceftriaxone (41.94%) and levofloxacin (29.03%). The Gyssens analysis shows that large irrational use of antibiotics is still observed.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE INTENSITY OF INSTAGRAM USAGE AND ORTHOREXIA NERVOSA IN UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA STUDENTS

Background: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is an eating disorder characterized by an obsession with eating healthy foods, which has physical, psychological, and social impacts. The use of social media platform such as Instagram is suspected to be one of the risk factors of ON, as health information on Instagram can reach thousands of people despite the fact that its source is frequently unreliable. Objective: To determine the correlation between the intensity of Instagram usage and ON among Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) students, as well as the correlation between confounding variables (gender, monthly income, age, faculty cluster, and nutritional knowledge) and ON. Methods: The research design used is an observational study with cross-sectional design that involved 529 students. Samples were taken by stratified random sampling, and data was collected online. Chi square test with ꭤ = 0.05 was used in this study. Results: The results showed that as many as 55% of students were diagnosed with ON and most of the students had moderate intensity of using Instagram. There is a correlation between the intensity of using social media Instagram and ON in UGM students (p value = 0.037<0.05) and there is no correlation of confounding variables (gender, monthly income, age, faculty cluster, and nutritional knowledge) with ON. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the intensity of Instagram use and ON in UGM students, and no confounding variables were found in this study. Keywords: Orthorexia Nervosa, Instagram, Social Media, Eating Disorders

Evaluation of the implementation of disposable mask waste management at Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing (FKKMK), Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM)

Evaluation of the implementation of disposable mask waste management at Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing (FKKMK), Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM)

The use of antihypertension in hypertension patients with chronic kidney failure at the Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Academic Hospital, Yogyakarta

According to the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research data, the prevalence of hypertension in the Yogyakarta Special Region (11.0%) is higher than the national average of 8.8%. Hypertension with chronic kidney failure is currently a prevalent and increasing issue. This study aimed to investigate the pattern and rationality of antihypertensive use in hypertension patients with chronic kidney failure (CKF) participating in the National Health Insurance (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional/JKN) program at Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Academic Hospital period of 2020 to 2022. The study was conducted using quantitative descriptive non-experimental methods. Data collection was carried out retrospectively through medical records of patients diagnosed with hypertension with CKF (ICD I12.0). Samples were selected using purposive techniques and analyzed by comparing the suitability of drug selection with standard hypertension therapy with CKF based on JNC 8 and NKF-K/DOQI, including the rationality of their use. A total of 68 patients over the age of 18 were used as samples. The The majority of drug groupsresults showed that a combination of 2 drugs is more dominant (52.9%) compared to monotherapy (29.4%) and a combination of 3 drugs (17.6%). The majority of drug groups used were angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), especially candesartan (45%). ARB and calcium channel blockers (CCB), especially candesartan+amlodipin (50%), and ARB +CCB+diuretic, especially andesartan +amlodipine + furosemide (33%).. The rationality of drug use showed that 66.2% in the right indications, 89.7% the right drugs, 100% in the right patients and 85% the right doses. Therefore, health workers still need to make efforts to encourage rational drug use.

When should DIY have a localized healthcare waste management system?

Purpose: The 2018 healthcare waste management crisis catalyzed a critical review of the concerns expressed by the Health Office (dinkes) and healthcare facilities regarding healthcare waste management in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY). Due to this crisis, the Ministry of Health hired Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) to look into potential solutions and promote DIY government policy responses. This paper examines the management strategy during crisis times and possible alternative solutions.
 Methods: This paper uses focused group discussions reports involving separate groups of (1) environmental health officials from community health centers, (2) hospitals, (3) environment health officials of district health authorities, and (4) cross-sectoral province officials in the Yogyakarta Special Region. It is part of a project 'A case study of strengthening regional-based medical waste management model', fund from the Environmental Health Directorate, Directorate General of Public Health, Ministry of Health (Project KN 01.03/6.1/0198/2019).
 Result: A simulation of policy options based on health facility managers suggests that a province-based system is the most profitable in the long term for DIY, with several possible options. The national policy roadmap was considered inadequate to respond to DIY's urgent local needs. Furthermore, the series of meetings succeeded in forming an informal forum between health facilities, provincial health offices, and associations of hospital environmental sanitation experts, monitoring medical waste management.
 Conclusion: The 2018 medical waste management crisis led to the formulation of policy response choices tailored to the capacity of DIY. These choices considered the expenditures and legal sanctions faced by healthcare facilities and the economic value of a region-based waste system for local government authorities. This comprehensive approach highlights the importance of local capacity. It needs to shape effective and sustainable medical waste management policies, underscoring the necessity of region-specific strategies in the face of national health crises.

Intentions to Use "SIMPAN UGM" as a Cloud-Based Records Repository Service at Universitas Gadjah Mada

Abstract University students, lecturers, and staff have entered the digital age. All administrative activities, including recordkeeping, should be carried out digitally, that can be stored both online and offline. For this reason, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) provides a free cloud repository, namely “Simpan UGM” for the UGM community. However, many students, lecturers, and staff do not use it. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the intention to use Simpan UGM at UGM. This study uses a mixed-method sequential explanatory design with three important stages, namely the quantitative, qualitative, and interpretation phases. Samples were determined randomly to students, lecturers, and staff related to records management, namely students and lecturers of the “Pengelolaan Arsip dan Rekaman Informasi Study Program” (PARI) as well as staff from members of the UGM Records Manager and Archivists Forum (Forsipagama). Quantitative data were analyzed with PLS-SEM, while qualitative data were analyzed with Miles and Huberman's interactive model. The results of the study show that there are many factors that have a positive effect, although not all of them are significant, on the intention to use Simpan UGM as a records cloud repository at UGM.

The Effects of Green Open Spaces on Microclimate and Thermal Comfort in Three Integrated Campus in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

This study aims to assess the effect of green open space (GOS) on the microclimate and thermal comfort in three integrated campuses namely Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (UMY), and Universitas Pembangunan Nasional (UPN) Veteran. In order to achieve the research objective, three main steps were conducted. First, we mapped the GOS area and density of the three integrated campuses using a high-resolution satellite imagery. Second, three microclimate parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were measured to each detected green spaces in the morning (08:00 am), at noon (01:00 pm), and afternoon (5:00 pm). Subsequently, the results of microclimate measurements were used to calculate the level of thermal comfort using Thermal Humidity Index (THI) method. Third, we carried out statistical analysis to investigate the correlation between the distribution and the density of GOS and the microclimate conditions. The results showed that a negative (-) correlation occurred between the pattern and density of GOS with temperature and wind speed indicating that clustered GOS significantly reduces the air temperature as well as the wind speed. On the contrary, the relative humidity has been increased. UPN campus has the highest temperature and wind speed and the lowest humidity among other campuses. According to the results of THI, a 100% of the UPN areas are uncomfortable, while at UGM and UMY 42,08% and 11,28% of their area are uncomfortable, respectively. This study found that the existence of GOS has an effect on microclimate depending on pattern and density.

Physiological properties of novel melon cultivars (cv. Meloni and cv. Tacapa Green Black) during storage

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) has polymorphic varieties that affect genetic diversity. Melon cv. Meloni and cv. Tacapa Green Black are new cultivars produced by Universitas Gadjah Mada. The information about respiration rate, volatile compounds, and firmness, including the impact on storage time of those novel cultivars, is not available yet. This work aimed to investigate the respiration rate, volatile compounds, and firmness of melon cv. Meloni and Tacapa Green Black during 20 days of storage at a temperature of 21°C. Based on respiration rate measurement, melon cv. Meloni and cv. Tacapa Green Black are classified into climacteric and non-climacteric fruit, respectively. The volatile compounds were extracted using solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It identified more than seventy volatile compounds in melon cv. Meloni, whereas only 20 volatile compounds were found in cv. Tacapa Green Black at harvest time and altered during storage. Melon cv. Meloni has a highly aromatic volatile compound but short shelf life according to firmness. Whereas cv. Tacapa Green Black could be stored until 20 days in form shape but lacking volatile compounds. Melon cv. Meloni and cv. Tacapa Green Black has good potential and could be a promising commercial horticultural product.

Impact of appropriate empirical antibiotics therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have a high prevalence in Indonesia. UTI treatment is commonly done through empirical antibiotics usage; therefore the appropriate use of empirical antibiotics needs to be assessed. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the impact of the appropriate use of empirical antibiotics on the outcome therapy of hospitalised UTI patients. Methods: This study was cross-sectional with retrospective data collected from patients’ medical records. The population were all hospitalised patients who had received empirical antibiotic therapy for UTIs. Subjects were collected with purposive sampling. The appropriate application of empirical antibiotics, including the right type, dosage, route, duration, and frequency, was evaluated according to several guidelines. The collected data was then analysed descriptively. Results: The results showed that among 196 patients included in this study, antibiotics were appropriately used according to the type, route, dose, frequency, and duration in as many as 45.9% of patients, and 41.8% of them had improvements in therapy outcomes. On the other hand, 54.1% of patients were not using antibiotics according to the guidelines, and 48.0% of them still had improvements in therapy outcomes. Based on the Chi-squared test, the p-value was > 0.05 (0.64), and so the conclusion was made that there is no significant relationship between the accuracy of empirical antibiotic application with the outcomes of therapy. Conclusion: Thus, the application of empirical antibiotics following the guidelines does not always have an impact on improving treatment outcomes for UTI patients in the Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Academic Hospital inpatient ward.

Development of an emergency volunteer-based call center for COVID-19 within the university setting

In response to concerns in the general public due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Universitas Gadjah Mada established a COVID-19 call center with the aid of volunteers. This study aims to describe the experience of developing and implementing an emergency volunteer-based call center addressing questions on COVID-19 by a higher academic institution along with the frequency and characteristics of the received calls in 2020. This descriptive observational study was conducted using secondary data to describe the implementation of a call center on COVID-19 at Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) between March and December 2020. Data were collected from organization documents and the caller response database. The data were analyzed descriptively. The development process included system development, volunteer recruitment, online training, and implementation. The volunteers logged a total of 150 calls during the 10-month study period. The highest frequency of calls was in March 2020 with 35 calls and the lowest was in August 2020 with only 3 calls. The majority of callers were from Yogyakarta and members of the UGM community. The main issues raised by callers were people seeking general information regarding COVID-19, recommendations regarding their health status, government and university policy related concerns, and logistics. Tele-outreach is a beneficial method to address public distress during a global pandemic, which could be managed with the aid of trained volunteers.

Comparison of mandibular ramus and mental foramen among men and women: a study of panoramic radiographs in dental hospital of universitas gadjah mada

Background: The identification of victims is becoming an integral part of forensic investigations. The initial step in forensic identification is sex determination. Using panoramic radiographs, it is possible to determine the height of the mandibular ramus and the distance to the mental foramen for the purpose of sex determination. This study aimed to compare the mandible ramus height and mental foramen distance on panoramic radiographs between men and women. Method: This study utilized 70 panoramic radiographs of complete mandibular dentition from 35 men and 35 women aged 20 to 40 years. The samples were obtained from Dental Hospital of Universitas Gadjah Mada. Result: The average height of mandible ramus in male and female groups were 58.39±2.25 mm and 53.14±2.66 mm, respectively. The distance of the mental foramen was 12.68±1.63 mm in the male group and 10.83±1.23 mm in the female group. The Independent Sample t-test revealed that the p value for the difference between men and women in ramus height and mental foramen distance was 0.000 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the result of this study, both the height of the mandible ramus and the distance of mental foramen on a panoramic radiograph differ significantly between males and females.

CAREER MOTIVATIONS (CAREER INSIGHT, CAREER IDENTITY, AND CAREER RESILIENCE) BASED ON AREA OF INTERESTS OF NUTRITION STUDENTS

Background: Nutrition-related career exists in various work sectors, from health care and education to food manufacture and business. No studies have been conducted on career motivations of nutrition students in three main areas of nutrition field. This study aimed to identify career motivations (career insight, career identity, and career resistance) in nutrition students of Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) with an interest in either of three nutrition main areas, i.e. clinical nutrition, community nutrition, or foodservice management. Methods: This study used a quantitative method and involved 75 college students of nutrition major in UGM. Variables in this study were nutrition students’ interest toward nutrition main areas and career motivations which consisted of career insight, career identity, and career resilience. Data collection used a validated questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: Subjects with an interest in clinical nutrition, community nutrition, or foodservice management had career insight in medium category with almost equal proportions (i.e. 73.9%, 71.9% and 75%, respectively), career identity in medium category (73.9%, 53.1% and 70%, respectively) and career resilience in high category (60.9%, 56.3% and 50%, respectively).Conclusion: Career insight levels of UGM nutrition students are relatively equal in each area of interest in the nutrition field. Students with a clinical nutrition interest have the highest career resilience while students with a community nutrition interest have the highest career identity. Future studies need to employ a qualitative technique to better understand factors underlying students’ motivation in choosing area of interests in nutrition field.

Study of the Environmental Quality Index in an Urban Campus Area

Environmental Quality Index (EQI) has been used as a common measurement for environmental quality in Indonesia. However, EQI is only measured in a wide administrative area. In reality, environmental quality measurement in smaller areas is also needed to formulate the right environmental policy. EQI study at Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), as an urban campus, is important because it prioritizes the educopolis vision which commits to create a conducive education environment and be responsive to ecological issues. This research aims to identify the EQI of UGM and analyse the vision of educopolis and open system campus related to EQI. The method which is used is mixed-method of quantitative to obtain the EQI value from Air Pollution Index, Water Pollution Index, and Forest Cover Index, as well as qualitative method to review the educopolis vision and open system campus through analysis of strength, weakness, opportunity, threat (SWOT). The EQI in this study is 50.77, categorized as very less. The vision of the educopolis campus in contrast with the current open system campus. The management strategy to improve the EQI is formulated through the management of vehicles, waste, integrated water in Belik and Code sub-watersheds, and urban green space.

RETRACTED: LAYANAN PERPUSTKAAN PERGURUAN TINGGI DI MASA AWAL PANDEMI COVID-19: STUDI KASUS UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

Following a rigorous, carefully concerns and considered review of the article published in BIBLIOTIKA : Jurnal Kajian Perpustakaan dan Informasi to article entitled "LAYANAN PERPUSTKAAN PERGURUAN TINGGI DI MASA AWAL PANDEMI COVID-19: STUDI KASUS UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA" Vol 6, No 1 (2022).This paper has been found to be in violation of the BIBLIOTIKA : Jurnal Kajian Perpustakaan dan Informasi principles and has been retracted.The article contained redundant material, the editor investigated and found that the paper published in Shaut Al-Maktabah : Jurnal Perpustakaan, Arsip dan Dokumentasi Vol. 14 No. 1 2022. Title: LAYANAN PERPUSTAKAAN PERGURUAN TINGGI DI MASA AWAL PANDEMI COVID-19: STUDI KASUS UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA. Authors: Kadek Aryana Dwi Putra, Fauzan Hidayatullah. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37108/shaut.v14i1.652.The document and its content has been removed from BIBLIOTIKA : Jurnal Kajian Perpustakaan dan Informasi, and reasonable effort should be made to remove all references to this article.

Seroprevalence SARS-CoV-2 among the academic population of Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta

Background: Many academicians in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, face the increased potential for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in academic populations. Seroprevalence data can represent the number of infections showing the proportion of people exposed and those potentially immune to the virus and provide evidence for public health policymakers. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the academic population of Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) remains unknown, raising concerns about the immune status among the academic population. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence rate of SARS-COV-2 infection in the UGM academic population. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study of 406 subjects of the UGM academic population. In the cross-sectional analysis of data collected, we performed serological testing for SARS-COV-2 infection for random academicians willing to participate voluntarily. Subjects were categorized as high and low-risk based on SARS-CoV-2 exposure and work history. Data normality was tested with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Proportion differences were analyzed with chi-squared tests with a significance set as P<0.05. Result: 406 subjects were included in this study, with most of the subjects (55.91%) being female. The majority of the subjects were students (82.27%). Most of the subjects were categorized as high-risk (51.72%). Eight subjects (1.97%) had reactive antibody testing. The prevalence of SARS-COV-2 infection was higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (3.57% vs. 0.48%; p=0.01). The high-risk subjects had 7.5 times more incidence of reactive antibody results than low-risk subjects based on the prevalence ratio. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of SARS-COV-2 immunity in the general academic population of the Universitas Gadjah Mada is 1.97%. These low proportions reflect that more strategies are needed to protect the high-risk group against SARS-CoV-2 exposure.