Universidad Austral De Chile Research Articles

Personal Ethics and Ethical Leadership in The Face of The Resolution of Dilemmas and Problematic Situations in Chilean Graduates

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between personal ethics and deontological leadership in Chilean graduates, with the purpose of determining whether a high level of personal ethics in leaders influences the resolution of moral dilemmas and problematic situations in the institutional environment. Theoretical Framework: The research is based on concepts and theories about professional ethics, deontological leadership, and university ethics training. Theories and models such as Applied Ethics, Business Ethics and the deontological theory of ethics stand out. Method: A quantitative methodology with a survey design was adopted. 207 graduates of various careers from the Universidad Austral de Chile participated. Three instruments were used: the Ethical Leadership Questionnaire, the Ethical Dilemmas of Business Culture Questionnaire, and the Personal Ethics survey of collaborators. Data were analyzed with SPSS Statistics 23 and SPSS AMOS 23, performing exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that a high level of personal ethics is crucial to exercise effective deontological leadership. Significant differences in ethical perception between genders and ages were identified, suggesting that women and older professionals better manage ethical dilemmas. A negative correlation was observed between tolerance to unethical behaviors and the ability to solve ethical dilemmas. Implications of Research: Practical implications include the need to incorporate rigorous ethical training into university curricula to develop ethical leaders. Theoretically, the study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between personal ethics and deontological leadership, proposing that personal ethics is an essential precursor for ethical leadership in organizations. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by empirically demonstrating the importance of personal ethics in deontological leadership. Their innovative approach and the discoveries made can influence training and professional practices in the educational and business field.

Telematic education in practical subjects: an evaluation by occupational therapy students

The COVID-19 pandemic challenged university education to maintain teaching activities in virtual and distance education formats, among other non-face-toface modalities. In this sense, this article exposes the impact of virtuality on the learning results of two practical-experiential subjects developed with first-year students, promotion 2020 of the career of Occupational Therapy of Universidad Austral de Chile. The research was of a statistical-descriptive and exploratory nature, in which students completed surveys through an online form entitled: “Impact of Methodological Changes in Practical Subjects”. The results are uncertain in relation to the pedagogical process experienced, with positive perceptions regarding the use of virtual tools and resources implemented and also significant difficulties associated with motivation problems, double presence, overload and depersonalization. It is concluded that, although virtual strategies in higher education are a powerful and a currently applicable resource it is essential that Occupational Therapy students have practical-experiential subjects in person for personalized support for the incorporation of basic and essential communication skills of the discipline.

Remote simulation with simulated patient: Initial clinical learning experience in medical students

To contribute to the development of disciplinary and generic competencies of medical students at Universidad Austral de Chile. through the incorporation of student- centered educational didactics such as remote simulation with a simulated patient (SP). Quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive research. Non-probabilistic sample included 68 third-year medical students who played two roles: interviewer and evaluator/observer. An instrument adapted from a satisfaction survey was used, applying it at the end of the experience in an anonymous and voluntary digital format (Google Forms). This tool covered 4 areas: Organization, Methodology, Self-assessment, and Evaluation of teaching performance, with closed Likert-type questions of five ordinal categories, two dichotomous questions (yes/no), and 4 open questions. The quantitative analysis was carried out using the SPSS program, and the qualitative one (open questions) with a progressive reduction scheme through three levels. Confidentiality and the fictional contract were protected with signature. The educational experience was very well valued by the students. Similar tendencies were showed in the perception of simulation among the groups that performed the roles of interviewer and evaluator/observer. It is essential to incorporate this type of educational experience into the medical curriculum, since it constitutes a valuable contribution to the development of competencies, through experiential learning, connecting the student with reality, with their emotions, knowledge, and abilities. This approach promotes empathy and communication skills, promoting reflection and self-criticism.

Forest bathing diminishes anxiety in undergraduate students: a pilot study in the Valdivian temperate rainforest

ABSTRACT Urban life has generally resulted in lifestyles characterised by high stress and anxiety, all which has increased the pervasiveness of mental disorders. University students, a group highly vulnerable to these problems, are likely to develop mental pathologies associated with anxiety and substance abuse. Forest bathing is one nature-oriented intervention aimed at improving physical as well as psychological well-being by reducing anxious symptomatology and stress. Here we evaluated the healing impact of forest bathing on the stress and anxiety of undergraduate students at one local university. We also included others key aspects of psychological mental health that have received scarce attention in forest bathing research like mindfulness, wellbeing and self-regulated learning. Twenty-one students belonging to the Universidad Austral de Chile were randomly assigned to the city or forest groups and took part in an intervention consisting in a low-impact 30 minute walk and a 15-minute contemplation afterwards. Five instruments to evaluate overall mental health (and blood pressure) were applied before and after the intervention. Our results showed that a rather short session of forest bathing is enough to reduce anxiety in undergraduate university students. The other measures of psychological or physiological health showed no statistical differences before and after the intervention (between city and forest) or time effects (within the forest or city treatment). A potential reason for this might be related to the short duration of the intervention itself. Our results are encouraging regarding mental health therapy, as this type of intervention could easily be implemented on campus.

External and gastrointestinal parasites of the black-faced ibis Theristicus melanopis (Pelecaniformes: Threskiornithidae) in the Los Ríos region, southern Chile.

The black-faced ibis, Theristicus melanopis, is considered a useful bird species for agricultural activity because it preys upon various invertebrate and vertebrate pests. Although it is a common species in Chile, limited information is available regarding its parasites. The main objective of this study was to recover the diversity of ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminths in black-faced ibises living in the communes of Valdivia and Panguipulli, Los Ríos region. A total of 74 specimens were received for examination from the Centro de Rehabilitación de Fauna Silvestre at the Universidad Austral de Chile (CEREFAS-UACh), Valdivia, in 2011-2015. Black-faced ibises were externally inspected for ectoparasites by direct examining of the plumage, and necropsies were performed to examine digestive and respiratory organs in search of endoparasites. For each taxon, prevalence, mean intensity, mean abundance, and range of parasites per bird were estimated. Five species of ectoparasites and six species of helminths were identified. A total of 298 lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) belonging to four species were collected: Ardeicola melanopis (13.51%), Colpocephalum trispinum (20.27%), Ibidoecus fissisignatus (4.05%), and Plegadiphilus mamillatus (9.46%). In addition, one feather mite species, Diodochaetus melanopis (Acari: Pterolichoidea) (17.56%), was isolated. In 48 black-faced ibis (64.86%), a total of 1229 gastrointestinal helminths were found: two nematodes, Porrocaecum heteropterum (55.41%) and Baruscapillaria obsignata (24.32%); one tapeworm Eugonodaeum nasuta (20.27%); two digeneans, Echinoparyphium recurvatum (1.35%) and Strigea bulbosa (6.76%); and the acanthocephalan Sphaerirostris sp. (1.35%). The findings of the following parasites present new host-parasite associations: P. mamillatus, D. melanopis, B. obsignata, E. recurvatum, S. bulbosa, and Sphaerirostris sp. Additionally, the louse P. mamillatus, feather mite D. melanopis, platyhelminths E. nasuta, E. recurvatum and S. bulbosa, and the acanthocephalan Sphaerirostris sp. are new records for the fauna of Chile.

Clinical resilience: toward a unified definition.

Journal Article Accepted manuscript Clinical resilience: toward a unified definition Get access Edwin Krogh, Edwin Krogh Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Ciencias Biomédicas, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile Corresponding author. Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Ciencias Biomédicas, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile. E-mail: edwin.krogh@uach.cl https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2042-3137 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ronald Epstein, Ronald Epstein Departments of Family Medicine and Medicine and the Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Álvaro I Langer, Álvaro I Langer Faculty of Psychology and Humanities, Campus Valdivia, Universidad San Sebastián, ChileMillennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Santiago, Chile Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Christoph Steinebach Christoph Steinebach School of Applied Psychology, ZHAW Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Zürich, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar International Journal for Quality in Health Care, mzad025, https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzad025 Published: 02 May 2023 Article history Received: 11 November 2022 Revision received: 26 January 2023 Editorial decision: 14 April 2023 Accepted: 25 April 2023 Published: 02 May 2023

Problem-Based Learning virtual with a peer tutor in pandemic

To know the experience of first-year medical students at Universidad Austral de Chile regarding virtual Problem-Based learning (PBL) tutorials carried out by peer tutors during the second semester of 2021. Quantitative and qualitative research, transversal, descriptive. The non-probabilistic sample consisted of 45 medical students who participated in virtual PBL tutorials with peer tutors. Data collection through an anonymous and voluntary opinion survey comprised two areas: methodology and role of the tutor, considering open questions related to facilitating and hindering aspects. Quantitative data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics with frequency measurements. The qualitative ones with progressive reduction. Study approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee, Valdivia Health Service. There is a high degree of satisfaction in all three areas. Both in the qualitative and quantitative results, the participants positively value the performance of the peer tutor, highlighting empathy, commitment, trust, facilitation, feedback, and a good learning environment, allowing collaborative learning. Unlike the quantitative, the qualitative is more frequently identified as hindering factors, poor internet connection, excessive curricular load, and lack of knowledge about the methodology by the tutor. Although the preparation of peer tutors for PBL tutorials is essential, it is even more critical in virtual mode since they face challenges such as managing virtual platforms and achieving effective communication that allows learning collaboratively.

In memoriam Klaus Kubitzki (1933–2022)

In memoriam Klaus Kubitzki (1933–2022)

Numerical analysis of the dynamic behavior of a Floating Wind Platform in regular waves

The goal of this study is to analyze the hydrodynamic behavior of a Floating Wind Platform (FOWT) under regular wave conditions. The analysis considers three degrees of freedom: Heave, Pitch and Surge. The study was car-ried out using a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) tool, based on the Navier-Stokes equations and the Finite Volume Method, and results were compared against experimental tests performed at the Wave/Towing Tank at Universidad Austral de Chile (CEH-UACh). For this analysis, a generic scales semi-submersible platform was used under different regular wave conditions, obtain-ing wave height data at different points of the control volume and translation and rotation movements to obtain the RAO's (Response Amplitude Operator) in each of the considered degrees of freedom. For the CFD simulations, commercial software STAR CCM+ was used, where the flow characteristics were defined through Volume of Fluid (VOF) and their respective boundary conditions. Final-ly, the results of both methodologies were compared, showing an adequate de-gree of correlation between them.

Usedlost San Juan a její podoba a fungování v 60. až 80. letech 19. století. Příspěvek ke každodennímu životu německých kolonistů na jihu Chile ve druhé polovině 19. století

The study deals with the San Juan farmstead near the town of La Unión in southern Chile. It was owned by R. A. Philippi, who was among the first generation of German colonists to settle in the southern territories of Chile. The management of the farmstead’s affairs was entrusted to custodians, and Julius Böhlendorf, the husband of Philippi’s daughter Ella, held this position from the 1870s. The Böhlendorfs lived on the estate for almost thirty years and managed its everyday operations. This study focuses on the period between the 1860s and the 1880s and the text is based on a thorough study and interpretation of archive records, particularly the diaries and letters of members of the Philippi and Böhlendorf families (stored in the Dirección Museológica de la Universidad Austral de Chile archive in Valdivia). The main aim of the work is to present and give a sense of the functioning of the farmstead and to show its structure and the kinds of work done there.

Allelic diversity of three anthocyanin synthesis genes in accessions of native Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum at the Potato Genebank of the Universidad Austral de Chile

Allelic diversity of three anthocyanin synthesis genes in accessions of native Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum at the Potato Genebank of the Universidad Austral de Chile

The timing of pasture allocation and grass silage supplementation affect pasture intake, milk production and nitrogen partitioning of dairy cows

Aim of study: To evaluate the effect of time of pasture allocation (PA) and grass silage allocation on dry matter (DM) intake, grazing behaviour, milk production, rumen function and N partitioning of grazing dairy cows.Area of study: Valdivia, ChileMaterial and methods: Forty-five Holstein-Friesian cows were selected from the Austral Agricultural Research Station at the Universidad Austral de Chile. Cows were allocated to one of three treatments: MPA: 75% of PA and 25% of the silage allowance allocated in the morning; BPA: 50% of PA and silage allowance allocated in the morning; APA: 25% of the PA and 75% of the silage allowance allocated in the morning. All treatments received the complement of pasture and silage allowance in the afternoon. Cows received a daily PA of 21 kg dry DM, 3 kg DM of grass silage and 3.5 kg DM of concentrate.Main results: Grazing time was not affected by treatments, however, grazing time between afternoon-morning milking was longer for APA. DM intake and milk production were not modified by treatments, averaging 15.6 kg DM/cow and 22.7 kg milk/d, respectively. Rumen propionate was greater for BPA than APA (18.8 and 17.7 mmol/100 mol, respectively). N intake and N excretion throughout milk, urine and feces were not modified by treatments, averaging 458, 119, 195 and 144 g N/d, respectively.Research highlights: The combination of time of pasture and grass silage allocation is not an adequate strategy to modify pasture intake, milk production and N excretion in dairy cows.

Postcranial skeleton of Spalacopus cyanus (Rodentia: Octodontidae): description and functional aspects

The genus Spalacopus includes only one species, S . cyanus , endemic to central Chile and one of the species best adapted to a subterranean lifetyle in the family Octodontidae. It is a member of the lineage consisting in Octodontomys as a sister clade containing Octodon and of a clade represented by Spalacopus and Aconaemys . Although the external and cranio-dental morphology have been well studied, little is known of the postcranial morphology of S . cyanus . Because of the peculiarities of its lifestyle and locomotion among the members of the family, it is interesting to characterize details of the morphology of the postcranial skeleton of this species and to infer their functional aspects of the morphology. Twenty-nine specimens with postcranial material stored in two collections were studied: Museo de La Plata (MLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina and Coleccion de Mamiferos del Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas (UACH), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. To describe in detail the morphology of the bone elements, the skeleton was divided in the following regions: axial skeleton, scapular girdle and forelimb, and pelvis girdle and hindlimb. The structures included in the axial skeleton were mainly described in cranial-caudal orientation and the limbs in proximal-distal orientation. All structures were observed with stereoscopic microscopes Leica Wild M3Z and Nikon SMZ 745T including pictures to illustrate the descriptions. Highly conservative characteristics among members of the family Octodontidae were observed in the postcranial morphology of S . cyanus , although some characters are exclusive to this species. The axial skeleton has seven cervical vertebrae, 12 or 13 thoracic, six or seven lumbar, four sacral, 16 to 18 caudal vertebrae, 12 or 13 ribs and a sternum with five sternebrae. The elements of the scapular and pelvic girdles as well as forelimbs and hindlimbs are described in detail, except the carpus and tarsus due to their poor state of conservation, or because they not available. The morphological pattern observed in the postcranial skeleton of S . cyanus conforms to a typical anatomical plan for terrestrial species, and some bones (mainly humerus and ulna) present characteristics associated with digging. The information obtained provided will allow a better interpretation of the postcranial attributes, functionally related with different lifestyle, in a future, as well as the evolution of the traits in a phylogenetic context.

Thermal Time as a Parameter to Determine Optimal Defoliation Frequency of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Pasture Brome (Bromus valdivianus Phil.)

The herbage mass and nutritional value of harvested forage are fundamental determinants of the production potential of pastoral systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth dynamics and accumulated herbage mass expressed in dry matter (DM) of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and pasture brome (Bromus valdivianus Phil.) pastures, using thermal time (TT) as a defoliation criterion. Thirty plots (15 of L. perenne and 15 of B. valdivianus) were distributed in three field blocks and subjected to five defoliation frequencies (DF) determined by TT, expressed as the accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD; DF1 = 90, DF2 = 180, DF3 = 270, DF4 = 360, and DF5 = 450 AGDD) for one year (2016), at the Austral Agricultural Experimental Station of the Universidad Austral de Chile. Every three days, the total leaf length (TLL) was measured, and the leaf elongation rate (LER, cm L−1), leaf growth rate (LGR, cm L−1), leaf appearance rate (LAR, d L−1), phyllochron (AGDD L−1), and accumulated herbage mass per hectare (kg DM ha−1) were calculated. Defoliations were scheduled according to AGDD, and a sample was taken from each cutting to determine (dry matter ‘DM’, crude protein ‘CP’, neutral detergent fiber ‘NDF’, acid detergent fiber ‘ADF’, water-soluble carbohydrates ‘WSC’ and metabolizable energy ‘ME’). The pastures that were allocated to DF5 presented higher DM yields (12,600 kg DM ha−1 year−1), TLL (54.6 cm), and LER (0.63 cm d−1) compared to pastures with high DF (90 and 180 ADGG). B. valdivianus presented a lower phyllochron than L. perenne (74.4 vs 87.9 AGDD L−1, respectively). Concentrations of CP and ME decreased from the shortest DF (90 AGDD) to the largest DF (450 AGDD), dropping from 221 to 138 g kg−1 CP and from 2.6 to 2.4 Mcal kg−1 DM of ME. All variables were affected by the season (Ssn) (p < 0.001). The AGDD can be used as a defoliation criterion and a tool to balance yield with nutritive value according to the farmer’s needs.

Importancia de las revistas de investigación propias para una universidad

Since its foundation in 1975, Bosque has followed a fairly classical path as a university outset journal, transiting from a selection of articles mostly originating in Chile to its eminently international present situation with a minority of articles by national authors. Thus, Bosque publishes scientific contributions from many countries on all continents, although it has proven more attractive to researchers of Latin America, possibly because it publishes articles in Spanish (although also in English) or because the forestry issues of that region are more meaningful and more sensitive for its editorial teams. For Bosque and a dozen other research journals, the publishing house is the Universidad Austral de Chile, which provides room for researchers from other latitudes to publish their scientific production; in other words, this University acts as a publisher of scientific journals.

Statistic Model for the Estimation of the Resistance of Landing Craft Hulls

One of the most important challenges in the development of the preliminary project of a ship is the estimation of propulsive power. This calculation can become a challenge for landing craft projects, since no specific estimation method for these ships is available, considering their special form characteristics. Using a systematized test database carried out in the ship model basin of Universidad Austral de Chile, a statistical model was generated through a multiple linear regression process to obtain an expression that serves to estimate the resistance for landing craft in preliminary stages of the project. Finally, the results of the regressions were compared with field measurements of three vessels in operation, showing a good agreement.

What have we done in 20 years? Where are we headed today? Interview with Roberto Martínez Kraushaar

Roberto Martinez Kraushaar was born in Osorno, Chile. He graduated from the German Institute of Osorno and later obtained his degree in architecture from Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso. In 1986, he moved to Dusseldorf, Germany, where he takes postgraduate studies in Advanced Architectural Design at Dusseldorf Arts Academy, with professors Ernst Kasper, Laurids Ortner, James Stirling, Oswald M. Ungers, and Elia Zenghelis. During his stay in Germany, he worked for the project division of architecture firms Schiel & Possekel, Overdiek Petzinka & Partner, and Ortner & Ortner – Baukunst, and was the director of the projects and contest division of architecture firm Giese & Bohne Architekten. With his team, in 1991 he was awarded at the EUROPAN II European Contest (Living in the City). In 1994, he founded the Architecture School at Universidad de Los Lagos together with architect Eduardo Vargas Herrera, of which he is the director until 2000. In 1996, he established the architecture office Biskupovic y Martinez Arquitectos Ltda. and in 2005, the architecture office “ARKSUR”. In 2000, he founded the School of Architecture and the Institute of Architecture and Urban Development at Universidad Austral de Chile, where he was the director of both the school and the institute. In 2014, he founded the School of Architecture and Arts at Universidad Austral de Chile, of which he was dean until August 2020.

Actitudes hacia la diversidad del alumnado en Educación Infantil

Las intervenciones educativas de carácter inclusivo con niños con necesidades específicas de apoyo educativo en la etapa de Educación Infantil se consolidan como una de las actuaciones más eficaces. Por esto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer cómo se desarrollaba la atención educativa a la diversidad en el segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil. Para esto, se optó por un diseño descriptivo simple y se empleó como instrumento de medida un cuestionario. La muestra estuvo formada por 142 maestros del segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil de diversos colegios públicos y concertados españoles. Los resultados mostraron actitudes muy positivas hacia la diversidad, poniendo en práctica medidas inclusivas para atender al alumnado. Entre las necesidades más importantes destacó el aumento de recursos personales y materiales en los centros. La implementación de prácticas educativas que atiendan a la diversidad favorece la mejora de las relaciones interpersonales y la competencia escolar.

Ecosystem processes, management and human dimension of tectonically-influenced wetlands along the coast of central and southern Chile

During the spring of 2017, the first Workshop on Coastal Wetlands of Central and Southern Chile was held at the Universidad Austral de Chile in Valdivia. A central point of the discussion was the impact of the periodic occurrence of earthquakes and tsunamis along the temperate region of the Chilean coast and their implication for wetland ecosystems. These natural events cause major modifications in the environment of wetlands that appear to be associated with variable but relatively fast rates of resilience. Strong emphasis was also placed on the social dimensions of such natural disturbances considering their impact on ecosystem services.

El Lugar de la arquitectura, una entrevista a Edward Rojas Vega

In 1977, with the establishment of the Puertazul (Blue Door) Architecture Workshop together with architect Renato Vivaldi, Edward Rojas Vega began an architectural production particularly focused on the condition of the insular culture. Among other things, this activity has collected and placed value on Chiloe’s architectural and cultural heritage, the permanent tension between tradition and modernity, the relentless search for a locally-based modernity and the dialogue with the Latin-American context. These concerns have brought about an uninterrupted professional practice of more than 40 years. For this reason, we took the focus of this interview away from the most recent events of his career to further encourage his reflections, and eventually, drive a new attempt for explanations which we hope will help our readers sift through the unique architectural universe of this profesional of southern Chile. His work has been displayed in publications, interviews, videos and exhibitions in Chile, Germany, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Spain, France, Italy, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Korea and China. In the academia, he was founder and director of Universidad ARCIS Patagonia, Castro (Chiloe), y and professor of Workshop X and Dissertations at Universidad ARCIS, in Castro and Santiago. He is professor of the Master’s Degree in Integrated Design - MIDA (Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Santiago), professor of the Master’s Degree in Environment and Latin American Bioclimatic Architecture (APUS Foundation and Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), professor of the ISTHMUS Workshop (Escuela de Arquitectura y Diseno de America Latina y el Caribe, Panama City), visiting professor of the Master’s Degree on Cultural Heritage (Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile) and professor of the Master’s Degree on Sustainable Environment Design - MADE (Universidad Austral de Chile). In 2015, he was appointed Professor Extraordinaire by Universidad Austral de Chile and in 2016 the Association of Architects of Chile honored him with the National Architecture Award. Currently, he can still be found working in his vaulted ceiling indoor workshop in a narrow alley of the city Castro, Chiloe.