Universal Utilization Research Articles

Harnessing Green Helpers: Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Other Beneficial Microorganisms in Plant–Microbe Interactions for Sustainable Agriculture

The health of soil is paramount for sustaining life, as it hosts diverse communities of microorganisms that interact with plants, influencing their growth, health, and resilience. Beneficial microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, form symbiotic relationships with plants, providing essential nutrients, promoting growth, and enhancing stress tolerance. These microorganisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria, play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, soil health, and plant productivity. Additionally, they help lessen reliance on chemical fertilizers, thereby mitigating the environmental risks associated with their use. Advances in agricultural practices harness the potential of these beneficial microorganisms to improve crop yields while minimizing the environmental impact. However, challenges such as competition with indigenous microbial strains and environmental factors limit the universal utilization of microbial inoculants. Despite these challenges, understanding and leveraging the interactions between plants and beneficial microorganisms hold promise for sustainable agriculture and enhanced food security.

Study on SR-Crossbar RF MEMS Switch Matrix Port Configuration Scheme with Optimized Consistency.

The performance consistency of an RF MEMS switch matrix is a crucial metric that directly impacts its operational lifespan. An improved crossbar-based RF MEMS switch matrix topology, SR-Crossbar, was investigated in this article. An optimized port configuration scheme was proposed for the RF MEMS switch matrix. Both the utilization probability of individual switch nodes and the path lengths in the switch matrix achieve their best consistency simultaneously under the proposed port configuration scheme. One significant advantage of this scheme lies in that it only adjusts the positions of the input and output ports, with the topology and individual switch nodes kept unchanged. This grants it a high level of generality and feasibility and also introduces an additional degree of freedom for optimizations. In this article, a universal utilization probability function of single nodes was constructed and an optimization objective function for the SR-Crossbar RF MEMS switch matrix was formulated, which provide a convenient approach to directly solving the optimized port configuration scheme for practical applications. Simulations to demonstrate the optimized dynamic and static consistencies were conducted. For an 8 × 8 SR-Crossbar switch matrix, the standard deviations of contact resistances of 128 units and losses of all 64 paths decreased from 1.00 and 0.42 to 0.51 and 0.23, respectively. These results aligned closely with theoretical calculations derived from the proposed model.

Digital divide, gender gap, and entrepreneurial orientation: How to foster technology adoption among Pakistani higher education students?

Advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) bear the promise of multiple benefits, including individual and entrepreneurial empowerment. The prospect of harnessing ICT as a means of creating growth and development opportunities is particularly appealing in developing countries. Still, several factors, including digital illiteracy and gender inequality, hamper the possibility of effective and universal utilization of these opportunities, in extreme cases leading to digital divide, gender-based exclusion, poverty, and precarity. Using this observation as a springboard, the objective of this paper is to conceptualize and quantify the digital divide-gender-entrepreneurial orientation nexus as it emerges in the perception of Pakistan higher education students. Using a quantitative approach, this study identifies the impact of digital skills (and thus the knowledge inequalities that can determine the potential digital gap) on entrepreneurship-related technology adoption (as measured through Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, UTAUT), whereby gender is treated as a moderator. The empirical findings, based on Structure Equation Modelling (SEM) and Multiple Group Analysis (MGA), show that digital skills and perceptions of technology capabilities have a substantial impact on the desire to use ICT in entrepreneurial activities. The influence of technology adoption intent on the development of entrepreneurial orientation is also confirmed. This paper adds to the broader debate on gender, digital divide and entrepreneurship. Importantly, by identifying some of the drivers behind students’ technology adoption in a developing nation such as Pakistan, filled with technological and economic unbalances, the conclusions of this study will have conceptual, managerial, and policymaking applications, notably in terms of technological access, digital literary, and gender-based exclusion.

Effect of Polygonatum sibiricum on biological toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles during respiratory exposure.

Although zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with distinct physicochemical properties have attracted great attention, the application of ZnO NPs is still limited due to their potential biotoxicity. In this work, ZnO-Polygonatum sibiricum (PS) NPs are synthesized to overcome this challenge. The ZnO NPs stably combine with PS according to microstructural observation, particle size distribution, zeta potential results and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs is alleviated by combining them with PS as a consequence of the diminished generation of reactive oxygen species and reinforced superoxide dismutase activity. Furthermore, the respiratory index and histopathologic results of mice exposed to NPs manifest that the pulmonary dysfunction caused by ZnO NPs is avoided in the ZnO-PS NPs group. This study provides the foundations for the amelioration and universal utilization of ZnO NPs and emphasizes the potential of ZnO-PS NPs in biomedical applications.

Comprehensive analysis of current mitigation strategies for non-isolated photovoltaic inverter

Out of consideration for sustainable development, photovoltaic power generation system has become a hot research issue in the future energy strategy due to its significant cleanliness and reproducibility. Meanwhile, playing an important role in connecting the PV cell and the grid, the non-isolated photovoltaic inverter not only has the ability to convert energy with great efficiency but also with low loss and cost. In that case, the non-isolated inverter is widely used in the production. However, the leakage current is a big challenge that should be addressed with caution. This paper focuses on the leakage current mitigation strategy and makes a comprehensive analysis of each topology. The author analyses the generation mechanism of leakage current based on the single-phase inverter circuit. After that, the common ground type inverter topology and the H-Bridge type inverter topology will be further analysed for their universal utilization. Specific topologies from the two types of inverters are under comparison based on several perspectives, ranging from the degree of leakage current suppression to the complexity of the circuit structure, from the difficulty of analysis to the economic performance of the inverter. In addition, some improvement measures are proposed.

Polypyrrole-Doped NH4 V3 O8 with Oxygen Vacancies as High-Performance Cathode Material for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

The inherent slow diffusion dynamics of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) act as a significant hindrance to their universal utilization as energy storage systems, largely attributed to the scarcity of superior cathode materials. In this study, a novel method that amalgamates oxygen defect engineering and polymer intercalation, guided by theoretical computations, to confront this challenge, is introduced. Thisapproach begins with density functional theory calculations, demonstrating that the shielding effect rendered by polypyrrole (PPy) between NH4 V3 O8 (NVO) layers, along with the cooperative influence of oxygen defects (Od ), optimizes the kinetic transport of Zn2+ . Leveraging these theoretical outcomes, a two-step hydrothermal synthesis procedure is devised to fabricate PPy-intercalated NVO embedded with Od (NVO-Od @PPy). Theempirical findings corroborate the theoretical predictions, showcasing that the NVO-Od @PPy//Zn system manifests exceptional cycling stability. Specifically, the NVO-Od @PPy electrode delivers an optimal reversible capacity, yielding 421 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A g-1 . Remarkably, even at an elevated current density of 10 A g-1 , it sustains a capacity of 175.7 mAh g-1 , while maintaining a capacity retention of 99% over 1000 cycles. This research provides pivotal insights for the engineering of high-performing cathode materials for AZIBs, paving the way for their future advancements.

Utilization of adolescent friendly health services and its associated factors among higher secondary students in mid-western Himalayan mountainous district of Nepal.

Adolescent friendly health services (AFHS) are designed to make health services accommodate the unique needs of adolescents. AFHS are characterized by three basic characteristics (programmatic, health facilities and health service providers) that should be applied. However, limited is known about the use of AFHS in the context of Nepal. This study aimed to assess the extent of AFHS utilization and associated factors among higher secondary students in the Jumla district of Nepal. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted in October-November 2017. Data were collected from a random sample of 528 aged 16-19 years old using a self-administered survey in their classroom. Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) and a 95% confidence level were estimated to measure the strength of association between the outcome variable (utilization of AFHS) and independent variable using multivariable logistic regression. Knowledge related to AFHS, measured by a seven-item scale, was based on information about the availability of AFHS. More than two-thirds (67.05%) of adolescents had utilized AFHS at least once in the last twelve months before the survey. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, knowledge level [AOR = 14.796, 95%CI (5.326-41.099)], cost of services [AOR = 2.971, 95%CI (1.764-5.003)], satisfaction from services [AOR = 1.817, 95%CI (1.037-3.185)] and availability of waiting room [AOR = 1.897, 95%CI (1.096-3.283)] were significantly associated with the utilization of AFHS. The utilization of AFHS was less than the country's target of universal utilization in this study. Adolescents' knowledge level about AFHS was importantly associated with its utilization. Utilization increases with lower service costs, client satisfaction, and availability of waiting rooms in the health facility. The health planners should make efforts to create a conducive environment for the adolescent by training the AFHS providers, particularly those who work in government institutions, and strengthening the awareness creation strategies among adolescents to increase the utilization of the services.

Quaternary ammonium compounds promoted anoxic sludge granulation and altered propagation risk of intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes.

Surfactants could influence sludge morphology and disinfectants were linked to antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Thus, the response of activated sludge and ARGs to long-term quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) exposure required further investigation, which is a popular surfactant and disinfectant. Here, three sequencing batch reactors were fed with 5mg/L most frequently detected QACs (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (ATMAC C12), dodecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (BAC C12) and didodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC C12)) for 180 d. The long-term inhibitory effect on denitrification ranked: DADMAC C12>BAC C12>ATMAC C12. Besides, obvious granular sludge promoted by the increase of α-Helix/(β-Sheet + Random coil) appeared in DADMAC C12 system. Moreover, intracellular ARGs increased when denitrification systems encountered QACs acutely but decreased in systems chronically exposed to QACs. Although replication and repair metabolism in ATMAC C12 system was higher, ATMAC C12 significantly promoted proliferation of extracellular ARGs. It was noteworthy that the propagation risk of extracellular ARGs in sludge increased significantly during sludge granulation process, and intracellular sul2 genes in sludge and water both increased with the granular diameter in DADMAC C12 system. The universal utilization of QACs may enhance antibiotic resistance of bacteria in wastewater treatment plants, deserving more attention.

Recent Progress of Energy-Storage-Device-Integrated Sensing Systems

With the rapid prosperity of the Internet of things, intelligent human-machine interaction and health monitoring are becoming the focus of attention. Wireless sensing systems, especially self-powered sensing systems that can work continuously and sustainably for a long time without an external power supply have been successfully explored and developed. Yet, the system integrated by energy-harvester needs to be exposed to a specific energy source to drive the work, which provides limited application scenarios, low stability, and poor continuity. Integrating the energy storage unit and sensing unit into a single system may provide efficient ways to solve these above problems, promoting potential applications in portable and wearable electronics. In this review, we focus on recent advances in energy-storage-device-integrated sensing systems for wearable electronics, including tactile sensors, temperature sensors, chemical and biological sensors, and multifunctional sensing systems, because of their universal utilization in the next generation of smart personal electronics. Finally, the future perspectives of energy-storage-device-integrated sensing systems are discussed.

Turning hazardous red mud into useful catalysts for the carbonylation of amines to N-formamides

With the rapid development of the aluminium industry, the output of waste by-products (red mud) increases over time. Although continuous efforts have been devoted to dealing with this hazardous waste, the universal utilization of red mud accounts for only 15% of the total. Therefore, development of green and sustainable technologies with which to dispose of red mud is regarded worldwide as an urgent requirement. Herein, a facile utilization of the bases in hazardous red mud to catalyze the carbonylation of amines to N-formamides is reported. This catalytic system can achieve 99% conversion of amines with 100% selectivity for N-formamides. Gram-scale preparation of useful formamides, such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-formylmorpholine was also successfully accomplished. Further investigation revealed that a free alkaline ingredient in red mud is the active center for this transformation. This work provides an economical and environmentally benign solution to the use of the waste red mud, and also greatly promotes the potential application to catalysis of materials derived from red mud.

국내 인슐린 주입기기 요양비 지원 정책 현황 및 개선 방안

Intensive insulin therapy is the primary treatment option for patients with type 1 and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Insulin pump therapy and multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) are the principal methods of intensive insulin therapy. The clinical utility of an insulin pump is generally greater than an MDI regimen. An artificial pancreas, which is an insulin pump with an integrated continuous glucose monitor (CGM), has recently been introduced on the market with emerging clinical evidence. Although it may offer clinical benefits and reduce the self-management burden among patients with diabetes, its potential for inappropriate use and unaffordability are the major barriers to its universal utilization. Despite the medical assistance program offered by the Korean National Healthcare System, which provides coverage for consumables and devices for diabetes treatment, some patients cannot afford to use an advanced insulin delivery system (i.e., the artificial pancreas). Under the current reimbursement policy, the healthcare system considers an insulin pump and a CGM as separate items for regulatory and reimbursement purposes. In other words, the artificial pancreas is categorized as an insulin pump and reimbursed at the same amount as a traditional insulin pump. The fundamental operating function may be the same between the artificial pancreas and a traditional insulin pump; however, there should be a different reimbursement pathway to make a novel category for the artificial pancreas instead of categorizing it under insulin pumps and to differentiate pricing based on the comparative (cost-) effectiveness among insulin delivery devices. Other countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France are moving toward rapid and universal adoption of the artificial pancreas supported by their clinical governance and regulatory affairs. In this review, we highlight the need to improve the accessibility and affordability of advanced diabetes technology by discussing the current issues in the reimbursement policy that limit the universal use of advanced insulin delivery devices in Korea.

Evaluation of tongue mobility following release operation of ankyloglossia with genioglossus myotomy.

Ankyloglossia is a congenital anomaly characterized by a short lingual frenulum and severe form needs release surgery. Our goal in this study was to confirm the long-term safety and efficacy of Z-plasty with genioglossus myotomy compared with traditional Z-plasty alone and to develop a proper measurement tool to validate the postoperative results of release operations for ankyloglossia. Patients were divided in 2 groups, release with Z-plasty only group (group 1) and Z-plasty combined with genioglossus myotomy group (group 2) In group 2, the release of central longitudinal fiber of genioglossus muscle was added in the conventional Z-plasty operative procedure. To analyze the results of the surgery, we developed an objective assessment tool which is the direct length from the innermost point of the floor of mouth to the tip of the tongue, preoperatively and postoperatively, which is called “functional tongue length.” A total of 101 patients with ankyloglossia ranging in age from 36 months to 8 years underwent release operation. Although there was no significant difference in terms of postoperative measurements between groups in Kotlow class II, group 2 patients in Class III and IV showed greater postoperative functional tongue length. Also, there was no significant complication requiring secondary surgery. Our study demonstrated that adding genioglossus myotomy to a simple Z-plasty is a safe and effective method for improving the tongue mobility required to make lingual sounds, especially in moderate to severe form of ankyloglossia, along with suggestion of a new measurement tool, which can objectively assess tongue mobility with possibility for universal utilization in ankyloglossia release operation.

Label-free Super-resolution Imaging Enabled by Vibrational Imaging of Swelled Tissue and Analysis.

The universal utilization of fluorescence microscopy, especially super-resolution microscopy, has greatly advanced knowledge about modern biology. Conversely, the requirement of fluorophore labeling in fluorescent techniques poses significant challenges, such as photobleaching and non-uniform labeling of fluorescent probes and prolonged sample processing. In this protocol, the detailed working procedures of vibrational imaging of swelled tissue and analysis (VISTA) are presented. VISTA circumvents obstacles associated with fluorophores and achieves label-free super-resolution volumetric imaging in biological samples with spatial resolution down to 78 nm. The procedure is established by embedding cells and tissues in hydrogel, isotropically expanding the hydrogel sample hybrid, and visualizing endogenous protein distributions by vibrational imaging with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. The method is demonstrated on both cells and mouse brain tissues. Highly correlative VISTA and immunofluorescence images were observed, validating the protein origin of imaging specificities. Exploiting such correlation, a machine learning-based image-segmentation algorithm was trained to achieve multi-component prediction of nuclei, blood vessels, neuronal cells, and dendrites from label-free mouse brain images. The procedure was further adapted to investigate pathological poly-glutamine (polyQ) aggregates in cells and amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques in brain tissues with high throughput, justifying its potential for large-scale clinical samples.

Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion: A Review of Current and Future Application in Lung Transplantation.

The number of waitlisted lung transplant candidates exceeds the availability of donor organs. Barriers to utilization of donor lungs include suboptimal lung allograft function, long ischemic times due to geographical distance between donor and recipient, and a wide array of other logistical and medical challenges. Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a modality that allows donor lungs to be evaluated in a closed circuit outside of the body and extends lung donor assessment prior to final acceptance for transplantation. EVLP was first utilized successfully in 2001 in Lund, Sweden. Since its initial use, EVLP has facilitated hundreds of lung transplants that would not have otherwise happened. EVLP technology continues to evolve and improve, and currently there are multiple commercially available systems, and more under investigation worldwide. Although barriers to universal utilization of EVLP exist, the possibility for more widespread adaptation of this technology abounds. Not only does EVLP have diagnostic capabilities as an organ monitoring device but also the therapeutic potential to improve lung allograft quality when specific issues are encountered. Expanded treatment potential includes the use of immunomodulatory treatment to reduce primary graft dysfunction, as well as targeted antimicrobial therapy to treat infection. In this review, we will highlight the historical development, the current state of utilization/capability, and the future promise of this technology.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41030-022-00185-w.

Decreased Need for Correction Boluses with Universal Utilisation of Dual-Wave Boluses in Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

Insulin pumps offer standard (SB), square and dual-wave boluses (DWB). Few recommendations exist on how to use these dosing options. Several studies suggest that the DWB is more effective for high-fat or high-carbohydrate meals. Our objective was to test whether time in range (TIR) improves in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using the universal utilization of the dual-wave boluses for all evening meals regardless of the composition of the meal. This was a 28-day long prospective randomized open-label single-center crossover study. Twenty-eight children with T1DM using a Medtronic 640G pump and continuous glucose monitoring system were randomly assigned to receive either DWB or SB for all meals starting from 6:00 p.m. based solely on the food carbohydrate count. DWB was set for 50/50% with the second part extended over 2 h. After two weeks patients switched into the alternative treatment arm. TIR (3.9–10 mmol/L), time below range (TBR) (<3.9 mmol/L) and time above range (TAR) (>10 mmol/L) and sensor glucose values were measured and compared between the groups. Twenty-four children aged 7–14 years completed the study according to the study protocol. There were no statistically significant differences in mean TIR (60.9% vs. 58.8%; p = 0.3), TBR (1.6% vs. 1.7%; p = 0.7) or TAR (37.5 vs. 39%; p = 0.5) between DWB and SB groups, respectively. Subjects in the SB treatment arm administered significantly less correction boluses between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. compared to those in the DWB group (1.2 ± 0.8 vs. 1.7 ± 0.8, respectively; p < 0.01). DWB for evening meals in which insulin is calculated solely on the food carbohydrate content did not improve TIR compared to standard bolus in children with T1D. However, DWB enabled to use significantly less correction boluses to achieve euglycemia by the morning compared to the SB.

Internet of Maritime Things Platform for Remote Marine Water Quality Monitoring

In this article, we show the development and implementation of the Internet of Maritime Things (IoMT) platform that supports long-range and high-rate communication for remote and online marine water quality monitoring. We first develop the IoMT device and gateway that interwork with international standard Internet-of-Things (IoT) software platforms for universal utilization in the field of marine monitoring. The proposed IoMT device and gateway play a role similar to the IoT device and gateway on land, but it is optimized for marine use with consideration of the practical characteristics of using sensors in the ocean. Furthermore, to realize long-range and high-rate communication between marine sensors and a control center (CC) on land, an automatic beam adjustment system for directional antennas is developed. This enables the use of directional antennas, which can support long-range and high-rate communication by automatically adjusting the beam angle between the antennas while exchanging their control information, despite the antennas being shifted by undulation from the sea. Finally, we conduct real sea experiments to identify the performances of the proposed IoMT platform in various environments. The results show that the proposed IoMT platform can collect data from marine sensors as well as high definition camera video from distances of 25 and 40 km to the CC on land under one-hop and two-hop transmissions, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed IoMT platform provides at least twofold performance improvement in terms of communication coverage under a similar data rate condition, compared with existing commercial wireless networks (e.g., LTE in the ocean) not utilizing satellite communications.

Hydronephrosis Classifications: Has UTD Overtaken APD and SFU? A Worldwide Survey.

Objective: To collect baseline information on the ultrasonographic reporting preferences.Method: A 13-multiple choice questionnaire was designed and distributed worldwide among pediatric urologists, pediatric surgeons, and urologists. The statistical analysis of the survey data consisted of 3 steps: a univariate analysis, a bivariate and a multivariate analysis.Results: Three hundred eighty participants responded from all the continents. The bivariate analysis showed the significant differences in the geographical area, the years of experience and the volume of cases. Most of the physicians prefer the SFU and APD systems because of familiarity and simplicity (37 and 34%, respectively). Respondents noted that their imaging providers most often report findings utilizing the mild-moderate-severe system or the APD measurements (28 and 39%, respectively) except for North America (SFU in 50%). Multivariate analysis did not provide significant differences.Conclusion: Our study evaluates the opinions regarding the various pediatric hydronephrosis classification systems from a large number of specialists and demonstrates that there is no single preferred grading system. The greatest reported shortcoming of all the systems was the lack of universal utilization. The observations taken from this study may serve as basis for the construction of a common worldwide system. As APD and SFU are the preferred systems and the UTD a newer combination of both, it is possible that with time, UTD may become the universal language for reporting hydronephrosis. This time, based on the result of this survey, seems not arrived yet.

3D Printing and NIR Fluorescence Imaging Techniques for the Fabrication of Implants.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology holds great potential to fabricate complex constructs in the field of regenerative medicine. Researchers in the surgical fields have used 3D printing techniques and their associated biomaterials for education, training, consultation, organ transplantation, plastic surgery, surgical planning, dentures, and more. In addition, the universal utilization of 3D printing techniques enables researchers to exploit different types of hardware and software in, for example, the surgical fields. To realize the 3D-printed structures to implant them in the body and tissue regeneration, it is important to understand 3D printing technology and its enabling technologies. This paper concisely reviews 3D printing techniques in terms of hardware, software, and materials with a focus on surgery. In addition, it reviews bioprinting technology and a non-invasive monitoring method using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence, with special attention to the 3D-bioprinted tissue constructs. NIR fluorescence imaging applied to 3D printing technology can play a significant role in monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of 3D structures for clinical implants. Consequently, these techniques can provide individually customized products and improve the treatment outcome of surgeries.

Homogeneous production and characterization of recombinant N-GlcNAc-protein in Pichia pastoris

BackgroundTherapeutic glycoproteins have occupied an extremely important position in the market of biopharmaceuticals. N-Glycosylation of protein drugs facilitates them to maintain optimal conformations and affect their structural stabilities, serum half-lives and biological efficiencies. Thus homogeneous N-glycoproteins with defined N-glycans are essential in their application in clinic therapeutics. However, there still remain several obstacles to acquire homogeneous N-glycans, such as the high production costs induced by the universal utilization of mammalian cell expression systems, the non-humanized N-glycan structures and the N-glycosylation microheterogeneities between batches.ResultsIn this study, we constructed a Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) expression system producing truncated N-GlcNAc-modified recombinant proteins through introducing an ENGase isoform (Endo-T) which possesses powerful hydrolytic activities towards high-mannose type N-glycans. The results showed that the location of Endo-T in different subcellular fractions, such as Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi or cell membrane, affected their hydrolytic efficiencies. When the Endo-T was expressed in Golgi, the secreted IgG1-Fc region was efficiently produced with almost completely truncated N-glycans and the N-GlcNAc modification on the glycosite Asn297 was confirmed via Mass Spectrometry.ConclusionThis strategy develops a simple glycoengineered yeast expression system to produce N-GlcNAc modified proteins, which could be further extended to different N-glycan structures. This system would provide a prospective platform for mass production of increasing novel glycoprotein drugs.

Category and location scheme selecting of coupling components in integrated electrical and heating systems with renewable energy

Integrated energy systems (IES) are under development to accommodate the widespread penetration of renewable energy into power systems. The universal utilization of coupling components makes the connection between power grids and heat grids even closer. This paper applies energy flow calculations to planning problems and explores a method for selecting coupling components in the integrated electrical and heating systems. This process is based on the analysis of energy flow distribution and the comprehensive indexes, which include operation cost and the penalty cost of wind curtailment and solar energy curtailment. Besides, a selection method of coupling components installation locations based on energy flow calculations is provided. At last, an IES with 5 electrical buses and 5 heating nodes, and a 9-bus electrical power system with a 31-node heating transmission system are chosen to study the specific application problems in detail as well as to elucidate the effectiveness of the proposed method. It turned out that the relevant coupling components and their positions can be selected according to the indexes obtained by integrated electrical-hydraulic-thermal calculation. This proposed method is conducive to the planning of integrated energy systems.