Type Theory Research Articles

A backstepping sliding mode control algorithm of electro-hydraulic position servo system of valve-controlled symmetric cylinder based on extended state observer

Electro-hydraulic position servo system of valve-controlled symmetrical cylinder (EPSSVCS) is a very important and widely used electro-hydraulic servo system, the performance of which is often affected by friction nonlinearity and external random disturbances together with unmodeled dynamic factors such as parameter uncertainty in practical work. To improve the tracking performance of the system, a backstepping sliding mode control algorithm (BSMC) based on an extended state observer was presented in this paper. Firstly, a nonlinear mathematical model of the EPSSVCS was established which takes into account the composite disturbance induced by the systematic friction nonlinearity, external disturbances and unmodeled dynamic factors. Then, an extended state observer (ESO) was designed which can effectively estimate the velocity, acceleration, and composite disturbance of the valve-controlled cylinder online. Furthermore, a kind of BSMC was presented based on the online ESO estimates and the displacement feedback signals. The control law was given and the system stability was proved. The analysis results showed that the output signal of the system can effectively track the input signal under the influence of typical external disturbances and unmodeled dynamic factors, which illustrated the effectiveness of the established nonlinear mathematical model and the stability of the designed control system. Moreover, by taking the parameters of the electro-hydraulic servo system of a certain type of CNC machine tool as a real example, the proposed algorithm (BSMC) was compared with the conventional PID control algorithm, the backstepping sliding mode control algorithm (BSC), and the adaptive robust control algorithm (ARC), and the results verified the superiority of the BSMC. This work may provide a useful reference for the research in the field of related control systems.

A study of periodic solutions of several types of nonlinear models in biomathematics

Abstract Biomathematics is a cross-discipline formed by the interpenetration of mathematics with life sciences, biology, and other disciplines, and biomathematical models provide an effective tool for solving problems in the above application areas. Our aim in this paper is to combine mathematical analytical tools and numerical simulation methods to investigate the existence and steady state of periodic solutions in different nonlinear models. Time lags with both discrete and distributed characteristics are introduced into the Lotka-Volterra predator-feeder system, and based on the discussion of the central manifold theorem and canonical type theory, it is proved that the branching periodic solution exists when the discrete time lag parameter τ > τ 0. In the SEIRS infectious disease model with nonlinear incidence term and vertical transmission, the global stability of the disease-free equilibrium point and the local asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium point are analyzed through the computation and discussion of the fundamental regeneration number R 0 (p, q). A class of convergence-growth models with nonlinear sensitivity functions is studied, and the global boundedness of classical solutions and their conditions are demonstrated based on global dynamics. A mathematical generalization of the muscular vascular model is made by introducing a centralized parameter, the relationship between periodic solutions and chaotic phenomena is explored utilizing a systematic equivalence transformation, and the equation of the homoscedastic orbitals is deduced to be z 2 = x 2 ( A - 1 2 x 2 ) {z^2} = {x^2}\left( {A - {1 \over 2}{x^2}} \right) .

Диверсифікація як метод забезпечення стабільного розвитку підприємства

Diversification is considered as an effective method of stable development of enterprise in the long term, which makes it possible to timely and promptly respond to changes in the needs and market conditions by functioning in different markets, which is relevant in the current conditions of market instability, rapid decline or disappearance of demand for individual goods and services. In order to achieve the purpose of the article, i. e., clarification of the essence of the concept of «diversified enterprise», the literature sources are analyzed and the authors’ own experience of studying the activities of such enterprises is applied; the diversity and lack of a clear understanding of the very concept of diversification of production are established, which does not allow to make generalizations about the activities of the enterprise. The research in the article is carried out using the methods of generalization, abstraction, analysis, synthesis. With regard to the definition of the essence of diversification of production, and, consequently, of enterprise, the expediency of allocating the factors that characterize the causes, results, breadth of coverage of directions and spheres of activity, structural structure has been determined. This made it possible to form a definition and interpret diversified enterprises as business structures that expand existing areas of activity or create new ones, organizationally (with allcation or without separation of business units) and/or legislatively (contractual, legally formalized) independent or dependent in a pure or mixed form, ensuring the achievement of relevant goals due to current and/or strategic reasons. The presented conclusion summarizes the substantiation of a unified approach to understanding the essence of diversification of enterprise as an effective method of its stable activity in the long term, focuses on the factors characteristic of diversified enterprises, the combination of which ensures their competitive advantages. The given interpretation of the concept of «diversified enterprise» will contribute to a simpler, clearer, more effective allocation of specific universal types (kinds) of these structures.

Binary Classification of Diabetes in Pima Indian Dataset: A Deep Learning Perspective

Abstract: In this study, we develop into the application of deep learning methodologies for diabetes prediction utilizing the Pima Indian dataset. Employing Keras with Theano as the backend, we establish a binary classification model to effectively forecast the presence or absence of diabetes in individuals. Our research aims to enhance the precision and reliability of diabetes diagnosis, ultimately contributing to improved healthcare decision-making. Our investigation leverages Keras, a high-level neural networks API, in conjunction with Theano, to conduct binary classification on the Pima Indian diabetes dataset. Our study provides valuable insights into the field of medical data analysis, showcasing the effectiveness of deep learning techniques in advancing diagnostic tools for proactive healthcare management. Diabetes mellitus, a prevalent chronic disease globally, necessitates the development of a system for early type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis. Multiple machine learning and data mining techniques, including ANN, SVM, KNN, decision trees, and Extreme Learning Machines, have emerged and been employed as aids in diabetes detection. Consequently, we introduce Deep Learning, a subfield of machine learning, which can effectively handle smaller datasets through efficient data processing techniques. This paper presents an in-depth review of Diabetic Retinopathy, covering its features, causes, various ML models, DL models, challenges, comparisons, and future directions for early DR detection. Diabetes mellitus is a global health concern with a rapidly increasing prevalence. In this context, machine learning technologies prove invaluable for early disease identification and diagnosis. The focus of this study is to identify the most effective ML algorithm for diabetes prediction.

Global Non-Existence of a Coupled Parabolic–Hyperbolic System of Thermoelastic Type with History

We consider two abstract systems of parabolic–hyperbolic type that model thermoelastic problems. We study the influence of the physical constants and the initial data on the nonexistence of global solutions that, in our framework, are produced by the blow-up in finite time of the norm of the solution in the phase space. We employ a differential inequality to find sufficient conditions that produce the blow-up. To that end, we construct a set that is positive-invariant for any positive value of the initial energy. As a result, we found that the coupling with the parabolic equation stabilizes the system, as well as the damping term in the hyperbolic equation. Moreover, for any pair of positive values (ξ,ϵ), there exist initial data, such that the corresponding solution with initial energy ξ blows up at a finite time less than ϵ. Our purpose is to improve results previously published in the literature.

Dynamic Semiosis: Meaning, Informing, and Conforming in Constructing the Past

Constructed Past Theory (CPT) is an abstract representation of how information about the past is produced and interpreted. It is grounded in the assertion that whatever we can write or say about anything in the past is the product of cognition. Understanding how information about the past is produced requires the identification and analysis of both the sources on which that information is based and the way in which the constructor approaches the task to select, analyze, and organize information to achieve the purpose for which the information was sought. CPT models this dual process, providing a basis for evaluation. It is descriptive, not prescriptive. CPT has been articulated using UML class diagrams with the objective of facilitating implementation in automated systems. This article reformulates CPT using type theory and extends its reach by applying and adapting concepts from semiotics. The results are more detailed models that facilitate differentiating what things meant to people in the past from how the constructor understands them. This article concludes with suggestions for applying CPG concepts in constructing information about the past and identifying areas where further research is needed.

Saw varieties

We introduce a new class of quiver varieties, called saw (quiver) varieties. These can be seen as a generalization of the three existing theories: the quiver gauge theory of monopoles, Kac's representation theory of Dynkin types, and Donaldson's theory on the based maps of P1. E.g., in our terminology, the handsaw (quiver) varieties and chainsaw varieties are finite and affine A type saw varieties respectively with the maximal symmetry breaking. These varieties are the monopole spaces and the caloron spaces in 3d gauge theory, respectively. We expand the theory over to the DE type quiver gauge theory.The saw varieties are constructed via a Hamiltonian formalism, so that the moment maps defining these varieties naturally arise. The main assertion of the paper is that the moment map μ defining a saw variety is a flat morphism for arbitrary dimension vector, if and only if the underlying graph is of finite ADE types. Furthermore under the assumption of maximal symmetry breaking or all the higher frame dimension vectors, the affine ADE types also attain the flatness property of μ. We give an algebro-geometric description of the momentum-zero scheme μ−1(0) and the saw variety defined as the Hamiltonian reduction.Various partition functions given rise to by the above mentioned theories are the byproducts of the geometric structure of the corresponding saw varieties.

A Different Nested Logit Model Structure Consistent with Random Utility Theory for Various Freight Types – A Case Study for Istanbul

Freight transport significantly contributes to urban traffic but is often overlooked by decision-makers compared to passenger transport. Conventional transportation modelling studies often use aggregate approaches for freight transport, undoubtedly due to the difficulty of data collection. However, the nature of freight transportation is much more complex. For this reason, examining the determinants of freight vehicle preferences with discrete approaches is crucial for the contributions that can be put forward, especially in local studies. To address this apparent gap in the study of local disaggregated approaches to freight transport, we present a discrete modelling-based methodology to investigate the factors that determine freight vehicle preferences for shippers and senders. The estimated nested logit model is constructed with the RU2 approach, the second part of random utility theory, thus avoiding the theoretical inconsistencies that arise when generic coefficients are used. As a result, the model structures provided satisfactory results compared to the literature. It was revealed that the factors affecting freight vehicle choice preferences were influenced by packaging preferences and differed according to freight groups. This local study is the first nested logit study for freight modelling in Istanbul and it is aimed to shed light on future national studies.

Wearable biosensors and their applications in healthcare

The technologies used in medical care region could become more widely-discussed in the society. In the past, most biosensors were used in the manufacturing and engineering to increase the efficiency of production enable to meet the requirements of mass production, as the inventors expand the use of piezoelectric biosensors, their application in healthcare and virtual reality become important. Therefore, this paper collected and summarized the results of several previous research papers, explained the different working theories of many types of biosensors, and detailed discussed the specific biosensors used in these areas to look into this topic. The finding is that effectively use the piezoelectric materials (PZT) sensors could largely improve the medical level and the function of virtual reality. The wearable haptic feedback system can be used not only in these areas, but lots have not been explored. The medical level and other fields can all be improved even more in the future through the use of biosensors.

Alignment of workplace wellbeing initiatives with WHO’s “Guidelines for mental health at work”

The workplace offers an ideal setting for promoting health and well-being. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recently published guidelines and recommendations for promoting mental health and well-being in the workplace based on the latest empirical evidence. However, little is known regarding its alignment with current practices within organisations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which mental health and well-being initiatives implemented in organisations outside the context of a formal research evaluation align with the WHO Guidelines for Mental Health at Work. Other objectives of the study are to identify trends within current initiatives and to explore whether the number or types of initiatives align with the WHO Guidelines, depending on the size of the organisation. The study used a secondary data analysis approach for a series of case studies collected over a three-year period (2020 to 2022). A total of 333 well-being initiatives from 52 Polish and international organisations were described. The results show a wide variety of initiatives undertaken by organisations, most of which are universal individual intervention types and are implemented by large organisations. A discussion of the strengths, gaps, and opportunities for future implementation and subsequent alignment with the latest evidence-based recommendations is provided.

Optimal allocation system of urban land use types under multi-objective constraints

Abstract This paper arranges suitable land use types according to the quality characteristics of land parcel units, obtains the objective function of optimal land use allocation, and constructs a multi-objective constraint system in the process of land use planning. The integer vector is used to encode the land use types and represent the spatial distribution of land use, combined with the particle swarm algorithm to calculate its adaptability, speed and position update based on the initial population size and construct the land use optimization allocation model based on the constraint system. The particle swarm algorithm is used to explore the geographic environment and climate resources, the economy of the natural economy of the study area, and Landsat TM remote sensing image technology is used to obtain the initial data on the land use of the study area and empirical analysis is carried out on the optimization of the allocation of urban land use in the study area. The results show that the algorithm converges faster and achieves global convergence when the parameter is set to the fourth state, and the comprehensive suitability evaluation function achieves global convergence at generation 73, with a value of 1.64E+08, which is faster than the convergence of parameter settings 1 and 2 as well as 3. The land types that increase in area include garden land, forest land, transportation land, and water and water conservancy facilities land, which increase by 0.8%, 2.84%, 0.14%, and 0.8%, respectively, which protects the arable land and restricts the expansion of the construction land in terms of the quantitative structure. This study enriches the content and methods of optimizing land use space allocation, which helps to rationalize the use of land resources.

Methodological principles of building an international rating as a component of information and analytical provision of law enforcement activities

Due to the fiscal needs of a modern state, the issue of choosing methods for assessing priority and effective directions of development of law enforcement structures is becoming increasingly relevant. The purpose of this article is to justify a methodological approach, rules, modern techniques, and methods to effectively determine the rating level of the activity of a specific law enforcement structure, unit, or the system as a whole. General scientific methods (generalization, abstraction, analogy, analysis, and synthesis) and a system of statistical methods – mass observations, absolute, relative, and average comparative values, tabular, correlation-regression, and analysis of score estimates, parametric analysis, modelling, etc., were used for the study. For a comprehensive characterization of international rating assessment, a series of constructive approaches has been proposed, which can be used separately or simultaneously, depending on the need. The identification of existing types of assessment from the standpoint of qualitative and quantitative characteristics made it possible to form a legal assessment of each of them, to justify the expediency of using a universal type of law enforcement activity assessment – international rating assessment, based on the compilation of a universal indicator. This allows evaluating both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a particular object, law enforcement system, and determining the countryʼs ranking in the overall international rating. It has been proven that comparing the results of the activities of different structural units, types of law enforcement activities, regional and international structures involves conducting both internal and external ranking. Based on the research results, it is recommended to ensure the information focus of indicators with a view to standardizing procedures, dividing them into stimulants and depressants. As one of the simplified and accessible methods for assessing the international rating, the use of a multidimensional average is proposed, the algorithm of which is described in the article. The practical value of this work lies in the fact that the proposed methodologies can be used in decision-making and justification of management decisions

Analisis keterampilan sosial dalam dimensi hubungan teman sebaya pada buku ajar IPAS SD Kelas IV

<p>The aim of the study was to describe the social skills in peer relations contained in the textbooks of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) for fourth grade students in the Merdeka Curriculum. This research is included in the type of content analysis research. This research is a descriptive qualitative research, this is because this research describes the reality of social skills in peer relations. Data collection techniques used were document inspection and interviews. Data validity testing techniques use techniques to increase persistence and use content validity of logical validity types. This study uses the interactive data analysis technique of the Miles and Huberman model. The results of the study concluded that social skills in peer relations which consisted of indicators of positive interaction with peers and having empathy with peers were included in the learning activities in the Natural and Social Sciences textbooks for fourth grade students of Merdeka Curriculum Elementary School. However, the level of domination of the development of each indicator of social skills in peer relations varies. Overall, the development of social skills in peer relations in the Natural and Social Sciences Textbook for Grade IV students at Merdeka Curriculum Elementary School has an unequal and uneven distribution pattern.</p>

Development of tree species in an agroforest system in Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Central Brazil

As the arrangement of the species is fundamentally important to guarantee the effectiveness of agroforestry systems, it is important to test different combinations of species with varying levels of economic potential. The study was based on the analysis of the initial development of an agroforestry system formed by native tree species and other plants of economic interest, intercropped with green manure species under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Nova Xavantina in Mato Grosso, central Brazil. The study was conducted in an experimental plot on the Nova Xavantina campus of Mato Grosso State University. The plot was arranged in randomized blocks, in a simple agroforestry system of the alley type, with the plants arranged in rows, in a 4x2 factorial design (four fruit species x two legumes). The fruiting species included five trees – Bixa orellana, Spondias lutea, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Rich, Pouteria ramiflora, and Theobroma grandiflorum, and the banana, Musa sp. (the “BRS Princesa” cultivar). Two combinations of legume species were tested – (i) Cajanus cajan and Vigna unguiculata,and (ii) Mucuna aterrima and Canavalia ensiformis. Tree growth was assessed based on four phytometric parameters – plant height, stem diameter, the number of leaves, and percentage survival, while for Musa, the parameters were height and pseudostem circumference, and the number of active leaves and shoots. Bixa orellana and S. lutea were the species best adapted to the edaphoclimatic conditions found in the experimental plot, with all (100%) of the Bixa plants surviving throughout the study, and a survival rate of over 70% in S. lutea.

Types of Code Mixing Used by Iman Usman and Faisal Basri in Gita Wirjawan’s Endgame

This study was conducted to analyze the code-mixing types used by Iman Usman as a young adulthood resource person and Faisal Basri as a middle adulthood resource person in Gita Wirjawan’s Endgame, as well as the similarities and differences between the code mixing types used by both respondents. The writers used the theory of code-mixing types by Muysken (2000) and employed a qualitative approach. The findings of this study revealed that both used all the code-mixing types: insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. Content words were also widely found and both Iman Usman and Faisal Basri repeatedly applied the code-mixing with possessed content word (nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs). Moreover, age factor did really affect Iman Usman and Faisal Basri when using code-mixing in their conversation with Gita Wirjawan. Iman Usman used code mixing more often than Faisal Basri.

Inertial Navigation System of a New Type

Inertial Navigation System of a New Type

Fibrillar tau induces blood brain barrier permeability, endothelial cell activation and bioenergetic alterations

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s Disease, the most common form of dementia, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid‐beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain, leading to neuronal loss and cognitive decline. The neurovascular unit, a complex system of several cell types surrounding brain vessels, is extremely important for blood flow regulation, amyloid and tau clearance, and proper brain function. Tau aggregates produced by neurons and glial cells reach endothelial cells (EC) at vessel walls by tau spreading. Currently, the mechanisms responsible for the effects of tau on ECs remain to be understood. We hypothesize that aggregated tau fibrils mediate alterations in bioenergetics in these cells, associated to pro‐inflammatory EC activation, BBB permeability and eventually EC death.MethodImmortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (D3) and primary human cerebral endothelial cells (hCECs) were challenged with aggregated 1N4R tau fibrils (5nM‐25nM) for 3‐72h. Trans‐endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured by the ECIS Zθ system as an in vitro model of the BBB. Cytokine production and release was assessed using a V‐Plex Neuroinflammatory Panel 1 (MSD). We performed immunocytochemical analysis of junction protein expression and western blotting for EC activation markers. EC bioenergetics were measured by Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer and EC death was determined by Cell Death Elisa and LDH Release (Roche).ResultTEER was reduced following incubation with fibrillar 1N4R tau. VCAM‐1 expression significantly increased with 25nM tau (24h) and 5nM (48h), and ICAM‐1 followed similar trends. Junction protein (ZO‐1, VE‐Cadherin) expression was decreased. Aggregated tau (25nM) caused an increase in glycolysis at 24‐hours, which reverted at further timepoints, whereas mitochondrial ATP production increased (48h) and then decreased (72h). After 72h treatment, 25nM tau induced a significant increase in apoptotic cell death and LDH release, yet no significant changes in cell death were observed at previous timepoints.ConclusionOur results suggest that tau fibrils mediate a stress response with a metabolic shift in ECs, in association with pro‐inflammatory EC activation. These molecular changes can contribute to BBB permeability and eventually cell death, further exacerbating cerebrovascular dysfunction.

SUBSTANTIATION OF GENERAL REQUIREMENTS TO THE INFORMATION AND MEASURING SYSTEM FOR RECORDING PARAMETERS OF AUTOMOTIVE (ARMORED) VEHICLES

The article examines the possibilities of using a modern on-board recording system of the VBOX type and the Quantumx series for testing automotive and armored vehicles.
 Research conducted by the method of system analysis of technical characteristics of the system.
 The purpose of the research was to study the technical characteristics, principles of construction of a modern on-board recording system of foreign production of the VBOX and Quantumx series, regarding the registration of the necessary operating parameters of automotive and armored vehicle systems, the possibilities of application for conducting tests and the formulation of the main General requirements for this system.
 Analysis of the technical characteristics and features of the use of modern data recorders during testing of automotive and armored vehicles showed that:
 
 modern measuring systems (recorders) can be used to measure the performance parameters of automobiles and armored vehicles of domestic production, which will simplify and automate the process of performing measurements, and minimize the number of errors that occur during their performance;
 measuring systems (recorders) are universal and will allow to ensure the measurement process during testing of automotive and armored vehicles, their components, as well as to measure parameters in various systems (static, dynamic characteristics of objects, temperature, pressure, vibrations, overloads and other indicators);
 using the capabilities of measuring systems (recorder) will allow to reduce the time for making a decision on the feasibility of supplying new (modernized) samples of automobile and armored vehicles of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and to extend the resource of existing samples of
 
 The results of the work should be used when studying the possibilities of purchasing laboratory measuring equipment for testing automotive and armored vehicles by research institutions and industrial enterprises.

Semantic embedding for quantum algorithms

The study of classical algorithms is supported by an immense understructure, founded in logic, type, and category theory, that allows an algorithmist to reason about the sequential manipulation of data irrespective of a computation’s realizing dynamics. As quantum computing matures, a similar need has developed for an assurance of the correctness of high-level quantum algorithmic reasoning. Parallel to this need, many quantum algorithms have been unified and improved using quantum signal processing (QSP) and quantum singular value transformation (QSVT), which characterize the ability, by alternating circuit ansätze, to transform the singular values of sub-blocks of unitary matrices by polynomial functions. However, while the algebraic manipulation of polynomials is simple (e.g., compositions and products), the QSP/QSVT circuits realizing analogous manipulations of their embedded polynomials are non-obvious. This work constructs and characterizes the runtime and expressivity of QSP/QSVT protocols where circuit manipulation maps naturally to the algebraic manipulation of functional transforms (termed semantic embedding). In this way, QSP/QSVT can be treated and combined modularly, purely in terms of the functional transforms they embed, with key guarantees on the computability and modularity of the realizing circuits. We also identify existing quantum algorithms whose use of semantic embedding is implicit, spanning from distributed search to proofs of soundness in quantum cryptography. The methods used, based in category theory, establish a theory of semantically embeddable quantum algorithms, and provide a new role for QSP/QSVT in reducing sophisticated algorithmic problems to simpler algebraic ones.

Anatomic feasibility of a modular Endo-Bentall stent graft system for type A aortic dissection

Anatomic feasibility of a modular Endo-Bentall stent graft system for type A aortic dissection