Universal System Research Articles

Polymerization characteristics of orthodontic adhesives: a study on degree of conversion

Relevance. Adhesive materials play a crucial role in orthodontic treatment. The introduction of universal bonding agents to the dental market offers greater flexibility in choosing adhesive protocols for clinical use. However, many studies evaluating the mechanical properties of adhesives, such as shear and tensile bond strength, fail to address the degree of conversion of polymerized bonding materials beneath brackets.Objective. To compare the degree of conversion between a universal adhesive system and a total-etch system for orthodontic applications.Materials and methods. The study compared the Transbond XT total-etch system (3M Unitek, USA) with the Tetric N-Bond Universal system (Vivadent Ivoclar, Liechtenstein). Four groups of five samples each (n = 5) were analyzed. Groups 1 and 2 involved polymerization without brackets, while Groups 3 and 4 involved polymerization under metal brackets (Gemini, 3M Unitek, USA). Spectra were recorded immediately after polymerization for 15 minutes using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Statistical analysis included the Shapiro–Wilk test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's multiple comparison test, with a significance level of p < 0.05.Results. The mean degree of conversion in the control groups was 55.9% ± 0.44 for Group 1 and 66.72% ± 0.15 for Group 2. A reduction in conversion was observed in specimens polymerized under metal brackets compared to the control groups. The mean conversion in Group 3 was 36.02% ± 0.19, which was 1.1% lower than in Group 4 (37.1% ± 0.16).Conclusion. The universal adhesive Tetric N-Bond Universal demonstrated superior polymerization performance for orthodontic applications compared to the total-etch adhesive system.

Evaluation of the Effect of Different Universal Adhesives on Remineralized Enamel by Shear Bond Strength and Fe-SEM/EDX Analysis

The aim of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength of different universal adhesives applied to intact, demineralized, and remineralized enamel surfaces with total-etch and self-etch modes and to examine the effect of universal adhesives on the Ca/P mineral atomic and mass ratios of these enamel with FE-SEM/EDX (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analysis. For this study, 264 bovine incisors were used. Samples in the demineralized and remineralized groups were kept in demineralization solution at 37 °C for 96 h to make an artificial initial carious lesion. After demineralization, half of the demineralized samples were remineralized with MI Paste Plus. For shear bond strength (n = 144) and FE-SEM/EDX analysis (n = 120), G-Premio Bond and Clearfil S3 Bond Universal were applied on enamel surfaces with total-etch and self-etch modes, and bond strength samples were restored with resin composite. All samples were tested. The results were evaluated statistically by a three-way ANOVA test. The shear bond strength of the remineralized enamel showed high bond strength values comparable to intact enamel for universal adhesive systems. The Ca/P mineral atomic and mass ratios in remineralized enamel showed higher values than demineralized enamel, similar to intact enamel for universal adhesive systems. Initial carious lesion surfaces are unsuitable enamel surfaces for restoration. The remineralization of this surface layer before adhesive procedures may positively affect bond strength.

Incidence of childhood and youth epilepsy: A population-based prospective cohort study utilizing current International League Against Epilepsy classifications for seizures, syndromes, and etiologies.

This study was undertaken to describe incidence and distribution of seizures, etiologies, and epilepsy syndromes in the general child and youth population, using the current International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classifications. The study platform is the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Epilepsy cases were identified through registry linkages facilitated by Norway's universal health care system and mandatory reporting to the Norwegian Patient Registry. A standardized protocol guided medical record review, leading to validation of diagnoses and classification of seizures, epilepsy types, syndromes, and etiologies based on the latest ILAE criteria. MoBa included 111 365 participants aged 12-21 years by the end of follow-up on December 31, 2020. We identified 1053 children and youth with epilepsy (CYE). A defined epilepsy syndrome and/or identified etiology was found in 76% of CYE in this population-based study. Seizure types exhibited variation by age at onset. Focal epilepsies were predominant, occurring in 61% of CYE, whereas generalized epilepsies were identified in 24% of CYE. Standard clinical assessment identified etiology in 30% of CYE and in 55% with onset age < 2 years. Structural and identified genetic etiologies constituted 21% and 10%, respectively. Including presumed genetic and rare etiologies, 53% exhibited known etiology. A defined ILAE epilepsy syndrome was found in 53% of CYE. The cumulative incidence per 1000 children of the following ILAE epilepsy syndrome groups were as follows: self-limited epilepsies, 2.25; idiopathic generalized epilepsies, 1.75; and developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathies, 2.62. Using the new ILAE classifications, this population-based childhood study provides incidences of seizures, epilepsies, and epilepsy syndromes. Half of epilepsy cases are classified as an ILAE epilepsy syndrome with its prognostic and therapeutic implications, but a substantial proportion of cases still have unknown etiology.

Ig or Not Ig? That Is the Question: The Nucleating Supersecondary Structure of the Ig-Fold and the Extended Ig Universe.

Observing the omnipresence of the Ig-fold in all domains of life, one may wonder why this fold among all is such a wunderkind of evolution. Culminating in vertebrates, it enables a myriad of functions at the heart of the immune, nervous, vascular, and muscular systems. We suggest the Ig-fold resilience lies in the robust folding of a core supersecondary structure (SSS) that can accommodate a myriad of topological variations. In this chapter, we focus on the core supersecondary structure common to all topostructural variants of the Ig-fold and will see that this pattern can also be found in other β-sandwich folds. It represents a highly resilient central SSS that accommodates a very high plasticity observed among β-sandwiches. We have recently developed a universal numbering system to identify and annotate Ig-domains, Ig-like domains, and what we now call Ig-extended domains, i.e., β-sandwiches that contain and extend the Ig-fold topology (to be published). A universal numbering scheme, common to all topological and structural variants of any domain sharing the Ig-fold, allows a direct comparison of any Ig, Ig-like, and Ig-extended domain in sequence, topology, and structure. This can therefore help understand the robust patterns in Ig-folding and interactions with other Ig or non-Ig proteins, as well as help trace evolutionary patterns of immunoglobulin domains. The universal numbering scheme, called IgStrand, is now at the heart of an algorithm that can label secondary structure elements of the Ig-fold for any topological variant. It is implemented in the open-source web-based iCn3D program from NCBI (Wang, Youkharibache, Zhang, Lanczycki, Geer, Madej, Phan, Ward, Lu, Marchler, Bioinformatics 36:131-135, 2020). Interestingly, that algorithm captures SSS homologies across a very large spectrum of β-sandwiches, and one can envision classifying numerous such sandwiches as "Ig-extended" domains and their variable topological arrangements. In this chapter, we go through examples of Ig, Ig-like, and Ig-extended domains as in a journey through cells: in the cell nucleus, in the cytoplasm, or on extracellular regions of cell surface receptors, and in viruses.

How poser relations impact pregnancy and childbirth: Knowledge, Healthcare and Work in France

Based on a constructivist approach to human reproduction, this focus analyses the ways childbirth in mainland France is framed by natalist and health policies and by social inequalities. Beyond the tension between naturalness and technicality, birth is subject to a diversity of power relations. We focus here on power dynamics around class, sex and race, which impact the access to and the quality of perinatal care. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative studies, we show that women and couples have unequal access to information during pregnancy, for several reasons. Firstly, the standardised length of antenatal consultations. Secondly, differences in understanding of information that is implicitly adapted to the most educated and affluent social classes. Thirdly, the ambivalence of the information, which oscillates between autonomy and injunction in terms of how the baby should be delivered and fed. Fourthly, pregnant workers have little knowledge of their reproductive rights. We also show that the provision of perinatal care is unequal despite a supposedly universal health insurance system. Racially Minoritized women are subject to more complex administrative procedures and to more medical interventions. In addition, health and diet recommendations, and alternative birthing methods, are better suited to the individualistic logic and material conditions of the middle classes than those of the working classes. As far as working conditions are concerned, women in arduous occupations use sick leave as a means of protection, whereas women in less arduous occupations take maternity leave later than the other women. Lastly, men's involvement in domestic tasks during women's pregnancies remains occasional and limited to the physical dimension of those tasks, even more so as this assignment of women to domestic labour is reinforced by healthcare professionals. Finally, we contend that equal care for all pregnant women can only be achieved if the social dimensions of health are fully taken into account.

E-TENDERING: A REVIEW OF INTERNET-BASED PROCUREMENT PROCESSES

The basic tendering process is changing very much in the digital age. In light of the popularity and extensive reach that the internet &amp; IT networks have through electronic means, this mode is being widely used to select a competent vendor efficiently. The purpose of this project is to create a web-based procurement system following international standards so that entities can take their online tenders efficiently and securely. This cutting-edge blockchain-enabled global procurement portal will be a major turning point in the tendering space by allowing transparent, accountable &amp; fair practices on one of these long-tiring processes that organizations worldwide have to follow. The core purpose of the project is to build a universal electronic tendering system, which can be used on the national level to reduce delays caused by manual processes and promote competitiveness across some industries.

Design of a universal active passive composite safety control system for target missiles

Design of a universal active passive composite safety control system for target missiles

Analyzing Algorithms for Sign Language Modeling: A Tale of Development

The rapid advancement of assistive technologies has revolutionized accessibility for individuals with disabilities, particularly through innovations in sign language recognition and modeling. Sign languages, characterized by intricate combinations of hand gestures, facial expressions, and body movements, present unique computational challenges due to their multimodal and spatially complex nature. This study systematically reviews the evolution of algorithms in sign language recognition, examining the strengths and limitations of rule-based, machine learning, and deep learning approaches. The findings highlight the transformative potential of deep learning models, especially multimodal systems, while underscoring persistent challenges such as dataset scarcity, computational demands, and regional variability in sign languages. By synthesizing trends and identifying gaps, this research contributes actionable insights to the development of inclusive, efficient, and universal sign language recognition systems, supporting global accessibility goals.

Application of creative ideation practices using the example of school storage system design

The article presents the results of the practical application of ideation methods in the search for design solutions for the storage of school supplies, inventory and personal belongings of students. Current ideation techniques used in design are analyzed. A series of ideas found using methods such as Mental Map, Synectics, SCAMPER, Bionics, Focal Object Method, and Morphological Box are graphically presented. The progress of work on the design project to create a universal modular school storage system is illustrated as a continuation of a previously conducted analysis of modern school spatial environments and storage systems. Various options of storage modules assembly in a school environment are presented. The work is interesting from both design and methodological points of view as it allows one to identify key elements in creativity and creative thinking and provides a structured approach to the research and development of these aspects.

School-Based Fluoride Mouth-Rinse Programs and Dental Caries Treatment Expenditure: An Ecological Study of the NDB Open Data Japan.

The prevalence of dental caries is high in Japan, leading to a huge burden of overall expenditure on dental caries treatment for the population. School-based fluoride mouth-rinse (S-FMR) has been implemented as a public health intervention. However, its cost-effectiveness remains unclear, where universal health insurance covers a broad range of dental treatments at relatively low cost. The aim of the study was to determine whether S-FMR is associated with lower dental caries treatment expenditure in Japan, where the universal health insurance system widely covers dental treatments. In addition, the cost-benefit of S-FMR was estimated. This ecological study examined the association between S-FMR coverage and dental caries treatment expenditure in all 47 prefectures of Japan. Data were obtained from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan open data (NDB Open Data Japan), national survey data on the prevalence of S-FMR, and other census data for each prefecture. The outcome variable was the average annual treatment expenditure of for children aged 5-14 per child. The explanatory variable was the S-FMR coverage of children per prefecture, divided into quartiles: (Q1) 0.0%-0.48%, (Q2) 0.54%-6.9%, (Q3) 7.2%-25.0% and (Q4) 26.9%-80.4%. Linear regression analysis was performed with adjustment for the number of dental clinics per 100 000 individuals, per capita prefectural income, and percentage of the population aged between 5 and 14 years. The dental caries treatment expenditure was lower in prefectures with higher S-FMR coverage: (Q1) 2378 JPY, (Q2) 2215 JPY, (Q3) 2217 JPY and (Q4) 2065 JPY. Linear regression analysis showed that, compared to the prefectures with the lowest S-FMR coverage, the prefectures with the highest coverage exhibited significantly lower per person dental caries treatment expenditure by 186.0 (95% CI = 96.6, 275.4) JPY. When annual cost of S-FMR per person was lower, 200 JPY, S-FMR would save 0.9 billion JPY if all prefectures change from Q1 to Q4 (approximately 8.2 million USD). Although public healthcare insurance in Japan covers most dental treatments at a relatively low cost, the current findings suggest that S-FMR could still be a cost-effective public health intervention.

Unravelling the potential relationship between the climate crisis and the health of migrant children in LAC: perceptions from migrant parents and healthcare professionals in Chile.

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the regions most affected by the climate crisis, which is connected to international migration through a complex nexus. During the last years, migratory flows on the continent have increasingly included children and adolescents who are migrating through non-authorised crossing points. The existing literature shows how inequities negatively affect migrant children and the role that healthcare systems can play to mitigate them. Based on a qualitative study, the paper aims to analyse the role of the climate crisis on the healthcare needs of migrant children from LAC who are currently living in Chile, from the point of view of parents from five main countries of immigration in Chile and healthcare professionals. An exploratory study was conducted in Arica, Antofagasta and Santiago. In-depth interviews with 20 migrant parents and 20 healthcare professionals were carried out. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and a thematic analysis was performed. Three findings emerged from this study: (1) food insecurity affects LAC migrant children in their country of origin and during their migratory trajectories to Chile, (2) natural disasters and environmental degradation in the countries of origin are not the only drivers of migration for LAC families but also prevent returns, even when they remain undocumented and (3) LAC migrant children are exposed to urban pollution and contaminants in informal settlements due to difficulties in accessing formal housing, among others. The climate crisis must be integrated into the study of migrant health in LAC, considering the current context of multiple political, health and economic crises in the region. Healthcare professionals and communities play a central role in creating interventions to build sustainable and resilient universal healthcare systems.

Associations between mental health conditions in pregnancy and maternal socioeconomic status: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada

BackgroundThe World Health Organization has recognized maternal mental illness as an emerging issue. Previous studies have indicated that maternal mental illness is associated with socioeconomic status (SES). However, there is a lack of research concerning the mental health of pregnant people with low SES in Ontario, Canada. In this study, we examined associations between mental health conditions during pregnancy and two SES indicators: the pregnant person’s residential neighbourhood income and education level.MethodsA population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted, consisting of all singleton pregnancies resulting in stillbirths or live births in Ontario hospitals from April 1, 2012, to March 31, 2021. Data were linked from the BORN Information System database, Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge Database, and Canadian Census. Poisson regression with robust error variance models was performed to estimate the relative risks of anxiety, depression, anxiety and/or depression, or any mental health condition during pregnancy, by SES indicator. We adjusted for maternal age, obesity status in pre-pregnancy, certain pre-existing maternal health conditions, substance use during pregnancy, race, and rural or urban residence.ResultsWithin the cohort (n = 1,202,292), 10.5% (126,076) and 8.1% (97,135) of pregnant individuals experienced anxiety and depression, respectively, and 15.8% (189,616) had at least one mental health condition during pregnancy. The trend test (p < 0.0001) showed a significant downward trend in the total rates of mental health conditions by increasing SES quintiles. Pregnant individuals in the lowest neighbourhood income quintile tended to have a higher risk of anxiety (aRR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.22–1.27), depression (aRR: 1.56, 95%CI: 1.52–1.59), anxiety and/or depression (aRR: 1.13, 95%CI: 1.11–1.15), or any mental health condition (aRR: 1.18, 95%CI: 1.16–1.19). Similarly, pregnant people living in the lowest education level neighbourhoods had higher likelihoods of anxiety (aRR: 1.66, 95%CI: 1.62–1.69), depression (aRR: 2.09, 95%CI: 2.04–2.14), anxiety and/or depression (aRR: 1.42, 95%CI: 1.39–1.44), and any mental health condition (aRR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.38–1.43).ConclusionsDespite a universal healthcare system, the variations in mental health prevalence and risk during pregnancy based on SES suggest health inequity in Ontario, Canada. Future studies are needed to examine the mechanisms of this health inequity to guide policy makers in reducing disparities in Ontario.

AI-driven universal lower-limb exoskeleton system for community ambulation.

Exoskeletons offer promising solutions for improving human mobility, but a key challenge is ensuring the controller adapts to changing walking conditions. We present an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven universal exoskeleton system that dynamically switches assistance types between walking modes, modulates assistance levels corresponding to the ground slope, and delivers assistance timely based on the current gait phase in real-time. During treadmill validation, AI-based assistance reduced metabolic cost by 6.5% compared to 3.5% for conventional assistance. We expanded testing the controller in real-world walking, where AI-based assistance showed effective modulation and higher user preference compared to conventional assistance. Leveraging the AI-based approach and a comprehensive dataset, the controller achieved superior performance in environment- and user-state estimations. This approach does not require a separate mode classifier and operates on a user-independent basis, enabling immediate deployment across diverse conditions. This study highlights the potential of AI-driven exoskeletons in facilitating human locomotion in real-world ambulation.

Effect of customized bioactive glass in experimental composites on dentin bond strength after 12 months of aging.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a customized low-sodium bioactive glass (BG) fillers in experimental resin composites on their bond strength to dentin after 12 months of artificial aging. Specifically, it evaluated whether the bond strength was affected by different BG concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40 wt%) and artificial aging durations (1, 6, and 12 months). Experimental composites were prepared with 10, 20, and 40 wt% of a customized low-sodium fluoride-containing BG. The experimental composite with 0 wt% BG was used as a control, while Beautifil II (Shofu) was used as an external reference material. A universal adhesive system was applied to dentin substrates and composite build-ups were made. Bond strength was measured using a macro-shear bond strength test, and Weibull statistics were used to assess the reliability of the materials. Failure modes were analyzed to evaluate the type of the fracture. After 12 months, the bond strength of all experimental composites remained stable and comparable to the control material, with statistically significant improvements between 6 and 12 months for all experimental materials. The bond strength was statistically similar across materials, except at the 12-month point, where the 20 wt% BG-composite showed significantly higher bond strength than the 40 wt% BG-composite. The frequency of mixed failures in composite increased after 12 months, particularly in experimental composites containing higher BG content. The incorporation of a customized low- sodium BG into resin composites did not negatively impact their bond strength to dentin over 12 months. Instead, bond strength improved over time, and the composites remained mechanically stable, although a higher incidence of mixed failures was observed with increased BG content. The customized low-sodium BG demonstrated stable bond strength over the 12-month period, offering a promising option for functional fillers in restorative composites without compromising the longevity of the adhesive-dentin interface.

Healthcare debts in USA: a silent fight

Healthcare debt in the United States is a significant problem, affecting millions of Americans. Many people struggle to pay for healthcare, and approximately 9% owe over $250 due to health costs. Nearly half of US adults find it difficult to afford healthcare, with uninsured individuals and those with lower incomes facing the most significant challenges. Healthcare debt in the United States is a problem with profound consequences. This debt encompasses expenses incurred for various medical services, from hospital stays and surgeries to doctor visits and medications. Healthcare debt casts a long shadow, adversely affecting physical and mental well-being and increasing stress, anxiety, and depression. Unpaid bills lead to the avoidance of necessary care, perpetuating health issues and straining the healthcare system. Beyond health implications, it affects credit history, limits access to credit facilities, and hampers employment opportunities. So, comprehensive healthcare reform emerges as a potential remedy, by expanding access to affordable health insurance, regulating healthcare costs, and addressing coverage gaps could alleviate the impact of healthcare debts. Therefore, exploring the feasibility of transitioning towards a universal healthcare system becomes crucial, offering equitable access to essential medical services and mitigating financial burdens on individuals. As healthcare debts continue to profoundly influence health, economic stability, and social well-being, a holistic approach is imperative for a healthier and economically sound future for all Americans.

Commissioning of the Varian universal interstitial cylinder system for HDR brachytherapy of gynecological cancer.

This paper outlines the commissioning of the Varian (VMS, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) Universal Interstitial Cylinder (UIC) applicator set for Ir-192 HDR brachytherapy. The UIC was commissioned for use with CT and MRI and a custom phantom was designed to avoid the introduction of water-like materials into the needle guide tracks. Various marker strands were investigated to determine which allowed the most accurate reconstruction of source positions. Planar kV and MV imaging, along with physical measurements and autoradiographs, were used to commission the physical dimensions of all components of the UIC applicator set. CT and MR imaging was used to further commission one configuration of the UIC with UCP and eight interstitial needles in a simulated clinical setup using a GYN phantom. Three different methods of channel identification were compared - no radio opaque markers, VMS numbered markers, or nylon coated stainless steel leader wires - to see which best aided in channel identification and image registration. An HDR MRI Lumen marker (C4 Imaging, LLC) was used to verify any applicator rotation on MR scans during image registration. Three types of GYN phantoms were investigated - wet towel, gelatin, and ground beef. Dimensions of all components were compared with vendor provided information, including the solid applicator models, which are based on the computer-aided design model files of the specific applicators. The dimensions of the applicators could be validated using physical measurements, kV and MV planar imaging, and CT scans. The ground beef based GYN phantom best eliminated the introduction of water into the needle guide tracks that was found when using a water or gel-based phantom. CT scans using no radio opaque markers did not allow the plastic needles to be visualized well enough to digitize source positions. CT scans with VMS markers showed significant artifact. CT scans with the nylon coated stainless steel wires provided the best visibility of the needle locations to aid in digitizing source positions. The use of an MR marker allowed the channel to be identified on the MR scan and confirm rotation for image registration. The UIC set and applicator configuration was commissioned for CT and MR based treatment planning. The plastic components of the UIC applicator set pose challenges to the commissioning process but the use of radio opaque markers seen on CT combined with MR image registration allow the source positions within the needles, as well as the location of the end of the needles, to be digitized appropriately. A ground beef phantom minimized the fluid introduced into the needle guide track, minimizing any unintended MR and CT signal in the needle guide tracks.

Long-Term Care Policies in Spain: Welfare State and Resilience in the European Context

This paper analyses the long-term care system in the context of Spain’s aging population from a comparative and multilevel perspective. Starting with the European regulatory framework, it examines the main characteristics of long-term care systems in Europe and the challenges of establishing a welfare system in Spain amidst two consecutive crises: the economic and financial crisis of 2008–2014 and the pandemic crisis of 2020–2022. To achieve this, in addition to a thorough review of international literature, the study utilises legislation and reports from the European Commission, the Council of Europe, the World Health Organization, databases from the National Institute of Statistics and the Ministry of Social Rights, and Spain’s Ministry of Health. The article concludes that Spain’s long-term care model has evolved over time and has established a universal system characterised by territorial inequality. This inequality stems from regional preferences for service provision versus monetary compensation and their varying degrees of reliance on direct management or involvement of private organisations.

The essence and system of international standards of the legal status of the defendant: from generally recognized principles to acts of "soft law"

The article carries out a comprehensive analysis of the essence and system of international standards of the legal status of the defendant. The problem of terminological uncertainty of the concept of «international standards» in the context of criminal proceedings and protection of the defendant’s rights is investigated. It is revealed that the absence of a single legal definition of this term and clear criteria for classifying norms as generally recognized creates significant obstacles to their effective application in practice. Various doctrinal approaches to understanding international standards of the defendant’s rights are analyzed. It is established that in the scientific literature there is a tendency to identify international standards with various legal categories: human rights, obligations of states, principles of international law. The specifics of European standards as a special subcategory of international standards of the defendant’s rights are investigated. The system of sources of international standards is determined, which includes generally recognized international documents (UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1966 Covenants), regional standards and acts of «soft law». Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the recommendation documents of international organizations, which, despite the lack of binding legal force, play an important role in the development of the system of standards. The main problems of the practical application of international standards are identified: the dispersion of norms in various international documents, theabsenceofauniversalinterpretation mechanism and the complexity of implementation in national legal systems. The differences between the European and universal systems of protection of the rights of the defendant are analyzed in the context of the availability of mechanisms for official interpretation of standards. It is substantiated that compliance with international standards of the rights of the defendant is an important indicator of the democratization of society, the quality of relations between the individual and the state and the development of civil society. It is proposed to consider international standards as a dynamic system that is constantly evolving in accordance with the development of social relations and the needs for the protection of human rights. Proposals are formulated to improve the mechanisms of implementation and interpretation of international standards, to increase the level of their understanding and application by lawyers in practice. Prospects for the development of the system of international standards of the rights of the defendant in the context of modern trends in international law are determined.

Postraumatic immediate reattachment of a dehydrated tooth fragment – Case study

IntroductionAmong head traumas, dental injuries are highly correlated to sports activities, and their management can be a real challenge for practitioners of any specialty. In the case of trauma directed to dental structures, restorative solutions may not be sufficient to achieve a definitive and long-lasting treatment.AimThis paper aims to present a case report of a treatment of a tough post-trauma case of a patient after hitting the ball and show the outcomes of the implemented treatment.Case studyWe present a case report of a treatment 24-year-old patient who is a semi-professional football player. During the training, he lost 1/3 part of the coronal central incisor.DiscussionThe reattachment procedure was performed. The remaining tooth structure was treated with an ‘etch and rinse’ technique using a 3-step universal dental adhesive system. This procedure is flexible and permits minimally invasive therapy taking advantage of dental adhesion and allowing the restored tooth to obtain a fracture resistance compatible to the functional stress of a sound tooth. This technique compared to the prosthetic techniques, besides being more conservative, can produce immediate results without the need for various laboratory procedures, generating better patient complianceConclusionsThis therapy is particularly suitable for maxillofacial as it is minimally invasive, quick, and easy to perform.

Universal Single Copy Knock-In System in Caenorhabditis elegans : One Plasmid to Target All Chromosomes.

Successful transgenesis in model organisms has dramatically helped us understand gene function, regulation, genetic networks, and potential applications. Here, we introduce the universal single-copy knock-in system (Universal SKI System or U-SKI), designed for inserting any transgene by CRISPR/Cas9 in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome. The Universal SKI System takes advantage of a plasmid (pSKI), which can also be used for extrachromosomal arrays, to facilitate the insertion of a transgene at specific safe harbor loci on each autosomal chromosome. The pSKI plasmid contains multiple restriction sites for easy cloning and serves as a CRISPR/Cas9-based insertion repair template because it has two synthetic and long homology arms that recombine with the SKI cassettes. This system also uses a single crRNA guide, which acts as a Co-CRISPR enrichment marker. Overall, the Universal SKI System is highly flexible; with the same Universal SKI cassette on each autosome, researchers can select the insertion site and streamline tracking while reducing the complexity of expressing single-copy transgenes in C. elegans .