Universal Resource Research Articles

The impact of JavaScript on archivability

As web technologies evolve, web archivists work to adapt so that digital history is preserved. Recent advances in web technologies have introduced client-side executed scripts (Ajax) that, for example, load data without a change in top level Universal Resource Identifier (URI) or require user interaction (e.g., content loading via Ajax when the page has scrolled). These advances have made automating methods for capturing web pages more difficult. In an effort to understand why mementos (archived versions of live resources) in today's archives vary in completeness and sometimes pull content from the live web, we present a study of web resources and archival tools. We used a collection of URIs shared over Twitter and a collection of URIs curated by Archive-It in our investigation. We created local archived versions of the URIs from the Twitter and Archive-It sets using WebCite, wget, and the Heritrix crawler. We found that only 4.2 % of the Twitter collection is perfectly archived by all of these tools, while 34.2 % of the Archive-It collection is perfectly archived. After studying the quality of these mementos, we identified the practice of loading resources via JavaScript (Ajax) as the source of archival difficulty. Further, we show that resources are increasing their use of JavaScript to load embedded resources. By 2012, over half (54.5 %) of pages use JavaScript to load embedded resources. The number of embedded resources loaded via JavaScript has increased by 12.0 % from 2005 to 2012. We also show that JavaScript is responsible for 33.2 % more missing resources in 2012 than in 2005. This shows that JavaScript is responsible for an increasing proportion of the embedded resources unsuccessfully loaded by mementos. JavaScript is also responsible for 52.7 % of all missing embedded resources in our study.

CROWNWeb: Electronic Access to Patient-Centric Data

In June 2012, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented the national launch of its CROWNWeb data collection system as a means to transform the way end-stage renal disease (ESRD) facilities report care provided to their patients. Fulfilling requirements outlined in Section 494.180(h) of CMS’ updated Conditions for Coverage for ESRD Facilities (CfC) published in 2008, CROWNWeb is currently used by more than 6,000 Medicare-certified dialysis facilities and approximately 30 kidney transplantation centers throughout the United States and U.S. territories. The system serves as a central database in which clinical and administrative information can be entered and obtained by qualified users. Since its national release, CROWNWeb has served as a universal resource that nephrology social workers, Patient Services Directors (PSDs), other ESRD Network personnel, and CMS employees use to access near-real-time patient treatment data. These data are aiding the renal community with its ongoing commitment to work toward improving the quality of life for people with chronic kidney disease. CROWNWeb stores data for hundreds of thousands of patients, archives digital versions of completed CMS forms, compiles various reports and patient treatment data, and provides patient management capabilities that allow facilities to determine if their patients are continuing to receive treatments in the case of a disaster. This article focuses on the CROWNWeb system’s impact on the duties of social workers and the interdisciplinary teams (IDTs) that are outlined in CMS’ updated CfC. This article provides real-world examples from both nephrology social workers and ESRD Networks of how CROWNWeb has assisted them with managing the patient data used to capture care efforts. In addition, this article delves into how the system has aided with reducing barriers that social workers and PSDs may face in obtaining key data regarding patients.

PHENOMENON OF EDUCATION TRANSITIVE SOCIETY

This article analyzes the main approaches to the concept of transitive society. Describes the term "transitivity" as a social phenomenon. There are basic characteristics of transitive society. Phenomenal emphasized education as a phenomenon of social life in the transitive period. Fundamentally changed the status of the knowledge, its production and consumption. Today, the task of education is to expand educational possibilities of man, equip it with the latest methodology of development of the world and acquiring new knowledge, enhance its competencies in professional activities. The new society must meet the new paradigm of education. First, knowledge must be accessible to all, that it should be shared, fundamental, technical information and practical. Second, the ability to be cultivated modeling abstraction and generalization as the necessary basis ability to recognize and analyze problems beyond their own specialization. Thirdly, the classic formula "know", "know how" should be supplemented formula "know where". It is necessary to promote and expand methodological and especially business skills (perhaps using role playing games). Fourth, it must be established concept of flexible methods of education, as well as further education has advanced beyond the existing concept of lifelong learning and continuous re-training, self-study; distance education, which is a form of continuing education. The new paradigm of education in the transitive society should be based on the principles of creative learning in higher education. This form of training allows for "personal approach" individually-oriented work with the student teacher. The basis is taken the task of ability for independent creation of new knowledge, ways of action. Shaping the capacity for communication and innovation, intangible motivation and the desire for self-education acts as a universal civilization progressive resource development.

Proteome Biomarkers in Xylem Reveal Pierce's Disease Tolerance in Grape.

Pierce’s disease (PD) is a significant threat to grape cultivation and industry. The disease caused by bacterium Xylella fastidiosa clogs xylem vessels resulting in wilting of the plant. PD-tolerant grape genotypes are believed to produce certain novel components in xylem tissue that help them to combat invading pathogens. Research has been aimed at characterizing the uniquely expressed xylem proteins by PD-tolerant genotypes. The objectives were to i) compare and characterize Vitis xylem proteins differentially expressed in PD-tolerant and PD-susceptible cultivars and, ii) identify xylem proteins uniquely expressed in PD-tolerant genotypes. A high throughput two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of xylem proteins from three Vitis species identified more than 200 proteins with pls 3.0 to 9.0 and molecular weights of 20 to 75 kDa. The differentially expressed proteins were then excised and analyzed with MALDI/TOF mass spectrometer. The mass spectra were collected and protein identification was performed against the Viridiplantae database using Matrix Science algorithm. Proteins were mapped to the universal protein resource to study gene ontology. Comparative analysis of the xylem proteome of three species indicated the highest number of proteins in muscadine grape, followed by Florida hybrid bunch and bunch grape. These proteins were all associated with disease resistance, energy metabolism, protein processing and degradation, biosynthesis, stress related functions, cell wall biogenesis, signal transduction, and ROS detoxification. Furthermore, β-1, 3-glucanase, 10-deacetyl baccatin III-10-O-acetyl transferase-like, COP9, and aspartyl protease nepenthesin precursor proteins were found to be uniquely expressed in PD-tolerant muscadine grape, while they are absent in PD-susceptible bunch grape. Data suggests that muscadine and Florida hybrid bunch grapes express novel proteins in xylem to overcome pathogen attack while bunch grape lacks this capability, making them susceptible to PD.

Hybrid valence-bond states for universal quantum computation

The spin-3/2 Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki (AKLT) valence-bond state on a hexagonal lattice was shown to be a universal resource state for measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC). Can AKLT states of higher spin magnitude support universal MBQC? We demonstrate that several hybrid two-dimensional AKLT states involving a mixture of spin-2 and other lower-spin entities, such as spin-3/2 and spin-1, are also universal for MBQC. This significantly expands universal resource states in the AKLT family. Even though frustration may be a hindrance to quantum computational universality, lattices can be modified to yield AKLT states that are universal. The family of AKLT states thus provides a versatile playground for quantum computation.

Health care managers’ opinion about the obstacles for effective time management (Bulgaria 2013)

Background Effective resource management is a core of organizational development. Supply with resources (human, material, financial) usually varies in quantity and quality among different health care institutions and managers. There is only one universal resource which is equally allocated among all health care managers – the time resource. The effectiveness of overall leadership and managerial activity depends very much on the way the time resource is managed. Aim: To analyze the main obstacles for effective time management in …

Creation of cluster state of four ions in ion-trap system by individual addressing

The cluster state is a special, highly entangled quantum state that forms the universal resource, on which measurement-based quantum computation can be performed. In this study, a new scheme is presented for creating four-ions cluster state in ion-trap system. This scheme is based on resonant sideband excitation in which the population is transferred to target states by precise control of pulse area. Meanwhile, the scheme is consist of combination of elementary stages belonging to a universal set whereby cluster state has been created in five interaction stages by individually addressed ions with red- or blue-sideband resonance laser pulses. The paper studies the population transfer of the system by numerical solutions of the master equation, considering the effect of decoherence channels due to dissipation in the phonon modes. The presented scheme does not require control of the turn-off ratio and time delay among pulses.

Graph states as ground states of two-body frustration-free Hamiltonians

The framework of measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) allows us to view the ground states of local Hamiltonians as potential resources for universal quantum computation. A central goal in this field is to find models with ground states that are universal for MBQC and that are also natural in the sense that they involve only two-body interactions and have a small local Hilbert space dimension. Graph states are the original resource states for MBQC, and while it is not possible to obtain graph states as exact ground states of two-body Hamiltonians, here we construct two-body frustration-free Hamiltonians that have arbitrarily good approximations of graph states as unique ground states. The construction involves taking a two-body frustration-free model that has a ground state convertible to a graph state with stochastic local operations, then deforming the model such that its ground state is close to a graph state. Each graph state qubit resides in a subspace of a higher dimensional particle. This deformation can be applied to two-body frustration-free Affleck–Kennedy–Lieb–Tasaki (AKLT) models, yielding Hamiltonians that are exactly solvable with exact tensor network expressions for ground states. For the star-lattice AKLT model, the ground state of which is not expected to be a universal resource for MBQC, applying such a deformation appears to enhance the computational power of the ground state, promoting it to a universal resource for MBQC. Transitions in computational power, similar to percolation phase transitions, can be observed when Hamiltonians are deformed in this way. Improving the fidelity of the ground state comes at the cost of a shrinking gap. While analytically proving gap properties for these types of models is difficult in general, we provide a detailed analysis of the deformation of a spin-1 AKLT state to a linear graph state.

Heteroatom-doped highly porous carbon from human urine.

Human urine, otherwise potentially polluting waste, is an universal unused resource in organic form disposed by the human body. We present for the first time “proof of concept” of a convenient, perhaps economically beneficial, and innovative template-free route to synthesize highly porous carbon containing heteroatoms such as N, S, Si, and P from human urine waste as a single precursor for carbon and multiple heteroatoms. High porosity is created through removal of inherently-present salt particles in as-prepared “Urine Carbon” (URC), and multiple heteroatoms are naturally doped into the carbon, making it unnecessary to employ troublesome expensive pore-generating templates as well as extra costly heteroatom-containing organic precursors. Additionally, isolation of rock salts is an extra bonus of present work. The technique is simple, but successful, offering naturally doped conductive hierarchical porous URC, which leads to superior electrocatalytic ORR activity comparable to state of the art Pt/C catalyst along with much improved durability and methanol tolerance, demonstrating that the URC can be a promising alternative to costly Pt-based electrocatalyst for ORR. The ORR activity can be addressed in terms of heteroatom doping, surface properties and electrical conductivity of the carbon framework.

Transitions in the quantum computational power

We construct two spin models on lattices (both two and three-dimensional) to study the capability of quantum computational power as a function of temperature and the system parameter. There exists a finite region in the phase diagram such that the thermal equilibrium states are capable of providing a universal fault-tolerant resource for measurement-based quantum computation. Moreover, in such a region the thermal resource states on the 3D lattices can enable topological protection for quantum computation. The two models behave similarly in terms of quantum computational power. However, they have different properties in terms of the usual phase transitions. The first model has a first-order phase transition only at zero temperature whereas there is no transition at all in the second model. Interestingly, the transition in the quantum computational power does not coincide with the phase transition in the first model.

Adaptations to Climatic Variability

This Unlike all other elements in nature, water has played a role in all societies at all times. It is therefore a truly universal resource. Water is simultaneously always particularistic and in flux, varying from place to place and from time to time. This inherent dualism—the simultaneous embodiment of the universal and the particular—makes water particularly interesting in a comparative perspective since it has implications for how social development at different times and in different places can be made intelligible. These characteristics combined mean that it is possible to reconstruct, describe, delineate and understand its movement and role in nature and in society and at the same time evade the problems created by natural or biological determinism and social constructionism.

Quantum computational universality of Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki states beyond the honeycomb lattice

Universal quantum computation can be achieved by simply performing single-spin measurements on a highly entangled resource state, such as cluster states. The family of Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki (AKLT) states has recently been explored; for example, the spin-1 AKLT chain can be used to simulate single-qubit gate operations on a single qubit, and the spin-3/2 two-dimensional AKLT state on the honeycomb lattice can be used as a universal resource. However, it is unclear whether such universality is a coincidence for the specific state or a shared feature in all two-dimensional AKLT states. Here we consider the family of spin-3/2 AKLT states on various trivalent Archimedean lattices and show that in addition to the honeycomb lattice, the spin-3/2 AKLT states on the square octagon $(4,{8}^{2})$ and the ``cross'' $(4,6,12)$ lattices are also universal resource, whereas the AKLT state on the ``star'' $(3,{12}^{2})$ lattice is likely not due to geometric frustration.

Measurement-Based Quantum Computation with Trapped Ions

Measurement-based quantum computation represents a powerful and flexible framework for quantum information processing, based on the notion of entangled quantum states as computational resources. The most prominent application is the one-way quantum computer, with the cluster state as its universal resource. Here we demonstrate the principles of measurement-based quantum computation using deterministically generated cluster states, in a system of trapped calcium ions. First we implement a universal set of operations for quantum computing. Second we demonstrate a family of measurement-based quantum error correction codes and show their improved performance as the code length is increased. The methods presented can be directly scaled up to generate graph states of several tens of qubits.

Why do health labour market forces matter?

Human resources for health have been recognized as essential to the development of responsive and effective health systems. Low- and middle-income countries seeking to achieve universal health coverage face human resource constraints - whether in the form of health worker shortages, maldistribution of workers or poor worker performance - that seriously undermine their ability to achieve well-functioning health systems. Although much has been written about the human resource crisis in the health sector, labour economic frameworks have seldom been applied to analyse the situation and little is known or understood about the operation of labour markets in low- and middle-income countries. Traditional approaches to addressing human resource constraints have focused on workforce planning: estimating health workforce requirements based on a country's epidemiological and demographic profile and scaling up education and training capacities to narrow the gap between the "needed" number of health workers and the existing number. However, this approach neglects other important factors that influence human resource capacity, including labour market dynamics and the behavioural responses and preferences of the health workers themselves. This paper describes how labour market analysis can contribute to a better understanding of the factors behind human resource constraints in the health sector and to a more effective design of policies and interventions to address them. The premise is that a better understanding of the impact of health policies on health labour markets, and subsequently on the employment conditions of health workers, would be helpful in identifying an effective strategy towards the progressive attainment of universal health coverage.

A cross disciplinary study of link decay and the effectiveness of mitigation techniques.

BackgroundThe dynamic, decentralized world-wide-web has become an essential part of scientific research and communication. Researchers create thousands of web sites every year to share software, data and services. These valuable resources tend to disappear over time. The problem has been documented in many subject areas. Our goal is to conduct a cross-disciplinary investigation of the problem and test the effectiveness of existing remedies.ResultsWe accessed 14,489 unique web pages found in the abstracts within Thomson Reuters' Web of Science citation index that were published between 1996 and 2010 and found that the median lifespan of these web pages was 9.3 years with 62% of them being archived. Survival analysis and logistic regression were used to find significant predictors of URL lifespan. The availability of a web page is most dependent on the time it is published and the top-level domain names. Similar statistical analysis revealed biases in current solutions: the Internet Archive favors web pages with fewer layers in the Universal Resource Locator (URL) while WebCite is significantly influenced by the source of publication. We also created a prototype for a process to submit web pages to the archives and increased coverage of our list of scientific webpages in the Internet Archive and WebCite by 22% and 255%, respectively.ConclusionOur results show that link decay continues to be a problem across different disciplines and that current solutions for static web pages are helping and can be improved.

Quality of Information on the Internet About Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: An Update

The use of the Internet for health-related information has increased significantly. In 2000, the current authors examined the source and content of orthopedic information on the Internet. At that time, Internet information regarding carpal tunnel syndrome was found to be of limited quality and poor informational value. The purposes of the current study were to reevaluate the type and quality of information on the Internet regarding carpal tunnel syndrome and to determine whether the quality of information available has improved compared with 1 decade ago. The phrase carpal tunnel syndrome was entered into the 5 most commonly used Internet search engines. The top 50 nonsponsored and the top 5 sponsored universal resource locators identified by each search engine were collected. Each unique Web site was evaluated for authorship and content, and an informational score ranging from 0 to 100 points was assigned. Approximately one-third of nonsponsored Web sites were commercial sites or selling commercial products. Seventy-six percent of sponsored sites were selling a product for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Thirty-eight percent of nonsponsored sites provided unconventional information, and 48% of sponsored sites provided misleading information. Just more than half of nonsponsored sites were authored by a physician or academic institution. The informational mean score was 53.8 points for nonsponsored sites and 14.5 points for sponsored sites. The informational quality on the Internet on carpal tunnel syndrome has improved over the past decade. Despite this progress, significant room exists for improvement in the quality and completeness of the information available.

Model of preventing URL attacks based on artificial immunity

For preventing URL(Universal Resource Locator) attacks,this paper proposed a model based on artificial immunity.Applying the self-protection mechanism of biological immune system to network security,through deploying resource safely,avoiding guessing primary key,requesting valid check and business exception check,this model prevented URL attack in different levels while responding to valid request normally and made the applications acquire the secondary immunity.This paper also proposed and analyzed the key technology of implementing the model: the algorithm of avoiding guessing primary key and an enhanced static password algorithm based on random number.This model has been applied to two practical applications.The test results and the practical applications confirm the effectiveness of the model.

A universal design resource for rich Internet applications based on design patterns

Rich Internet applications have removed most of the constraints of Web 1.0 while giving users more responsiveness and advanced browsing and interaction experiences. These new horizons, however, raise many challenges for people with disabilities or using limited hardware and software technologies, whose risk to be excluded from the benefits deriving from advanced web applications. To address this problem, WCAG 2.0 guidelines have been released as the newest World Wide Web Consortium recommendation for accessible web content, and WAI-ARIA is a candidate recommendation which provides reference specifications for accessible rich Internet applications. However, both specifications contain a huge amount of information that often discourages most web designers from dealing with accessibility issues. Moreover, guidelines are suitable and usually adopted to judge a design solution a posteriori, but they do not suggest how to face a design problem constructively. This paper proposes a design pattern language for accessibility. The language can be regarded as a universal design resource for helping web designers create accessible rich Internet applications compliant with the most recent standards. Knowledge representation through design patterns reflects the problem-solving approach usually followed by software and web designers, while pattern organization in a structured language aims to guide web designers throughout the design process. The language has been implemented as an accessible rich Internet application itself, thus allowing designers with disabilities to participate in web design. In order to evaluate the design pattern language, a three-step process was carried out including: (1) a heuristic analysis with a group of human---computer interaction experts, (2) a survey study with a group of web designers, and (3) a validation on the field with two designers who have been requested to apply the language in real design cases.

Symmetry protection of measurement-based quantum computation in ground states

The two-dimensional cluster state, a universal resource for measurement-based quantum computation, is also the gapped ground state of a short-ranged Hamiltonian. Here, we examine the effect of perturbations to this Hamiltonian. We prove that, provided the perturbation is sufficiently small and respects a certain symmetry, the perturbed ground state remains a universal resource. We do this by characterizing the operation of an adaptive measurement protocol throughout a suitable symmetry-protected quantum phase, relying on generic properties of the phase rather than any analytic control over the ground state.

Two-dimensional Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki state on the honeycomb lattice is a universal resource for quantum computation

Universal quantum computation can be achieved by simply performing single-qubit measurements on a highly entangled resource state. Resource states can arise from ground states of carefully designed two-body interacting Hamiltonians. This opens up an appealing possibility of creating them by cooling. The family of Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki (AKLT) states are the ground states of particularly simple Hamiltonians with high symmetry, and their potential use in quantum computation gives rise to a new research direction. Expanding on our prior work [T.-C. Wei, I. Affleck, and R. Raussendorf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 070501 (2011)], we give detailed analysis to explain why the spin-3/2 AKLT state on a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice is a universal resource for measurement-based quantum computation. Along the way, we also provide an alternative proof that the 1D spin-1 AKLT state can be used to simulate arbitrary one-qubit unitary gates. Moreover, we connect the quantum computational universality of 2D random graph states to their percolation property and show that these states whose graphs are in the supercritical (i.e. percolated) phase are also universal resources for measurement-based quantum computation.