Universal Problem Research Articles

The Category of Strangeness in the Jewish Tradition

The phenomenon of strangeness seems to be a timeless and universal problem. The feeling of alienation was especially experienced by the Jews living in the diaspora. However, the aim of this article is not to discuss the attitude of other nations towards Jews as strangers but, on the contrary, to show the attitude of Jews towards non-Jews in the biblical, rabbinic, modern and contemporary context. The analyses of the category of strangeness seem to be particularly relevant and significant in the context of the ongoing war in Israel.

Accounting for the expansion of the universe using an energy/momentum model to construct the space-time metric

Background The success of the theories of special and general relativity in describing localised phenomena, such as objects undergoing high speed motion or located in gravitational fields, needs no further elaboration. However, when applied to the evolution of the universe several problems arise which can require an additional model, e.g., inflation during the early expansion, and adjustments to parameters to account for phenomena such as the late-time acceleration of the universe. Methods Focusing on the difference between the ways in which space and time are measured, this paper shows that there are two paths which allow the equations of special relativity to be produced from the same basic postulates. Results Both the standard theory and the energy/momentum, or dynamic model, utilise the Minkowski metric, but with different coordinate systems. The dynamic model transforms Cartesian coordinates into an Euclidean form by multiplying the coordinates by functions of γ (= (1– ν 2/c 2)-1/2). When utilising these coordinates, the relativistic equations are unchanged for local phenomena such as the Lorentz coordinate transformation and the energy/momentum equation for high-velocity objects. Conclusions However, the derived coordinates alter the perceived overall structure of the universe in a manner that, for the simplest model under this system, allows the reproduction of observed cosmological features, such as the intrinsic flatness of the universe and the apparent late-time acceleration of its expansion, without the need of additional models or changes in parameter values.

<b>The Scars of Memory, the Trap of Desire, and the Mirror of Class: An Interpretation of Social Allegories in Bong Joon-ho's Films</b>

Bong Joon-ho's films are renowned for their profound revelation and critique of South Korean social realities. This paper interprets the social allegories in Bong Joon-ho's films, such as Parasite, Memories of Murder, Snowpiercer, The Host, and Mother, through the lens of the scars of memory, the trap of desire, and the mirror of class. The films touch upon the collective "scars of memory" of the Korean people, demonstrating the historical causes and social impact of the "Han" cultural psychology through metaphors and representations of historical traumatic events. Employing Lacan's psychoanalytic theory, this paper analyzes the "trap of desire" – the alienation of characters in the context of capitalism, revealing the anxiety and loss of the lower class in the pursuit of the "ideal self." Furthermore, these films construct a "mirror of class" that reflects the solidification of social hierarchy and the disparity between the rich and the poor in South Korean society by depicting the living conditions of different classes. Bong Joon-ho's cinematic allegories are not only artistic representations of social issues in South Korea but also provide profound insights into understanding the universal problems of class conflict, human alienation, and historical memory in contemporary society.

An Innovative algorithm framework for cardiovascular risk assessment based on ECG data

Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a primary universal physical problem, with conventional prediction systems frequently being persistent and expensive. Modern advancements in machine learning (ML)offer a hopeful option for accurate CVD risk assessment by leveraging multifaceted relations among diverse risk factors.Aim:Their search proposes a novel deep learning (DL) system, Dynamic Owl Search algorithm-driven Adaptive Long Short-Term Memory (DOS-ALSTM), to enhance cardiovascular risk prediction utilizing electrocardiogram (ECG) data.Method:The study utilizes ECG data from a diverse population group to train and assess the proposed model. Data is cleaned and normalized employing standard techniques to handle lost values and ensure reliability. Relevant features are extracted using statistical and signal processing technique to detain crucial features from the ECG data. The DOS-ALSTM system integrates a DOS optimization algorithm for optimized parameter regulation and ALSTM networks to detain sequential dependencies in ECG data for accurate risk prediction. The recognized method is evaluated using Python software.Result:The DOS-ALSTM system demonstrates superior performance with superioraccuracy of 99%, recall of 98%, F1-Score of 97.9% and Precision of 98.8% in CVD risk assessment compared to traditional methods

POSTMODERN LAMPOON: METATHEATRICAL SATIRE ON NEOLIBERALISM IN TIMBERLAKE WERTENBAKER’S OUR COUNTRY’S GOOD

Metatheatre, which generally indicates a number of strategies revealing the fictionality of plays, has been prevalent throughout the history of theatre. The metatheatrical vehicles like the play-within-the-play have been sustainedly employed by playwrights in Ancient Greek theatre, Roman theatre and English theatre since the Renaissance up to day. In English theatre, a remarkable number of studies on this concept have focused on the Renaissance as it was popularised in this period. The studies on metatheatre have often described it as a technical novelty breaking the illusion created by traditional/realist plays. However, a careful analysis of its use in plays from varying periods and cultures show that metatheatre has also been employed as a tool of satirizing politics by the playwrights. In both the Renaissance and the eighteenth-century English drama, metatheatrical tools were used to satirize domestic politics and familiar politicians. However, with postmodernism, in the twentieth century, the context of satire changed since it was directed at universal problems, ideologies and accustomed ways of thinking rather than the contemporary problems of a certain country. In line with such a change, metatheatrical satires in the twentieth century aimed to target grand narratives produced by modernity. One such play is Our Country’s Good (1988) by Timberlake Wertenbaker where neoliberalism as a master narrative is satirized through the device of the rehearsal-within-the-play. Within this context, this study aims to explore Our Country’s Good as a postmodern satire in order to show that satire still has validity in the postmodern age, and draw attention to the symbiotic and persistent relation between satire and metatheatre.

Comparing AI versus Optimization Workflows for Simulation-Based Inference of Spatial-Stochastic Systems

Abstract Model parameter inference is a universal problem across science. This challenge is particularly pronounced in developmental biology, where faithful mechanistic descriptions require spatial-stochastic models with numerous parameters, yet quantitative empirical data often lack sufficient granularity due to experimental limitations. Parameterizing such complex models therefore necessitates methods that elaborate on classical Bayesian inference by incorporating notions of optimality and goal-orientation through low-dimensional objective functions that quantitatively encapsulate target system behavior. In this study, we contrast two such inference workflows and apply them to biophysically inspired spatial-stochastic models. Technically, both workflows employ simulation-based inference (SBI) methods: the first leverages a modern deep-learning technique known as sequential neural posterior estimation (SNPE), while the second relies on a classical optimization technique called simulated annealing (SA). We evaluate these workflows by inferring the parameters of two complementary models for the inner cell mass (ICM) lineage differentiation in the blastocyst-stage mouse embryo. This developmental biology system serves as a paradigmatic example of a highly robust and reproducible cell-fate proportioning process that self-organizes under strongly stochastic conditions, such as intrinsic biochemical noise and cell-cell signaling delays. Our results reveal that while both methods provide consistent model parameter estimates, the modern SBI workflow yields significantly richer inferred distributions at an equivalent computational cost. We identify the computational scenarios that favor the modern SBI method over its classical counterpart, and propose a plausible strategy to exploit the complementary strengths of both workflows for enhanced parameter space exploration.

Impact of the Implementation of a Low-Complexity Emergency Care Protocol in the Patient Experience at a Level 3 Academic Institution in Colombia.

Emergency department overcrowding is a universal problem. It is associated not only with poor clinical outcomes but also with a decrease in patient satisfaction, especially in patients with low complexity emergencies or triage 4 and 5, who tend to have a longer waiting time. This study aims to determine whether the implementation of a care strategy for patients with low complexity emergencies called "The special Line" in the emergency department of a third level academic institution in Colombia, has a positive impact on the level of satisfaction with the care received by the patient and the number of people who leave without being seen. This is a retrospective analytical observational study that looks at the effect on the rate of patients who leave without being seen and the net promoter score (NPS) of the entire emergency department of establishing a protocol for the care of patients with low complexity emergencies. Of a total of 22,743 patients divided into the two comparison groups, it was found that after the implementation of the care protocol, a non-significant reduction in the median rate of patients without care from 2.35% to 1.85% was documented, as well as a significant improvement in the median value of the NPS from 44 to 53, p: 0.001. The implementation of a protocol for the care of patients with low-complexity emergencies demonstrated a significant improvement in the experience of care for all users in the emergency service, additionally, indirectly influencing the leave without being seen of the entire emergency service.

Differences of Primary Education Resources between Urban and Rural Areas

The unbalanced distribution of educational resources, especially between urban and rural areas, constitutes a universal problem in the world. In China, however, this difference in educational resources is particularly obvious and has become an important issue to be solved urgently. This issue is not only related to educational equity, but also profoundly affects the overall development and progress of society. This work adopts the research method of quantitative analysis, and uses the data in China education database to analyze it. According to the research results, in China the distribution of educational resources between urban and rural areas shows obvious differences, which are not only reflected in material resources, but also in teachers' strength and the access to education. The unbalanced allocation of educational resources may trigger a series of social chain reactions. The government and society need to take a series of measures to solve these problems. Specifically, we should increase investment in rural education, improve rural teachers' salary and benefits and career development opportunities, and optimize the hardware facilities of rural schools and so on. At the same time, it is necessary to deepen educational reform and innovation, aiming at achieving fairness in the field of education and promoting all-round social progress.

RNF13 protects neurons against ischemia-reperfusion injury via stabilizing p62-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

BackgroundCerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI), a common, universal clinical problem that costs a large proportion of the economic and disease burden. Identifying the key regulators of cerebral I/R injury could provide potential strategies for clinically improving the prognosis of stroke. Ring finger protein 13 (RNF13) has been proven to be involved in the inflammatory response. Here, we aimed to identify the role of RNF13 in cerebral I/R injury and further reveal its immanent mechanisms.MethodsThe CRISPR/Cas9 based knockout mice, RNA sequencing, mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation, GST-pull down, immunofluorescent staining, western blot, RT-PCR were used to investigate biodistribution, function and mechanism of RNF13 during cerebral I/R injury.ResultsIn the present study, we found that RNF13 was significantly up-regulated in patients, mice and primary neurons after I/R injury. Deficiency of RNF13 aggravated I/R-induced neurological impairment, inflammatory response and apoptosis while overexpression of RNF13 inhibited I/R injury. Mechanistically, this inhibitory effect of RNF13 during I/R injury was confirmed to be dependent on the blocking of TRIM21-mediated autophagy-dependent degradation of p62 and the stabilization of the p62-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.ConclusionRNF13 is a crucial regulator of cerebral I/R injury that plays its role in inhibiting cell apoptosis and inflammatory response by preventing the autophagy-medicated degradation of the p62/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway via blocking the interaction of TRIM21-p62 complex. Therefore, RNF13 represents a potential pharmacological target in acute ischemia stroke therapy.

Meta-analysis of interleukin-10gene polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility: Insights from recent studies.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a universal health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding the genetic factors affecting TB susceptibility is crucial for effective prevention and treatment. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a regulatory cytokine, may influence TB pathogenesis through genetic variations. The PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched to find studies on the relationship between IL-10gene variants and tuberculosis. Relevant studies from 2016 to 2024 were identified through database searches. The selected case-control studies met the inclusion criteria. Software such as Review Manager was used to analyze quantitative data, with statistical significance set at p< 0.05. We calculated odds ratios and their respective confidence intervals to evaluate the associations. Nine studies examined IL-10 gene polymorphisms (rs1800871 and rs1800872) in TB susceptibility. The present study did not show a notable association between IL-10 gene polymorphisms and TB among all genetic models (allelic, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, and recessive). The obtained p-value > 0.05 indicates an insignificant association between both gene polymorphisms of IL-10. An OR-1.13; 95% CI-0.85, 1.50 was obtained for the SNP rs1800871, whereas an OR-1.02; 95% CI-0.75, 1.40 was obtained for the SNP rs1800872. Our meta-analysis revealed no significant association between IL-10 gene polymorphisms and TB susceptibility, suggesting that these variations may not significantly contribute to TB susceptibility. Further research with a larger sample size and diverse ethnicities is needed to explore additional genetic variations and their implications in TB pathogenesis.

The Role Of International Law In Reducing Ship Piracy In The Waters Of The Horn Of Africa

The Horn of Africa waters are the busiest trade routes and are often passed by thousands of merchant ships worldwide. Merchant ships must overcome the threat of Piracy in the Horn of Africa waters, and the danger comes from Somalia, the center of pirate operations. This article discusses how international law, more precisely the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), reduces acts of ship piracy in the Horn of Africa waters, either in the form of court sentences or by sending patrol teams and forming military operations under the auspices of the U.N. or operating under UNCLOS law to combat Piracy. Piracy or ship hijacking is a universal problem that the international community must consider because the impacts it causes, of course, have a global impact and disrupt the stability of the world economy of international trade, that is why must be eliminated from their roots, namely the failed Somali government. The novelty in this study is the need for more literature discussing the role of international law in reducing acts of ship piracy in the Horn of Africa waters.

Determinants of suboptimal birth spacing among reproductive-age women in Adama district, Ethiopia: a community-based unmatched case-control study

BackgroundBirth spacing is crucial for ensuring the health of mothers and their children, as well as determining population growth. Short birth intervals represent a universal public health problem associated with adverse maternal, fetal, neonatal, and child outcomes. However, there is limited information in the study area regarding the determinants of suboptimal birth spacing. Thus, this study aimed to identify the determinants of suboptimal spacing among women of reproductive age in the Adama district, Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among 568 randomly selected reproductive-age women using the multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered, structured questionnaire. The collected data were entered into Epi Info version 7.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to model the association between suboptimal birth spacing and independent variables. Adjusted odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the strength of the association. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to declare statistical significance.ResultEducational status (no formal education) (AOR = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.23–1.75), inadequate knowledge of optimal birth space (AOR = 2.60; 95% CI; 1.80–3.90), non-use of modern contraceptives (AOR = 3.00; CI: 1.90–4.20), short breastfeeding duration (AOR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.50–3.40), and having female index child (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.13–2.50) were independent determinants of suboptimal birth spacing practice.ConclusionEncouraging women’s education, contraceptive use, and breastfeeding is crucial for birth spacing. Community health initiatives should also focus on preventing sex-based birth intervals.

Factors associated with drowning in Portugal, 2019-2023

Abstract Worldwide, mortality from drowning amounted to 236.000 individuals in 2019, corresponding to 8% of the total global mortality, making drowning the third leading cause of death from unintentional injuries and a universal public health problem. Portugal has a coastal zone of 950 km long, with 658 bathing waters and, in 2023, 157 people died due to drowning. This work aims to determine the factors associated with drownings that occurred in Portugal, between 2019 and 2023. This epidemiological descriptive-analytical study used the National Maritime Authority database, regarding the users of the portuguese coastal zone who suffered maritime incidents between 2019 and 2023. SPSS was used for statistical analysis and the results of the Poisson regression models are presented as adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) with 95% confidence intervals, according to individual (sex, age group and nationality), temporal (period of the week and day) and environmental (maritime department and beach surveillance status) variables. The total sample was 406 drownings and 15 860 other maritime incidents. Overall, the frequency of drownings in Portugal was higher in men (APR=1.393, 95%CI=1.130-1.717, p=.002), in the &amp;gt;55y age group (APR=1.780, 95%CI=1.005-3.152, p=.048), in foreigners (APR= 1.293, 95%CI=1.037-1.612, p=.022), on weekends (APR=1.299, 95%CI=1.063-1.586, p=.010), in the afternoon (APR=1.584, 95%CI=1.127-2.226, p=.008) and on unsupervised beaches (APR=2.436, 95%CI=1.958-3.029, p&amp;lt;.001) in comparison with users who suffered other maritime incidents. Individual, temporal and environmental factors are associated with a higher frequency of drownings in Portugal. Despite the limitation of the study that only includes users suffering maritime incidents and not all users of the portuguese coastal zone, our results allow a preliminary characterization of the drowning profile in Portugal and can contribute to the design of preventive strategies and policies to address this public health problem. Key messages • This study shows that there are individual, temporal and environmental factors strongly associated with a higher frequency of drownings in Portugal. • Portugal has a large coastal zone and the characterization of a drowning profile is the first step for the development of prevention strategies in order to oppose drowning morbidity and mortality.

Physiographic determinants of suicide mortality in Pernambuco: an ecological study

Suicide is a serious and universal public health problem, reflecting a polysemic event with individual and collective repercussions. This study analysed aspects of suicide deaths in the state of Pernambuco, associating suicide indicators with physiographic factors. This is an ecological study, based on records of suicide deaths in Pernambuco from 1981 to 2020 from the Mortality Information System, using multiple linear regression to associate mortality indicators with extrinsic factors. The models constructed showed the influence of the proportion of trees, Gross Domestic Product and urbanisation. In this context, the most effective strategy for reducing the scale of suicide requires intersectoral interventions that impact on the population's quality of life and produce a healthier environment, taking on a character that goes beyond individual factors.

A frequency-independent bound on trigonometric polynomials of Gaussians and applications

A frequency-independent bound on trigonometric polynomials of Gaussians and applications

Devastating effects of gender inequality on female students in South African higher education

Gender inequality is a concept of much relevance and is continuously gaining momentum. The diversification of different genders is pivotal to be able to address the effects of gender inequality. Globally, gender inequality has attracted a lot of interest and has huge effects on the social, academic and psychological. Although there is a nurturing environment for gender inequality, it is important to neutralize the playing fields for all genders to avoid negative effects on the victims of this phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of gender inequality on South Africa’s higher education Students. It further seeks to challenge the perception contributing to gender inequality. Gender inequality is a universal problem affecting students throughout institutions of higher learning. The study used the qualitative research approach with exploratory research design adopted for the paper. The paper explored the effects of gender inequality on students from higher education institutions in South Africa. A sample of 15 students from institutions of higher learning who have been exposed to gender inequality was chosen for data collection process. A semi-structured face to face interviews was used during the data collection process with purposive sampling used to select participants to the study. The study used thematic content analysis to analyze data. The study applied feminist theoretical framework to understand the effects of gender inequality.

Bully victimization and self-esteem among students with communication disorders

BackgroundBullying is a universal problem among school-aged adolescents, characterized by recurrent and destructive behavior toward peers. Bullying victimization has a strong impact on self-esteem. Students diagnosed with communication disorders are more likely to experience low self-esteem. The study’s main goal is to detect a correlation between victimization and self-esteem in teenage students diagnosed with communication disorders.MethodsFrom October 2023 to March 2024, we conducted this cross-sectional study in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The study included 150 teenage students of both genders diagnosed with communication disorders. Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale was used to measure self-esteem, and the multidimensional peer victimization scale was used to measure bullying victimization. We analyzed the data using independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and simple linear regression analysis.ResultsThis study found that students with communication disorders experience high levels of bullying victimization (M = 18.63) and report low self-esteem (M = 13.56). A significant negative correlation was observed between bullying victimization and self-esteem (r2 = 0.21), indicating that bullying accounts for 21% of the variance in self-esteem. Male students were more likely to experience higher levels of bullying victimization and lower self-esteem compared to female students.ConclusionThe study determined the severe impact of bullying on the self-esteem of adolescent students with communication disorders, particularly among males and those with stuttering. The long-term effects of bullying and potential protective factors that could mitigate its impact on self-esteem require further research.

The Poet-Creator of Philosophy: To the Methodology of Research in Philosophical Thought by Rabindranath Tagore

The Indian poet and educator Rabindranath Tagore was the creator of an original philosophy that gives additional meaning to the picture of the history of Indian philosophy in the 20th century. He usually emphasized his identity as a poet and an artist, not considering himself a philosopher. However, Tagore embodies the phenomenon of a poet-thinker who comprehends universal philosophical problems and, in the process of philosophizing, offers his own vision of them. Moreover, he owns a number of texts of a religious-philosophical and socio-philosophical nature, in addition to the content of poetry and fiction. The philosophy created by the poet requires a comprehensive holistic study, which, in turn, raises the problem of research methodology. The article proposes the author's methodology for the reconstruction of Rabindranath Tagore's philosophy, based on an understanding of his personality, the contexts of thought and the hermeneutics of texts. The methodological model of philosophy reconstruction includes three levels. The first involves analyzing the personality of R. Tagore using the categories "cross-cultural thinker" and "problematic thinker". The second is a description of the contexts of his philosophizing: external general civilizational, internal epochal and internal biographical. The third is the hermeneutics of texts, taking into account the poetic component and the philosophical problems of speeches and fiction. The novelty of the described methodological model is due to the possibilities and prospects of reconstructing Tagore's philosophical thought and concepts. 1. Description of the phenomenon of a poet and writer creating a philosophy in which the experience of artistic creation generates a universal religious and social meaning and actualizes humanistic issues. 2. Presentation of the process of formation of cross-cultural philosophy of the XX century on the material of a particular thinker. 3. The analysis of the contexts of the unfolding of philosophy helps to trace the continuity of the thinker and his ideas with the Indian philosophical tradition in a broad sense and at the same time identify innovation, not least due to his dialogue with Western culture and modernity. 4. Seeing Tagore's philosophy as a kind of quintessence of the Bengali Renaissance heritage, it is not difficult to notice its significance and relevance for modernity. 5. Reconstruction along the proposed methodological path will open up not only direct, but also comparative prospects for studying Tagore's philosophical thought in comparison with the reflections of philosophers from different cultural areas, primarily peripheral to the West and non-Western ones.

Accounting for the expansion of the universe using an energy/momentum model to construct the space-time metric

Background The success of the theories of special and general relativity in describing localised phenomena, such as objects undergoing high speed motion or located in gravitational fields, needs no further elaboration. However, when applied to the evolution of the universe several problems arise which can require an additional model, e.g., inflation during the early expansion, and adjustments to parameters to account for phenomena such as the late-time acceleration of the universe. Methods Focusing on the difference between the ways in which space and time are measured, this paper shows that there are two paths which allow the equations of special relativity to be produced from the same basic postulates. Results Both the standard theory and the energy/momentum, or dynamic model, utilise the Minkowski metric, but with different coordinate systems. The dynamic model transforms Cartesian coordinates into an Euclidean form by multiplying the coordinates by functions of γ (=(1–ν 2)c 2)-1⁄2). When utilising these coordinates, the relativistic equations are unchanged for local phenomena such as the Lorentz coordinate transformation and the energy/momentum equation for high-velocity objects. Conclusions However, the derived coordinates alter the perceived overall structure of the universe in a manner that, for the simplest model under this system, allows the reproduction of observed cosmological features, such as the intrinsic flatness of the universe and the apparent late-time acceleration of its expansion, without the need of additional models or changes in parameter values.

LITERARY AND CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF SHAKARIM KUDAIBERDIULY’S WORKS

The article is devoted to the consideration of the conceptual foundations of Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly’s works. The purpose of the study is to identify the literary and conceptual foundations of Shakarim’s work. The article analyzes the reflection of the concepts of conscience, morality, religion in the poet’s poems and poems, which form the conceptual basis of Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly’s work. Examples and analyzes were made from the works of the poet. The article uses methods of compilation, systematization, comparison, conceptual analysis, formulation. It will also focus on the work of Sh.Kudaiberdiuly «Chronicle of Turkish, Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Khans». In the Kazakh chronicle, the wisdom qualities of the people, their worldview, beliefs, their fate, courage, work, and morals of individual people on this path are distinguished. In the article, the author focuses on the value of the Chronicle and considers Sh.Kudaiberdiuly’s «Chronicle of Turkish, Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Khans» as a work that tells the history of the Kazakh and Turkic people, their various historical processes in the literary language, in connection with the National worldview. In the final part, the author comes to the conclusion that the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly, created as a result of his spiritual searches, deeply concerned with universal human problems. The results of the study can be used in research in the fields of «modern Kazakh literature», «history of Kazakh literature», «theory of literature». Keywords: literature, poetry, chronicle, poem, poet, concept, conceptual analysis.