Universal Networking Language System Research Articles

Construction of Word Dictionary for Bangla Vowel Ended Roots and Its Verbal Inflexions in UNL Based Machine Translation Scheme

This paper focuses on the development of word dictionary of Bangla vowel ended roots and their verbal inflexions to incorporating them into an interlingua representation called Universal Networking Language (UNL) processors. A considerable amount of work has been done on the development of Bangla morphological analysis on verbs, nouns, prefixes and suffixes for machine translation. As far as the researchers are aware, no attempts, however, have been made to integrate the previous developments on Bangla vowel ended roots and inflexions for a concrete computational output. This paper attempts to bridge the gap on Bangla vowel ended roots and inflexions in the framework of UNL system aiming to produce a Bangla word dictionary for UNL. The paper analyzes the Bangla vowel ended roots and verbal inflexions and develops their formats in the UNL structure. Dictionary entries of all vowel ended roots and their inflexions are developed in order to generate associated verbs for sentences. These verbs can be used to convert Bangla native language sentences into UNL expressions using semantic rules, which are then converted into required native languages using the language specific generation rules. Conversion of a Bangla language sentence into UNL expression has also been shown in this paper.

Towards UNL-based machine translation for Moroccan Amazigh language

Amazigh languages, also called Berber, belong to the Afro-Asiatic languages (Hamito-Semitic) family. They are a family of similar and closely related languages and dialects indigenous to North Africa. They are spoken in Morocco, Algeria, and some populations in Libya, Tunisia, northern Mali, western and northern Niger, northern Burkina Faso, Mauritania, and in the Siwa Oasis of Egypt. Large Berber-speaking migrant communities have been living in Western Europe since the 1950s. In this paper, we study the Standard Moroccan Amazigh. It became a constitutionally official language of Morocco, in 2011. However, it is still considered as a less resourced language. So, it is time to develop linguistic resources and applications for processing automatically this language, in order to ensure its survival and promotion by integrating it into the new information and communication technologies (NICT). In this context and in the perspective to produce a Universal Networking Language (UNL) based machine translation system for this language, we have undertaken the creation of the Amazigh-UNL dictionary, as a first step of linguistic resources' development required by the UNL system to achieve translation. Thus, this paper is focused on presenting linguistic features' implementation such as morphological, syntactical and semantic information of the Amazigh language.

Multilingual Automatic Translation Based on UNL: A Case Study for the Vietnamese Language

In the field of natural language processing, Universal Networking Language (UNL) has been used by various researchers as an inter-lingual approach to automatic machine translation. The UNL system consists of two main components, namely, EnConverter for converting text from a source language to UNL, and DeConverter for converting from UNL to a target language. Currently, many projects are researching how to apply UNL to different languages. In this paper, we introduce the tools that are UNL’s applications and discuss how to reuse them to encode a Vietnamese sentence into UNL expressions and decode UNL expressions into a Vietnamese sentence. The testing was done with about 1,000 Vietnamese sentences (a dictionary that includes 4573 entries and 3161 rules). In addition, we compare the proportion of sentences translated based on a direct method (Google Translator) and another one based on UNL.

Towards UNL based machine translation for Moroccan Amazigh language

Amazigh languages, also called Berber, belong to the Afro-Asiatic languages (Hamito-Semitic) family. They are a family of similar and closely related languages and dialects indigenous to North Africa. They are spoken in Morocco, Algeria, and some populations in Libya, Tunisia, northern Mali, western and northern Niger, northern Burkina Faso, Mauritania, and in the Siwa Oasis of Egypt. Large Berber-speaking migrant communities have been living in Western Europe since the 1950s. In this paper, we study the Standard Moroccan Amazigh. It became a constitutionally official language of Morocco, in 2011. However, it is still considered as a less resourced language. So, it is time to develop linguistic resources and applications for processing automatically this language, in order to ensure its survival and promotion by integrating it into the new information and communication technologies (NICT). In this context and in the perspective to produce a Universal Networking Language (UNL) based machine translation system for this language, we have undertaken the creation of the Amazigh-UNL dictionary, as a first step of linguistic resources' development required by the UNL system to achieve translation. Thus, this paper is focused on presenting linguistic features' implementation such as morphological, syntactical and semantic information of the Amazigh language.

NLization of Nouns, Pronouns and Prepositions in Punjabi With EUGENE

Universal Networking Language (UNL) has been used by various researchers as an Interlingua approach for AMT (Automatic machine translation). The UNL system consists of two main components/tools, namely, EnConverter-IAN (used for converting the text from a source language to UNL) and DeConverter - EUGENE (used for converting the text from UNL to a target language). This paper highlights the DeConversion generation rules used for the DeConverter and indicates its usage in the generation of Punjabi sentences. This paper also covers the results of implementation of UNL input by using DeConverter-EUGENE and its evaluation on UNL sentences such as Nouns, Pronouns and Prepositions.

Punjabi DeConverter for generating Punjabi from Universal Networking Language

DeConverter is core software in a Universal Networking Language (UNL) system. A UNL system has EnConverter and DeConverter as its two major components. EnConverter is used to convert a natural language sentence into an equivalent UNL expression, and DeConverter is used to generate a natural language sentence from an input UNL expression. This paper presents design and development of a Punjabi DeConverter. It describes five phases of the proposed Punjabi DeConverter, i.e., UNL parser, lexeme selection, morphology generation, function word insertion, and syntactic linearization. This paper also illustrates all these phases of the Punjabi DeConverter with a special focus on syntactic linearization issues of the Punjabi DeConverter. Syntactic linearization is the process of defining arrangements of words in generated output. The algorithms and pseudocodes for implementation of syntactic linearization of a simple UNL graph, a UNL graph with scope nodes and a node having un-traversed parents or multiple parents in a UNL graph have been discussed in this paper. Special cases of syntactic linearization with respect to Punjabi language for UNL relations like ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘fmt’, ‘cnt’, and ‘seq’ have also been presented in this paper. This paper also provides implementation results of the proposed Punjabi DeConverter. The DeConverter has been tested on 1000 UNL expressions by considering a Spanish UNL language server and agricultural domain threads developed by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay, India, as gold-standards. The proposed system generates 89.0% grammatically correct sentences, 92.0% faithful sentences to the original sentences, and has a fluency score of 3.61 and an adequacy score of 3.70 on a 4-point scale. The system is also able to achieve a bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) score of 0.72.

Development of Dictionary Entries for the Bangla Vowel Ended Roots for Universal Networking Language

Conversion from another language to native language is highly demanding due to increasing the usage of web based application. Firstly, the respective sentence of a native language is converted to Universal Networking Language (UNL) expressions and then UNL expressions can be converted to any native language. UNL system is developed for most of the languages already but a very little effort has been made to convert Bangla language to UNL expressions. In this paper, we have described Bangla verb, Verb root, Verbal Inflections and the finally developed the dictionary entries for the vowel ended roots and their respective verbal inflections. General Terms Universal Networking Language, Bangla Verb, Verb Root, Verbal Inflections

Punjabi to UNL enconversion system

This paper reports the work for the EnConversion of input Punjabi sentences to an interlingua representation called Universal Networking Language (UNL). The UNL system consists of two main components, namely, EnConverter (used for converting the text from a source language to UNL) and DeConverter (used for converting the text from UNL to a target language). This paper discusses the framework for designing the EnConverter for Punjabi language with a special focus on generation of UNL attributes and relations from Punjabi source text. It also describes the working of Punjabi Shallow Parser used for the processing of the input sentence, which performs the tasks of Tokenizer, Morph-analyzer, Part-of-Speech Tagger and Chunker. This paper also considers the seven phases used in the process of EnConversion of input Punjabi text to UNL representation. The paper highlights the EnConversion analysis rules used for the EnConverter and indicates its usage in the generation of UNL expressions. This paper also covers the results of implementation of Punjabi EnConverter and its evaluation on sample UNL sentences available at Spanish Language Server. The accuracy of the developed system has also been presented in this paper.

Outlining Bangla Word Dictionary for Universal Networking Language

Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a computer language that enables computers to process information and knowledge across the language barriers. It is an artificial language that replicates the functions of natural languages in human communication. The main goal of the UNL system, which allows users to visualize websites in their native languages, is to provide a common representation for accessing Internet of multilingual. For this common representation, lexical knowledge is a critical issue in natural language processing systems. We have been working to include Bangla in the UNL system and in this paper we have discussed about the Bangla Word Dictionary that we have designed to include in the system.