Universal Motor Research Articles

Efficiency and Loss Analysis of Proposed BLDC Motor Drive and Existing Universal Motor Drive Used in a Mixer Grinder

In the commercially available mixer grinders, for controlling the speed of the universal motor, triac is used. The triac-based universal motor has lesser efficiency, so the voltage source inverter (VSI)-based brushless DC (BLDC) motor can be used in the application of mixer grinders. In the proposed VSI-based BLDC motor, the current and voltage sensors were eliminated. By adjusting the DC bus voltage of the VSI, the speed of the BLDC motor is controlled. The Triac-based 230V universal motor and the proposed VSI-based 48V BLDC motor was simulated by the Matlab/Simulink. The efficiency and loss of the Triac-based universal motor and the proposed VSI-based BLDC motor for mixer grinder is compared in this paper.

Optimization method of mini-max problem by monotonicity analysis for product lineup design

With the diversification of customer demands due to the maturity of society, the simultaneous and integrated design of a series of products has become extremely important. However, the content of design activities is complicated with product diversity and the entire supply chain. Such a situation can be viewed through a chain of parts, intermediate products, and final products, and focus on the lineup design problem of intermediate products. This paper proposes a two-phase approach in the lineup design: designing a framework and optimizing contents under the framework. The latter phase is formulated as a nested minimax optimization problem. An effective and efficient optimization scheme is constructed with employing monotonicity analysis. Finally, an application to universal motors is demonstrated for ascertaining the validity and promises of the proposed design method.

Методология расчета технической эффективности силовых секций малогабаритных винтовых забойных двигателей для системы «Перфобур»

With an increase in the share of old and low-yield wells and for the efficient exploitation of fields, it is necessary to include low-capacity formations into production. There are many wells where sidetracking and hydraulic fracturing are difficult due to the close proximity of the gas cap and underlying water caused by geological and technological reasons, and the use of existing secondary drilling-in technologies is not effective due to the extensive colmatated zone or annular circulation. Relevance of radial drilling technologies is growing, which allows drilling-in of the formation with a network of extended channels to establish high-quality hydraulic communication between the formation and the well without affecting the permeability of the formation.In contrast to radial drilling technologies using hydraulic washing, technical system (TS) «Perfobur» uses small-sized screw downhole motors (SDM) and rock cutting tools for channel construction. For efficient milling of production casing and destruction of rock, the hydraulic downhole motor must have high torque, and for the possibility of drilling with a high rate of angle gain, it must have short power section. Existing Russian and foreign SDM have limited number of standard sizes and do not meet the requirements specified for the development of the downhole module of TS «Perfobur».The paper discusses the development of universal small-sized sectional screw downhole motors for milling casing strings and drilling a network of branched channels of super-small diameter and radius of curvature as a part of the TS «Perfobur». Methodology proposed in the article for selecting optimal configuration of the SDM power sections allows constructing small-sized sectional downhole motor that meets the technical requirements and has improved characteristics compared to standard SDM.

Adaptive Control of DC Motor Servo System With Application to Vehicle Active Steering

The direct current (dc) motor servo systems are widely used in vehicles. The parameters and disturbances of the servo systems are usually uncertain or unknown, which makes it difficult to achieve precise control. Motivated by this, an adaptive control scheme is proposed in this paper for the dc motor servo systems with unknown parameters and uncertain disturbances. A universal dc motor model is built, based on which the control law is deduced by backstepping method. The closed-loop system stability is ensured. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the presented control scheme. Moreover, the method is utilized in active steering control of an intelligent vehicle, which is verified by the experiments on a hardware-in-loop bench.

Speed control of universal motor

Universal Motors (UM) are normally used for driving portable apparatus such as hand tool machines, vacuum cleaners and most domestic apparatus. The importance of UM is due to its own advantages such as high starting torque, very powerful in relation to its small size, having a variable speed; and lower cost. So, this paper focus on UM speed control under variable loading conditions. A mathematical model for UM is designed. Two controllers are proposed for controlling the motor speed, output rate controller and output reset controller. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is proposed for tuning the controller’s parameters due to its impact on solving different optimization problems. It possesses fast convergence, minimum algorithm parameters required, lower consecution time and give optimal results without needing large number of iterations. The results are compared and discussed accurately, which show the proposed tuning technique work well and give optimal results for both controllers.

Design and Control of a High Speed 2-Phase 4/2 Switched Reluctance Motor for Blender Application

This paper presents the design and control of a high-speed 2-phase 4/2 switched reluctance motors (SRM) for blender application. The proposed SRM is designed to replace a universal motor that equipped with the blender. In this study, the single- and 2-phase SRMs were considered as good candidates for high-speed and low-cost applications. The blender requires a high-speed motor drive with self-start ability. To overcome torque dead-zone that exists in single- and 2-phase SRM, stepper rotor with wider rotor pole arc was considered. The rated speed is up to 18,000 rpm and 40,000 rpm at no-load. A low-resolution encoder was used for high-speed SRM drive to reduce the cost. To verify the design, a prototype of the proposed SRM was manufactured for laboratory test.

Project of a universal inverter used to control and supply both AC and DC electric motors

The paper presents the new approach for motor driver constructions and control systems. Authors of the work proposed the device that can control both AC and DC electric motors without any additional hardware modification. In order to meet this goal the universal motor driver has been constructed and some improvements in output waveform modulation system have been introduced. In the paper the three different method of a motor control have been discussed briefly and a hardware setup has been presented. Tests have been carried out for three types of electric motors, i.e. a magnetoelectric DC motor, single-phase and three-phase induction motor. The obtained results in form of output waveforms of current and voltage have been analyzed in terms of harmonic distortion using a popular Fast Fourier Transform FFT and discussed in the paper.

Dynamic feedforward control of spatial cable-driven hyper-redundant manipulators for on-orbit servicing

SUMMARYThe hyper-redundant manipulators are suitable for working in the constrained on-orbit servicing environment due to the extreme flexibility. However, its modelling and control are very challenging due to the characteristics of non-linearity and strong coupling. In this paper, considering the multi-level mapping among the motors, cables, joints, and end-effector, a proportional derivative (PD) with dynamic feedforward compensation control system is designed. The corresponding control system is divided into five parts: controller, planner, actuator, manipulator, and sensor. The actual control torque consisting of the desired feedforward torque and the feedback torque is generated by the controller. In order to improve the tracking accuracy and maintain rapid response, the torque, which is calculated by the dynamics model of the traditional joint-driven manipulator, is regarded as the desired feedforward torque. The parameters of interest are the angle and velocity of the universal joint and motors. The planner plans and converts the desired parameters of the universal joint to corresponding motors. Combining with the feedback angles and velocities signals of the corresponding motors, the feedback torque can be calculated by the PD control module. Finally, typical cases of six universal joints (12DOFs) manipulators are simulated and experimented. The results demonstrate that the method is very efficient for controlling spatial cable-driven hyper-redundant manipulators.

Cooperative Co-Evolution-Based Design Optimization: A Concurrent Engineering Perspective

As a well-known engineering practice, concurrent engineering (CE) considers all elements involved in a product’s life cycle from the early stages of product development, and emphasizes executing all design tasks simultaneously. As a result, there exist various complex design problems in CE, which usually have many design parameters or require different disciplinary knowledge to solve them. To address these problems and enable concurrent design, different methods have been developed. The original problem is usually divided into small subproblems so that each subproblem can be solved individually and simultaneously. However, good decomposition, optimization, and communication strategies among subproblems are still needed in the field of CE. This paper attempts to study and analyze cooperative co-evolution (CC) based design optimization in CE by employing a parallel CC framework. Furthermore, it aims to develop new concurrent design methods based on parallel CC to solve different kinds of CE problems. To achieve this goal, a new novelty-driven CC is developed for design problems with complex structures and a novel concurrent design method is presented for quasi-separable multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) problems. The efficacy of the new methods is studied on universal electric motor design problems and a general MDO problem, and compared to that of some existing methods. Additionally, this paper studies how the communication frequency among subpopulations affects the performance of the proposed methods. The optimal communication frequencies under different communication costs are reported as experimental results for both proposed methods on the test problems. Based on this paper, an effective self-adaptive method is proposed to be used in both optimization schemes, which is able to adapt the communication frequency during the optimization process.

RETRACTED: Implementation of an improved scheme for grid interactive photovoltaic system through 48 V DC appliances

A scheme has been implemented to improve the system efficiency, battery life and payback period for a hybrid solar photovoltaic system. A standard solar photovoltaic system has been modified to meet the complete energy demands without an increase in system’s photovoltaic capacity and any new investments. A 220 V alternating current system is replaced by a 48 V direct current system. The actual results show that by using direct current appliances instead of alternating current appliances, 50.6% power savings are achieved through reducing load. A 48 V direct current micro grid is implemented and already installed appliances are modified to operate on 48 V direct current from distribution line. Universal and induction motors in rotary appliances are replaced by brushless direct current motors having minimum electro-mechanical and commutation losses. This implemented direct current system reduces the power conversion stages, diminishing the associated power losses and standby losses resulting in the overall i...

Effects of Modulation Index on Harmonics of SP-PWM Inverter Supplying Universal Motor

This manuscript presents the effects of changing modulation indices on current and voltage harmonics of universal motor when it is supplied by single phase PWM (SP-PWM) inverter, the effect has been analyzed with simulation and experimental setup. For variable speed applications universal motor can be controlled either by phase angle control drive or by SP-PWM inverter drive. SP-PWM inverter-fed drive is common technique that is used to adjust the voltage applied to motor, so that variable speed can be obtained. With the application of SP-PWM inverter-fed drive, harmonics are generated because of power electronic devices. According to the IEEE standard 519, the total harmonic distortion (THD) must be within 5%. In this paper, the effect of modulation index (MI) is used to analyze THD content, and its variation alters the harmonic content. However, the effects are also analyzed through experimental setup in order to validate the system performance. In future work, keeping modulation index constant, different PWM strategies can be employed in order to decrease harmonics.

A Novel Approach toThermistor Control of Quench Oil Temperature

This paper concerns the simulation study and mathematical calculation for thermistor control of Quench Oil Temperature using Proteus simulation software. In Industrial processes to impart the proper metallurgical qualities in a metal, heat treated metal parts are quenched in either oil or water. The parts are immersed in a bath of quench oil as soon as they leave the heat treating chamber. The motor driving the re-circulating pump is a series universal motor. The average voltage applied to motor terminals determines its speed of rotation. Since the motor drives the pump, the rotational speed of the motor determines how much oil re-circulates and thereby determines the amount of cooling that takes place. As the motor speeds up, more oil re-circulates, and the oil in the tank tends to cool down. As the motor slows down, less oil re-circulates, and the oil in the tank tends to warm up.

Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Porphyra umbilicalis (laver) belongs to an ancient group of red algae (Bangiophyceae), is harvested for human food, and thrives in the harsh conditions of the upper intertidal zone. Here we present the 87.7-Mbp haploid Porphyra genome (65.8% G + C content, 13,125 gene loci) and elucidate traits that inform our understanding of the biology of red algae as one of the few multicellular eukaryotic lineages. Novel features of the Porphyra genome shared by other red algae relate to the cytoskeleton, calcium signaling, the cell cycle, and stress-tolerance mechanisms including photoprotection. Cytoskeletal motor proteins in Porphyra are restricted to a small set of kinesins that appear to be the only universal cytoskeletal motors within the red algae. Dynein motors are absent, and most red algae, including Porphyra, lack myosin. This surprisingly minimal cytoskeleton offers a potential explanation for why red algal cells and multicellular structures are more limited in size than in most multicellular lineages. Additional discoveries further relating to the stress tolerance of bangiophytes include ancestral enzymes for sulfation of the hydrophilic galactan-rich cell wall, evidence for mannan synthesis that originated before the divergence of green and red algae, and a high capacity for nutrient uptake. Our analyses provide a comprehensive understanding of the red algae, which are both commercially important and have played a major role in the evolution of other algal groups through secondary endosymbioses.

Switching Adaptability in Human-Inspired Sidesteps: A Minimal Model.

Humans can adapt to abruptly changing situations by coordinating redundant components, even in bipedality. Conventional adaptability has been reproduced by various computational approaches, such as optimal control, neural oscillator, and reinforcement learning; however, the adaptability in bipedal locomotion necessary for biological and social activities, such as unpredicted direction change in chase-and-escape, is unknown due to the dynamically unstable multi-link closed-loop system. Here we propose a switching adaptation model for performing bipedal locomotion by improving autonomous distributed control, where autonomous actuators interact without central control and switch the roles for propulsion, balancing, and leg swing. Our switching mobility model achieved direction change at any time using only three actuators, although it showed higher motor costs than comparable models without direction change. Our method of evaluating such adaptation at any time should be utilized as a prerequisite for understanding universal motor control. The proposed algorithm may simply explain and predict the adaptation mechanism in human bipedality to coordinate the actuator functions within and between limbs.

Thermal model of through flow universal motor by means of lumped parameter network

Being able to predict temperature rise inside a machine is as important as predicting its performance and life. Because temperature measurements and computational thermal simulations can be time consuming, thermal paths inside the through-flow universal motor were described by means of simple lumped parameter thermal network. Once the model was built, its unknown convection coefficients were tuned with the genetic algorithm tool in MatLab. The model has been applied and successfully verified with measurements on two different types of a vacuum cleaner motor. Taking account of impeller losses as one of the model inputs makes temperature estimates more accurate regardless of machine’s operational regime.

Thermal cut-off response modelling of universal motors

This paper presents a model to predict the thermal cut-off (TCO) response behaviour in universal motors. The mathematical model includes the calculations of heat loss in the universal motor and the flow characteristics around the TCO component which together are the main parameters for TCO response prediction. In order to accurately predict the TCO component temperature, factors like the TCO component resistance, the effect of ambient, and the flow conditions through the motor are taken into account to improve the prediction accuracy of the model.

Special Modes of AC Drives Operation in the Mining Industry

This paper presents research of special modes of AC drives operation. The possibility of obtaining of vibrational and vibrational-rotational modes of the AC drives on the basis of multipurpose polyharmonic mode of actuating motor operation is shown. Multipurpose electric motor with improved power characteristics (double-fed machine) has been proposed as the actuating motor of the electroactivator of the coal grizzley. The formation algorithm of polyharmonic operation mode of the double-fed machine is developed. This algorithm allows studying different types of special modes of actuating motor. Research results of dynamic parameters of a universal electric motor of the electroactivator of the coal grizzley are presented. The practical significance of the study of using of double-fed machine in the primary coal processing is shown.

Optimal product design for life cycle assessment (LCA) with the case study of universal motors

Though life cycle assessment can provide the analytic basis of environmental impact of products for engineering designers, it requires not only a significant amount of time but also a detailed bill of materials of the products to determine the optimal product designs. To overcome the barrier between life cycle assessment and design, in this paper, the optimal product design for life cycle assessment is studied. Instead of comparing a few design alternatives due to the barrier, design variables are allowed to vary as an optimization problem to minimize environmental impact. As a numerical example, the design of universal electric motors was demonstrated. Under the five different design cases, the optimal designs could be achieved to minimize the total environmental impact of universal motors.

Open Modular Hardware and Software Kit for Creations of Remote Experiments Accessible from PC and Mobile Devices

The goal of this paper is to introduce open modular hardware and software system “iSES Remote Lab SDK” (iSES – internet School Experimental Studio) designed for easy creation of real remotely controlled laboratories (RCL) that are accessible from PC, tablets and mobile phones. Open modular system “iSES Remote Lab SDK” consists of approx. 20 freely distributable JavaScript objects in a commented source code. Widgets are highly configurable and provide many well documented options and allow to build a complex measurement and control interface with data and video transfer. Open modular system “iSES Remote Lab SDK” can communicate with different measurement platforms (ISES, Arduino are ready; CMA CoachLab, Vernier etc. are tested), and also common universal measurement devices with a COM or USB port, further universal rotation and linear motion stepper motors, etc.). We will introdukce our 18 online advanced remote labs. Any user may have an access to the RCL on PC and mobile devices (iPad, smart phone, etc.) as well. Even non-programmers can build up a simple RCL and publish it in 15 minutes on the Internet! System “iSES Remote Lab SDK“ has obtained the GOLC Online Laboratory Award 2016 in the category Remote Controlled Lab [1].

Product family architecture design with predictive, data-driven product family design method

This article addresses the challenge of determining optimal product family architectures with customer preference data. The proposed model, predictive data-driven product family design (PDPFD), expands clustering-based approaches to incorporate a market-driven approach. The market-driven approach provides a profit model in the near future to determine the optimal position and number of product architectures among product architecture candidates generated by the k-means clustering algorithm. An extended market value prediction method is proposed to capture the trend of customer preferences and uncertainties in predictive modeling. A universal electric motors design example is used to demonstrate the implementation of the proposed framework in a hypothetical market. Finally, the comparative study with synthetic data shows that the PDPFD algorithm maximizes the expected profit, while clustering-based models do not consider market so that less profit can be achieved.